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TABLE OF RESULTS:

Table 1: CLEAN TUBE (COUNTER FLOW)


Flowrate

Time, avg 1
(s)

Average

1/5

8.08

27

47

28

26

44

22

32.3

2/5

7.28

27

44

28

27

43

23

32.0

3/5

6.92

27

48

28

27

44

26

33.3

4/5

6.82

27

48

28

27

42

25

32.8

5/5

6.88

27

46

28

27

44

25

32.8

Table 2: CLEAN TUBE (PARALLEL FLOW)


Flowrate
5/5

Time, avg 1
(s)
3.60
26

Average

36

24

22

29

22

26.5

4/5

7.20

27

34

24

23

28

23

26.5

3/5

7.04

26

33

24

23

28

24

26.3

2/5

7.24

28

37

25

21

29

23

27.2

1/5

8.76

28

34

25

23

28

23

26.8

Table 3: FOULED TUBE (PARALLEL FLOW)


Flowrate

Time,
(s)

1/5

7.79

2/5
3/5
4/5
5/5

7.26
7.47
7.24
6.55

avg 7

10

11

12

Average

26

34

22

23

28

22

25.8

25
27
25
26

31
32
33
32

23
24
23
24

22
24
22
24

27
28
29
27

23
22
24
23

25.2
26.2
26.0
26.0

Table 4: FOULED TUBE (COUNTER FLOW)


Flowrate
5/5

Time,
(s)
8.00

4/5

10

11

12

Average

23

35

23

23

27

21

25.3

7.60

24

36

24

23

28

22

26.2

3/5

7.63

25

37

24

22

27

23

26.3

2/5

7.39

26

35

25

23

28

23

26.7

1/5

7.91

26

37

23

23

29

24

27.0

CALCULATION

avg 7

DE = D2 D1
Where D2 = inside diameter of the outer tube
D1 = outside diameter of the inner tube.
Therefore, DE = 29.5mm 22mm = 7.5mm (0.0075m)
Area of the annular passage is
D
A= E
2

( )

Area=

0.0075
2

Area= 4.418 x 10-5 m2


Flow rate =

volume
time

=
Water Velocity (u)

=
Number, Nu

m3/s

Q
A m/s

Reynolds Number, Re =

Nusselt

10
t

DE

hD
k

CLEAN TUBE (PARALLEL FLOW)


Average
temperat
Water ure
flow
1/5
26.8

Flow
rate,
m3/s
10-4

Velocit
y, m/s

1.11

2.51

Kinematic
Viscosity,

m2/s
10-5
0.086596

Reynold
s
Number
21738.9

Specif
c Heat
Capaci
ty,
J/kg.K
4180.5

Thermal
Conductiv
ity
(k),
W/m.K
0.6058

Prandt
l
Numb
er
6.24

2/5

27.2

1.38

3.12

0.085784

27277.8

4180.9

0.6060

6.27

3/5

26.3

1.42

3.21

0.087611

27479.4

4180.2

0.6056

6.20

4/5

26.5

1.39

3.15

0.087205

27091.3

4180.4

0.6057

6.26

5/5

26.5

2.78

6.29

0.087205

54096.7

4180.4

0.6067

6.26

Reynolds
Number
32613.0

Specific
Heat
Capacity,
J/kg.K
4181.6

Thermal
Conductivity Prandtl
(k), W/m.K
Numbe
0.6109
6.16

CLEAN TUBE (COUNTER FLOW)


Average
temperatur
e

Flow rate, Velocity,


m3/s 10-4 m/s

32.3

1.45

3.28

Kinematic
Viscosity,

m2/s
10-5
0.07543

2/5

32.0

1.47

3.33

0.07604

32844.6

4180.7

0.6085

6.19

3/5

33.3

1.45

3.28

0.07340

33515.0

4182.0

0.6138

5.96

4/5

32.8

1.37

3.10

0.07442

31241.6

4181.9

0.6122

6.17

5/5

32.8

1.24

2.81

0.07442

28319.0

4181.9

0.6111

6.13

Reynolds
Number
24540.2

Specific
Heat
Capacity,
J/kg.K
4180.4

Thermal
Conductivity Prandtl
(k), W/m.K
Numbe
0.6059
6.25

Water
flow
1/5

FOULED TUBE (PARALLEL FLOW)


