FEA第二册分析与计算原理

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MIDAS FEA
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Analysis and Algorithm
midas FEA Analysis and Algorithm Manual
midas FEA

1-1
:
(GCS: global coordinate system)
XYZ
ECSelement coordinate system
xyz
midas FEA
NCS: nodal coordinate system), (OCS: output coordinate

system), (MCS: material coordinate system)
2
1
MCS
z
y
ECS
x
Z
Y
GCS
X
1.1.1
midas FEA
(truss element)
(beam element)
(plane stress element)
(plate element)
(plane strain element)
(axisymmetric element)
(solid element)
(elastic link)/(point spring)/(point damping)/
midas FEA
(matrix spring)/(rigid link)
3
3
midas FEA
midas FEA
midas FEA
3*
*)
midas FEA
()
ECS (no)
ECS (no)
GCS (yes)
GCS (yes)
GCS (yes)
ECS (yes)
3
ECS (yes)
midas FEA
1/2
4834
45o135o
30o150o
(//)MIDAS
K e
K e = BT DBdV
Ve
(1.1.1)
B N D N
midas FEA
N i
10
1-2
1-2-1
-
(/)
= { xx } , = { xx }
()
midas FEA
1.2.1 x
x 12.
ECS x-axis
xx , xx
2
xx , xx
1.2.1
11
1-2-2.
x
(translation) u
ui = {ui }
(1.2.1)
x u
i =1
i =1
midas FEA
x = N i xi , u = N i ui
N1 =
1
1+
, N2 =
2
2
(1.2.2)
( 1 1)
(1.2.3)
B i (1.2.4)
2
= Biui
(1.2.4)
i =1
Bi
N
Bi = i
x
(1.2.5)
Bi
K ij = BTi DB j dL ,
Le
D = A { E}
A :
Le
:
(1.2.6)
12
(1.2.6)
K=
EA 1 1
Le 1 1
(1.2.7)
1-2-3
(1.2.8)
midas FEA
x

Fi = A N i y dL
Le

z
x , y , z
z
Fi = BTi PdL
Le
(1.2.9)
P
z
Fi = BTi EATdL
Le
(1.2.10)
:
T :
(lumped mass)(consistent mass)

x, y, z
13
ALe
M=
1
symm.
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
(1.2.11)
:
z
midas FEA
ALe
M=
2
symm.
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
(1.2.12)
1-2-4
12
N x (= A xx ) 1.2.2
14
ECS x-axis
N x , xx
J - End
I - End
1.2.2
midas FEA
N x , xx
15
1-3
1-3-1
midas FEA
(/)
= { xx } , = { xx }
()
M

M = y , = y
M
z
z
()
T = {M x } , = {x }
()
Q

Q = y , = xy
Q
z
zx
( )
1.3.1,+
01/5
16
Qz , zx
M z ,z
ECS x-axis
xx , xx
M x ,x
ECS z-axis
M y , y
Qy , yz
Qy , yz
M y , y
M x ,x
xx , xx
M z ,z
midas FEA
ECS y-axis
Qz , zx
1.3.1
,
x 12 y, z 1.3.11.3.21.
3.4 z y
1.3.2 z x
z X z
x z z
x z
1.3.3 x z
x
1.3.4 x z
x
17
X: N1X
Y: N1Y
midas FEA
GCS-
(a) x Z
GCS-
xZ
1.3.2
18
x-z plane
Local z
Local x
Vk
2
3
Local y
1
Z
Y
X
GCS
midas FEA
1.3.3 K
x-z plane
Local z
Local x
Vk( , , )
2
Local y
1
GCS
Y
X
1.3.4 K
19
1-3-2
,
Timoshenko Euler
ui = {ui }
K axial =
(1.3.1)
EA 1 1
Le 1 1
(1.3.2)
midas FEA
A :
Le :
ui = { xi }
K torsional =
(1.3.3)
GI x 1 1
Le 1 1
(1.3.4)
I x :
Le
,Timoshenko
. x z z w y
u i = {wi yi }
20
(1.3.5)
x w
2
i =1
i =1
x = Ni xi w = N i wi
(1.3.6)
y 2
2
y = N i yi + P3 y 3
(1.3.7)
i =1
N1 =
1
1+
, N2 =
, P3 = 1 2
2
2
( 1 1 )
(1.3.8)
y 3
z
M y
(1.3.9)
midas FEA
Qz =
zx
zx
zx
Le
zx )dL = 0
(1.3.10)
y 3
y 3
3
L
=
1 e
2 Le (1 + 3 )
2
w1

