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Time, avg 1
(s)
Average
1/5
8.08
27
47
28
26
44
22
32.3
2/5
7.28
27
44
28
27
43
23
32.0
3/5
6.92
27
48
28
27
44
26
33.3
4/5
6.82
27
48
28
27
42
25
32.8
5/5
6.88
27
46
28
27
44
25
32.8
Time, avg 1
(s)
3.60
26
Average
36
24
22
29
22
26.5
4/5
7.20
27
34
24
23
28
23
26.5
3/5
7.04
26
33
24
23
28
24
26.3
2/5
7.24
28
37
25
21
29
23
27.2
1/5
8.76
28
34
25
23
28
23
26.8
Time,
(s)
1/5
7.79
2/5
3/5
4/5
5/5
7.26
7.47
7.24
6.55
avg 7
10
11
12
Average
26
34
22
23
28
22
25.8
25
27
25
26
31
32
33
32
23
24
23
24
22
24
22
24
27
28
29
27
23
22
24
23
25.2
26.2
26.0
26.0
Time,
(s)
8.00
4/5
10
11
12
Average
23
35
23
23
27
21
25.3
7.60
24
36
24
23
28
22
26.2
3/5
7.63
25
37
24
22
27
23
26.3
2/5
7.39
26
35
25
23
28
23
26.7
1/5
7.91
26
37
23
23
29
24
27.0
CALCULATION
avg 7
DE = D2 D1
Where D2 = inside diameter of the outer tube
D1 = outside diameter of the inner tube.
Therefore, DE = 29.5mm 22mm = 7.5mm (0.0075m)
Area of the annular passage is
D
A= E
2
( )
Area=
0.0075
2
volume
time
=
Water Velocity (u)
=
Number, Nu
m3/s
Q
A m/s
Reynolds Number, Re =
Nusselt
10
t
DE
hD
k
Flow
rate,
m3/s
10-4
Velocit
y, m/s
1.11
2.51
Kinematic
Viscosity,
m2/s
10-5
0.086596
Reynold
s
Number
21738.9
Specif
c Heat
Capaci
ty,
J/kg.K
4180.5
Thermal
Conductiv
ity
(k),
W/m.K
0.6058
Prandt
l
Numb
er
6.24
2/5
27.2
1.38
3.12
0.085784
27277.8
4180.9
0.6060
6.27
3/5
26.3
1.42
3.21
0.087611
27479.4
4180.2
0.6056
6.20
4/5
26.5
1.39
3.15
0.087205
27091.3
4180.4
0.6057
6.26
5/5
26.5
2.78
6.29
0.087205
54096.7
4180.4
0.6067
6.26
Reynolds
Number
32613.0
Specific
Heat
Capacity,
J/kg.K
4181.6
Thermal
Conductivity Prandtl
(k), W/m.K
Numbe
0.6109
6.16
32.3
1.45
3.28
Kinematic
Viscosity,
m2/s
10-5
0.07543
2/5
32.0
1.47
3.33
0.07604
32844.6
4180.7
0.6085
6.19
3/5
33.3
1.45
3.28
0.07340
33515.0
4182.0
0.6138
5.96
4/5
32.8
1.37
3.10
0.07442
31241.6
4181.9
0.6122
6.17
5/5
32.8
1.24
2.81
0.07442
28319.0
4181.9
0.6111
6.13
Reynolds
Number
24540.2
Specific
Heat
Capacity,
J/kg.K
4180.4
Thermal
Conductivity Prandtl
(k), W/m.K
Numbe
0.6059
6.25
Water
flow
1/5
25.8
1.28
2.90
Kinematic
Viscosity,
m2/s
10-5
0.08863
2/5
25.2
1.38
3.12
0.08984
26046.3
4180.1
0.6039
6.47
3/5
26.2
1.34
3.03
0.08781
25879.7
4181.0
0.6065
6.20
4/5
26.0
1.38
3.12
0.08822
26524.6
4180.9
0.6062
6.22
5/5
26.0
1.53
3.46
0.08822
29415.1
4180.9
0.6062
6.22
Water
flow
1/5
2.85
Kinematic
Viscosity,
m2/s
10-5
0.08610
27.0
1.26
2/5
26.7
1.35
3.06
3/5
26.3
1.31
4/5
26.2
5/5
25.3
Water
flow
1/5
Reynolds
Number
24825.8
Specific
Heat
Capacity,
J/kg.K
4180.9
Thermal
Conductivity Prandtl
(k), W/m.K
Numbe
0.6100
6.23
0.08680
26440.1
4180.6
0.6079
6.19
2.97
0.08761
25425.2
4180.5
0.6064
6.20
1.32
2.99
0.08781
25538.1
4180.4
0.6059
6.23
1.25
2.83
0.08964
23678.0
4180.1
0.6050
6.29
AVERAGE VALUES
Flow
type
Tav
Qav
( c)
()
1
Flow
velocit
yU
(m/s)
-4
Reynold
s
Number
Specif
c
Heat
Cp
(J/kgK)
Thermal
conductiv
ity
K(10-3
[kW/Mk])
Kinema
tic
viscosit
y
Prandtl
Numbe
r Pr
10-5
(m2/s)
Clean tube
Paralle 26.6
l flow
6
1.616
3.656
0.08688 6.246
0
Count
er
flow
1.396
3.160
0.07474 6.122
2
32.6
4
Fouled tube
Paralle 25.8
l flow
4
1.382
3.126
0.08854 6.272
4
Count
er
flow
1.298
2.940
0.08759 6.228
2
26.3
0
For both parallel and counter flow for clean and fouled tube:
Ta1= temperature of hot air at inlet
