Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

ESTER

Learning outcomes:
You should be able to:
state the general formula of esters
identify the functional group of esters
List the names and molecular formulae of simple esters.
Draw structural formulae of simple esters and name them using the IUPAC nomenclature,
Describe the preparation of ester in the laboratory,
State the physical properties of ethyl ethanoate.
Predict the ester produced from the esterification reaction.
Write equations for the esterification reactions,
state the natural sources of ester, state the uses of ester in everyday life.

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Activity 15
(a) Name the following esters and give the alcohols and carboxylic acids required to synthesise
the esters name.
Formula
Example :HCOOC2H5

Name

Carboxylic acid

Alcohol

Ethyl methanoate

Methanoic acid

Ethanol

a) CH3 COOCH3
b) CH3 COOC3H7
c) C2H5 COOCH3
d) C3 H7COOC3H7

b) Draw the structural formula for the compound form in the reaction between alchol and carboxylic acid
below.
(i)

methanol and propanoic acid

(ii)

ethanol + butanoic acid

(iii)

propan-1-ol + ethanoic acid

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Activity 16
(a)

Complete the diagram below

Ester is a
product of an . reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

the functional group is COO- or . group

contain

ESTERS
uses of ester,
a) ..
b) ..
c)
d)

The of flow

Phys
1
2
the name of an ester consists of two words. The first word originates from., the second
is
3
All of them end with ..
4
5

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Order in homologous series
Learning outcomes:
You should be able to :
describe the systematic approach in naming members of homologous series.
describe the order in the physical and chemical properties in homologous series.

Activity 17
Butan-1-ol
C4H9OH

Porcelain chips

Compound P

II
I
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution

Compound R

a)

b)

IV
ethanol

Compound S

Name the homologous series for

(i)

Butan-1-ol

: ..

(ii)

Compound P

: .

(iii)

Compound R

(iv)

Compound S

: ..

Write the molecular formula of

(i)

compound P

: ..

(ii)

compound Q :

(iii)

compound R : ..

(iv)

compound S : .

III
Compound Q
Hydrogen
chloride

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

H

FATS

Learning outcomes:
You should be able to:
State what oils are
State what fats are
State the importance of oils and fats for body processes
State the sources of oils and fats
List the uses of oils and fats
State the differences between oils and fats
Identify structural formulae for fat molecules of certain fatty acids
State what saturated fats are
State what unsaturated fats are

Compare and contrast between saturated and unsaturated fats

Describe the effects of eating food high in fats on health

Describe the industrial extraction of palm oil

Justify the use of palm oil in the food production

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Activity 18
(I)

Fill in the blank by choosing the correct answer from the table below.

ester

solid

saturated
,

ester
link

heart
attac
k
lipid

hydrogenatio
n

harden

strok
e

carbon

trigleycerides

Chlorofo
m

liquid

glycero
l

high
blood
pressure
energy

margerine
fatty acid

a)

Fats , oils and waxes are from a large family of organic compound called ...

b)

They are natural ..

c)

They are product of the reaction between . and

d)

Fats are usually found in animal and they are .while oil is fat from plant
and also from animal but they are at room condition.

e)

Fatty acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 18 atoms per

molecule.

f)

A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a monoester, diester
or trimester. A Molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid joins to the glycerol molecule and
the resulting bond formed is called an (-COO-).

g)

Most fats and oils are .

h)

As a group, oil and fats tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as .

i)

Fats are an important source of for our body.

j)

fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessels and making them
.. . This can lead to , .and
..

k)

Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats by a process called .

l)

is made by hydrogenating some of the carbon-carbon double bond in

vegetable oil.

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Compare fats and oils
Comparison
Source
Melting point o C
Physical state at room
temperature
Cholesterol content
Examples
Molecular structure

Oils

Fats

< 20 / lower

> 20 / higher

Peanut oil, soybean oil

Butter , lard

(III) Write the Similarities of fats and oils

In terms of
Molecular formula

Similarities

Type of compound
Type of bond
Activity 19
a) Complete the flow chart below to show the Extraction Process of Palm Oil.
Oil palm fruit bunches
The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized ia large pressure vessels at 140o C for
The heat from the steam kills fungus and bacteria

Stripping

Breaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush the palm oil fruits

Pressing

The mixture is filtered to remove solid or coarse fibre and allow to settle in an a large clarification tank. The oi

b) State 5 benefits of palm oil compared to other vegetable oils

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

i) .
ii)
iii) ..
iv) .
v) .

NATURAL RUBBER
10

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Learning outcomes:
You should be able to :
List examples of natural polymers and their monomers,
Draw the structural formula of natural rubber,
State the properties of natural rubber,
State the uses of natural rubber
Describe the coagulation process of latex
Describe the method used to prevent latex from coagulating,
Describe the vulcanization of rubber,
Describe how the presence of sulphur atoms changes the properties of vulcanised rubber,
Compare and contrast the properties of vulcanised and unvulcanised natural rubber.

11

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

12

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

13

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Activity 20
a) Give explanation for every situation below:
i)

Latex coagulate slowly when it is exposed to the air.

ii)

When 20 cm3 latex is added with 5cm3 methanoic acid, latex coagulate rapidly.

iii)

When 5 cm3 ammonia solution is added to latex, latex does not coagulate.

b) Compare the unvulcanized and vulcanised rubber in the table below.

Aspect
Structure

Unvulcanised rubber

Oxidation
Resistance of heat
Strength
Elasticity

ACTIVITY 21

1 Base on the diagram above,

(a)

Name the product formed in step I.

14

Vulcanised rubber

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

(b)

(i)

State the reagents needed for step II.

(ii)

Write the chemical equation for the reaction in step II.

(c)

(i)

Name the type of reaction occurring in step III.

.

(ii)

A catalyst is needed for the reaction in step III. Name the catalyst.

(d)

(i)

Describe briefly how to carry out the reaction in step IV.

.

(ii)

What do you expect to observe when the reaction in step IV is carried out?

(e)

Draw the possible structural formulae of C3H7OH formed in step V.

(f)

(i)

Name the type of reaction occurring in step VI.

.

(ii)

Give one use for ( C3H6)n formed in step VI.

.

(g) Compare and explain the sootiness of C3H6 and C3H8 when each of these
hydrocarbons is burnt in excess air.
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12) [4]

Diagram below shows the molecular formulae of 4 carbon compounds.

C4H10

15

C4H9O

Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

(a)

Write the general formula of the homologous series of compound B.

(b)

..
State the functional group of compound A and compound D
Compound A : ..
Compound D : ..

(c)

Compound B shows isomerism. Draw the structural formula of all isomers of compound B.

(d)

Compound D and compound C react in the presence of the concentrated sulphuric acid.
(i)
Name the product formed from the reaction.
(ii)

.
State one special characteristic of the product formed.
.

(e)

Compound A burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
.................................................................................................................
(ii) 11.2 g of compound A burns in excess oxygen, calculate number of carbon
dioxide molecules formed.
[Relative atomic mass C = 12, O = 16 and
Avogadro number = 6.02 x 1023]

16