12 EI y
Le y1
1 3 =
w
2 2
GAsz L2e
y 2

(1.3.11)
Asz : z
I y :
y Bbi
2
y = Bbi ui
(1.3.12)
i =1
21
3ai
P3
Bbi =
2 Le (1 + 3 ) x
3
P3 N i
,
x
4(1 + 3 ) x
a1 = 1,
a2 = 1
(1.3.13)
zx zx B si
2
zx = B si ui
(1.3.14)
i =1
ai
B si =
Le (1 + 3 )
Le
a1 = 1, a2 = 1
2(1 + 3 )
(1.3.15)
K ij = (BTbi DbBbj + BTsi D s B sj )dL
(1.3.16)
midas FEA
Le
Db = I y { E} D s = Asy {G}
(1.3.17)
(1.3.17), x z ,
K bending + K shear
12
L3
e
EI y
=
1 + 3
Symm.
6
L2e
4 3
1 +
Le
4
12
L3e
6
L2e
12
L3e
2 3
1
Le
2
2
Le
4 3
1 +
4
L
6
L2e
(1.3.18)
x y
,(1.3.10)
Le
22
zx dL = 0
(1.3.19)
(1.3.18) 3 = 0
1-3-3
,
,
,,
(I1/41/23/4J)1.3.5
p2
p1
m2
m1
(a) ()
23
midas FEA
Z
X
(b)
1.3.5
midas FEA
x

Fi = A N i y dL
Le

z
(1.3.20)
x , y , z :
Fi = BTi PdL ( Bi :)
Le
(1.3.21)
P :
Fi = BTi EATdL
Le
24
(1.3.22)
x, y, z
( ALe ) 2
symm.
156
0
140
J
A
22 Le
0
0
0
0
0
4 L2e
0
0
4 L2e
0
140
0
54
0
0
0
13Le
13Le
0
0
0
156
0
156
3L2e
0
0
3L2e
0
0
0
22 Le
22 Le
0
0
13Le
0
J
70
A
0
0
140
0
0
J
A
4 L2e
0
4 L2e
midas FEA
140
0
156
0
0
0
0
0
0
22 Le
ALe 0
M=
0
420 70
0
54
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 13Le
(1.3.23)
J : (polar moment of inertia)
1-3-4
1.3.6
25
rotational
d.o.f. released
girder
beam
(a)
(b)
midas FEA
(c) (Pin Connection)
(d)
1.3.6
26
1.3.7,
midas FEA
(a)
(b)
1.3.7
1.3.8,
,
27
column member
column member
beam member
Rigid Zone
Rigid Zone
B
A
clear length of beam
length between nodes (L)
1.3.8 (AB)
midas FEA
1.3.9
i
Li
i
L1
28
Lj
Li = 1.0 Ri ()
Li=ZF Ri ()
Lj = 1.0 Rj (
Lj=ZF Rj ()
Rii
Rjj
ZF
V1V2
M1M2
V3V4
midas FEA
1.3.9
1-3-5
5I
1/42/43/4J51.3.10+
Nx
Qy , Qz
Mx
M y, M z
29
Qz
ECS x-axis
Mz
Nx
Mx
J-End
ECS z-axis
3/4 pt
ECS y-axis
1/2 pt
My
Qy
1/4 pt
I-End
Mx
midas FEA
Nx
Mz
Qz
1.3.10
30
My
Qy
1-4
1-4-1
3468
,
(/)
xx
xx

= yy = yy

xy
xy
()
z
ECS
midas FEA
1.4.1
xy , xy
x
xx , xx
xy , xy
yy , yy
1.4.1
x, y, z ,1.4.2
1423 x
12 x
31
ECS z-axis
ECS y-axis
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
2
ECS z-axis
midas FEA
4
ECS y-axis
3
1
ECS x-axis
2
ECS z-axis
ECS y-axis
5
1
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
4
32
ECS z-axis
4
ECS y-axis
6
5
ECS x-axis
midas FEA
1.4.2
34
68
1-4-2
4
x, y u , v
ui = {ui
vi }
(1.4.1)
4N
x, y u , v
N
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
x = N i xi y = N i yi u = N i ui v = N i vi
(1.4.2)
33
N1 = 1 N 2 =
(1.4.3)
4
N1 =
1
1
(1 )(1 ) N 2 = (1 + )(1 )
4
4
N3 =
1
1
(1 + )(1 + ) N 4 = (1 )(1 + )
4
4
(1.4.4)
N1 = (1 )(1 2 2 ) N 2 = ( 2 1) N 3 = ( 2 1)
N 4 = 4 (1 ) N 5 = 4 N 6 = 4 (1 )
(1.4.5)
midas FEA
N1 =
1
1
1
1
1
1
(1 )(1 ) N5 N8 N 2 = (1 + )(1 ) N5 N 6
4
2
2
4
2
2
N3 =
1
1
1
1
1
1
(1 + )(1 + ) N 6 N 7 N 4 = (1 )(1 + ) N 7 N8
4
2
2
4
2
2
N5 =
1
1
1
1 2 (1 ) N 6 = (1 + ) 1 2 N 7 = 1 2 (1 + )
2
2
2
N8 =
1
(1 ) 1 2
2
(1.4.6)
u Bi (1.4.7)
N
= Biui
i =1
Bi
34
(1.4.7)
N
i
x
Bi = 0
N i
N i
y
N i
(1.4.8)
Bi
K ij = t BTi DB j dA
(1.4.9)
Ae
midas FEA
Ae
1
0
E
1
0
D=
2
1
1
0 0
(1.4.10)
u a = {a1 b1 a2
b2 }
(1.4.11)
x, y u , v
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
x = N i xi y = N i yi u = N iui + a1P1 + a2 P2 v = N i vi + b1P1 + b2 P2 1.4.12)
35
P1 = 1 2
P2 = 1 2
(1.4.13)
= Bi ui + B au a
(1.4.14)
i =1
Bi (1.4.15) B a
midas FEA
P1
Ba = 0
P1
P2
x
0
P1
y
P1
x
0
P2
y
P2
y
P2
(1.4.15)
Bi B a 4
K ij = t BTi DB j dA K ia = t BTi DB a dA
Ae
Ae
K ai = t BTa DBi dA K aa = t BTa DB a dA