Ta2 = temperature of hot air at outlet
TL1= temperature of water
TL2 = temperature of water
Tlm =
T1 - T2
T1
In
T2
CLEAN TUBE
Parallel flow
Re =
3.656 0.0075
= 31560.8
0.08688 10 -5
Pr = 6.246
Nu = 0.023 Re
St =
0.8
Pr
0.4
h
Nu
190.2
=
=
= 9.649 x 10 - 4
UC p Re Pr 31560.8 6.246
-4
= 14.744kW/m 2 K
Counter flow
Re =
3.160 x 0.0075
= 31709.1
0.074742 10 - 5
Pr = 6.122
Nu = 0.023 Re
St =
0.8
Pr
0.4
189.4
= 9.7567 10 - 4
31709.1 6.122
FOULED TUBE
Parallel flow
Re =
3.126 0.0075
= 26478.4
0.088544 10 -5
Pr = 6.272
Nu = 0.023 Re
St =
0.8
Pr
0.4
165.6
= 9.9655 10 - 4
26478.4 6.272
Counter flow
Re =
2.940 0.0075
= 25173.5
0.087592 10 - 5
Pr = 6.228
Nu = 0.023 Re
St
0.8
Pr
0.4
158.6
1.0116 10 - 3
25173.5 6.228
VALUES TO BE PLOTTED
log10
Parallel flow
clean tube
fouled tube
Counter flow
clean tube
fouled tube
Nu
Pr 0.4
log 10
1.961
1.900
4.499
4.423
1.963
1.883
4.501
4.401
DISCUSSION:
The result of this experiment is clear indication of the fact that the fouling
layer served as an extra resistance to the transfer of heat from the tube wall
to the water in the shell side. Hence a higher flow rate values was recorded
for the clean tube than for the fouled tube because there was a lesser
resistance to flow in the clean tube. This resulted in a higher overall heat
transfer coefficient for the Clean tube than that of the Fouled tube for the
same flow rate of water consequently resulting in a higher heat flux values
for the clean tube that for the foul tube
There is no drop in heat content of the air and therefore only small
temperature changes are observed between the two ends of the exchanger.
This observation can be explained in the sense that the heat exchanger is
short in respect of its length leading to an inappreciable loss of heat of the
hot air as it moves from one end of the heat exchanger to the other.
The following assumptions were made in this experiment;
1. There is no energy loss to the environment
2. Heat exchanger is at steady-state
3. There are no phase changes in the fluids
4. Heat capacities of the fluids are independent of temperature
ERROR ANALYSIS
PRECAUTIONS
1. Safety boots and laboratory coats were worn to prevent foot and body
injury
2. Conditions were allowed to stabilise to prevent fluctuations in the
values.
3. Leakages were prevented where possible.
4. A wall temperature of 80C was not exceeded to prevent the adhesive
bonding and thermocouples from damaging.
CONCLUSION
The objective of this experiment Is to evaluate various non-dimensional
numbers (Reynolds number) and thus characterize the heat exchanger for
air to water heat transfer. . To achieve this objective, it was necessary to
REFERENCES
1. Guillermo Araya University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez Campus,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, HEAT EXCHANGER ANALYSIS,
INME 4032 LABORATORY II, Spring 2004.
2. Srisawad, K., Wongwises, S., 2009, Heat Transfer Characteristics of a
New Helically Coiled Crimped Spiral Finned Tube Heat Exchanger. Heat
and mass transfer, 2009, Vol.45, no. 4: p381-391.
3. F. P. Incropera, D. P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergman, and A. S. Lavine,
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed. (Wiley, 2007).
4. John H. Lienhard IV/V, "A Heat Transfer Textbook" 3rd ed. Page 3