Average
temperatur
e

Flow rate, Velocity,


m3/s 10-4 m/s

25.8

1.28

2.90

Kinematic
Viscosity,

m2/s
10-5
0.08863

2/5

25.2

1.38

3.12

0.08984

26046.3

4180.1

0.6039

6.47

3/5

26.2

1.34

3.03

0.08781

25879.7

4181.0

0.6065

6.20

4/5

26.0

1.38

3.12

0.08822

26524.6

4180.9

0.6062

6.22

5/5

26.0

1.53

3.46

0.08822

29415.1

4180.9

0.6062

6.22

Water
flow
1/5

FOULED TUBE (COUNTER FLOW)


Average
temperatur
e

Flow rate, Velocity,


m3/s 10-4 m/s

2.85

Kinematic
Viscosity,

m2/s
10-5
0.08610

27.0

1.26

2/5

26.7

1.35

3.06

3/5

26.3

1.31

4/5

26.2

5/5

25.3

Water
flow
1/5

Reynolds
Number
24825.8

Specific
Heat
Capacity,
J/kg.K
4180.9

Thermal
Conductivity Prandtl
(k), W/m.K
Numbe
0.6100
6.23

0.08680

26440.1

4180.6

0.6079

6.19

2.97

0.08761

25425.2

4180.5

0.6064

6.20

1.32

2.99

0.08781

25538.1

4180.4

0.6059

6.23

1.25

2.83

0.08964

23678.0

4180.1

0.6050

6.29

AVERAGE VALUES
Flow
type

Tav

Qav

( c)

()
1

Flow
velocit
yU
(m/s)

-4

Reynold
s
Number

Specif
c
Heat
Cp
(J/kgK)

Thermal
conductiv
ity
K(10-3
[kW/Mk])

Kinema
tic
viscosit
y

Prandtl
Numbe
r Pr

10-5

(m2/s)

Clean tube

Paralle 26.6
l flow
6

1.616

3.656

31536.8 4180.4 0.60596


2
8

0.08688 6.246
0

Count
er
flow

1.396

3.160

31706.6 4181.6 0.61130


4
2

0.07474 6.122
2

32.6
4

Fouled tube
Paralle 25.8
l flow
4

1.382

3.126

26481.1 4180.6 0.60574


8
6

0.08854 6.272
4

Count
er
flow

1.298

2.940

25181.4 4180.5 0.60704


4
0

0.08759 6.228
2

26.3
0

For both parallel and counter flow for clean and fouled tube:
Ta1= temperature of hot air at inlet
Ta2 = temperature of hot air at outlet
TL1= temperature of water
TL2 = temperature of water
Tlm =

T1 - T2
T1

In
T2

CLEAN TUBE
Parallel flow
Re =

3.656 0.0075
= 31560.8
0.08688 10 -5

Pr = 6.246
Nu = 0.023 Re

St =

0.8

Pr

0.4

0.023 31560.8 0.8 6.246 0.4 = 190.2

h
Nu
190.2
=
=
= 9.649 x 10 - 4
UC p Re Pr 31560.8 6.246

h = UC p St = 999.85 3.656 4180.4 9.649 10

-4

q = h Tlm = 14.744 1000 26.66 = 392.19 kW/m 2

= 14.744kW/m 2 K

Counter flow
Re =

3.160 x 0.0075
= 31709.1
0.074742 10 - 5

Pr = 6.122
Nu = 0.023 Re
St =

0.8

Pr

0.4

0.023 31709.10.8 6.122 0.4 = 189.4

189.4
= 9.7567 10 - 4
31709.1 6.122

h = 999.45 3.160 4180.8 9.7567 10 - 4 = 12.882kW/m 2 K

q = 12.882 1000 32.4 417.376 kW/m 2

FOULED TUBE
Parallel flow
Re =

3.126 0.0075
= 26478.4
0.088544 10 -5

Pr = 6.272
Nu = 0.023 Re
St =

0.8

Pr

0.4

0.023 26478.4 0.8 6.272 0.4 165.6

165.6
= 9.9655 10 - 4
26478.4 6.272

h = 1000.30 3.126 4180.66 9.9655 10 - 4 = 13.027 kW/m 2 K

q = 13.027 1000 25.84 = 336.63kW/ m 2

Counter flow

Re =

2.940 0.0075
= 25173.5
0.087592 10 - 5

Pr = 6.228

Nu = 0.023 Re
St

0.8

Pr

0.4

0.023 25173.5 0.8 6.228 0.4 = 158.6

158.6
1.0116 10 - 3
25173.5 6.228

h = 1000.18 2.940 4180.5 1.0116 10 - 3 = 12.435 kW/m 2 K

q = 12.435 1000 23.50 = 292.233 k W / m 2

VALUES TO BE PLOTTED
log10
Parallel flow
clean tube
fouled tube
Counter flow
clean tube
fouled tube

Nu
Pr 0.4

log 10

1.961
1.900

4.499
4.423

1.963
1.883

4.501
4.401

Log Nu/Pr0.4 Against Log Re

DISCUSSION:
The result of this experiment is clear indication of the fact that the fouling
layer served as an extra resistance to the transfer of heat from the tube wall
to the water in the shell side. Hence a higher flow rate values was recorded
for the clean tube than for the fouled tube because there was a lesser
resistance to flow in the clean tube. This resulted in a higher overall heat
transfer coefficient for the Clean tube than that of the Fouled tube for the
same flow rate of water consequently resulting in a higher heat flux values
for the clean tube that for the foul tube
There is no drop in heat content of the air and therefore only small
temperature changes are observed between the two ends of the exchanger.
This observation can be explained in the sense that the heat exchanger is
short in respect of its length leading to an inappreciable loss of heat of the
hot air as it moves from one end of the heat exchanger to the other.
The following assumptions were made in this experiment;
1. There is no energy loss to the environment
2. Heat exchanger is at steady-state
3. There are no phase changes in the fluids
4. Heat capacities of the fluids are independent of temperature

5. Overall heat transfer coefficient is independent of the fluid temperature


and position within the heat exchanger.

ERROR ANALYSIS

The conditions during the various measurements may possibly have


not been constant leading to inconsistent values. This leading to
deviations from what is expected from theory.
Malfunction of the flow meter made it difficult to read flow rate. Errors
were encountered due to spills from the 1 litre container as well as
inexact and actual timing of the stop watch.
The system was not allowed to stabilize enough after each
temperature and corresponding flow rate reading due to time factor.
This causes incorrect reading of values due fluctuations.
The source of the cooling water contained some impurities from the
overhead tank since it is opened to the atmosphere. The colour
(reddish brown) of the water indicated that the inner part of the tank is
being rusting. This will cause error in the experimental values since the
fouling factor assumed for the heat exchanger unit will change due to
scale deposition in both the clean and the fouled tube.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Safety boots and laboratory coats were worn to prevent foot and body
injury
2. Conditions were allowed to stabilise to prevent fluctuations in the
values.
3. Leakages were prevented where possible.
4. A wall temperature of 80C was not exceeded to prevent the adhesive
bonding and thermocouples from damaging.

CONCLUSION
The objective of this experiment Is to evaluate various non-dimensional
numbers (Reynolds number) and thus characterize the heat exchanger for
air to water heat transfer. . To achieve this objective, it was necessary to

experimentally determine contributions of individual convective heat transfer


coefficients to the overall heat transfer coefficient U. Hence it was realized
that varying the flow rate can help determine the relation between this nondimensional number (Reynolds number) and heat transfer coefficient U.

REFERENCES
1. Guillermo Araya University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, HEAT EXCHANGER ANALYSIS,
INME 4032 LABORATORY II, Spring 2004.
2. Srisawad, K., Wongwises, S., 2009, Heat Transfer Characteristics of a
New Helically Coiled Crimped Spiral Finned Tube Heat Exchanger. Heat
and mass transfer, 2009, Vol.45, no. 4: p381-391.
3. F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergman, and A. S. Lavine,
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed. (Wiley, 2007).
4. John H. Lienhard IV/V, "A Heat Transfer Textbook" 3rd ed. Page 3

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