Ae
Ae
(1.4.16)
1.4.164
{ }
K ij K ia u F

j = { i }
K K u 0
aa
a
aj
(1.4.17)
K ij = K ij K ia K aa1 K aj
36
(1.4.18)
B a = = 0
Jacobian1.4.3
midas FEA
1.4.3
1-4-3
x

Fi = t N i y dA
Ae

z
(1.4.19)
x , y , z
z
Px

Fi = N i Py dA
Ae
P
z
(1.4.20)
Px , Py , Pz
37
Px

Fi = N i Py ds
L
P
z
(1.4.21)
Px , Py , Pz
z
x

Fi = t B D y TdA
Ae
0

midas FEA
T
i
(1.4.22)
x , y x, y
x,y,z
M ij = t Ni N j dA
Ae
(1.4.23)
tAe
38
1-4-4
xx , yy , xy
Von-Mises
(P
xx yy
2
+ xy
2
2
1
+ P22 PP
1 2
xx + yy
2
xx yy
2

+ xy
2
xx , yy , xy
Von-Mises
2
3
E1 + E2
E1 , E2
Ei =
xx + yy
2
midas FEA
Pi =
P1 , P2
(E
2
1
+ E22 E1E2
xx yy xy2

+
2
4
3 1
4 4
6 3
8 9
1.4.1
39
1-5
1-5-1
3468
/
midas FEA
xx
xx

= yy = yy

xy
xy
M xx
xx

M = M yy = yy
M

xy
xy
Qzx
zx
Q= =
yz
Qyz
1.5.1
+
40
zx
M xx ,
ECS
M xy ,
Qzx ,
xx
M xy ,
xy
xy
Qyz ,
M yy ,
yz
yy
1.5.1
midas FEA
x,y,z1.5.2
x12
ECS z-axis
ECS y-axis
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
2
ECS z-axis
4
ECS y-axis
3
ECS x-axis
41
ECS z-axis
ECS y-axis
3
5
1
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
4
2
ECS z-axis
midas FEA
ECS y-axis
3
1
ECS x-axis
1.5.2.
34
684
3
3
42
1-5-2
3x,y
3
z 1
midas FEA
3
DKT 2 (Discrete Kirchhoff triangle), DKMT 3 (Discrete Kirchhoff
Mindlin triangle)
D.J. Allman, A Compatible Triangular Element Including Vertex Rotations for Plane Elasticity Analysis,
Comput. Struct., Vol. 19, 1-8, 1984
22
D.J. Allman, A Compatible Triangular Element Including Vertex Rotations for Plane Elasticity
Analysis, Comput. Struct., Vol. 19, 1-8, 1984
2
J.L. Batoz, K.J. Bathe and L.W. Ho, A Study of Three-Node Triangular Plate Bending Elements,
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 15, 1771-1812, 1980
2
I. Katili, A New Discrete Kirchhoff-Mindlin Element Based on Mindlin-Reissner Plate Therory and
Assumed Shear Strain Fields Part I : An Extended DKT Element for Thick-Plate Bending Analysis,
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 36, 1859-1883, 1993
2
J.L. Batoz and M. Ben Tahar, Evaluation of a New Thin Plate Quadrilateral Element, International
Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 18, 1655-1678, 1982
2
I. Katili, A New Discrete Kirchhoff-Mindlin Element Based on MindlinReissner Plate Theory and Assumed Shear Strain Fields-Part II : An Extended DKQ Element for ThickPlate Bending Analysis, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 36, 18851908, 1993
43
4
4
DKQ
(Discrete Kirchhoff quadrilateral) DKMQ
(Discrete
Kirchhoff Mindlin Quadrilateral)
1.4z
x,yu,vz z
ui = {ui , vi , zi }
(1.5.1)
Nx,yu,v
N
x = N i xi
i =1
midas FEA
u = N i ui +
i =1
y = N i yi
i =1
(1.5.2)
N
1 N
1 N
Pi ( y j yi )( zj zi ) v = N i vi Pi ( x j xi )( zj zi )
8 i =1
8 i =1
i =1
i = 1, 2,.., N 1, N
j = 2,3,.., N ,1
(1.5.3)
3
N1 = 1 N 2 = N 3 =
(1.5.4)
P1 = 4 (1 ) P2 = 4 P3 = 4 (1 )
(1.5.5)
4
N1 =
1
1
1
(1 )(1 ) N 2 = (1 + )(1 ) N3 = (1 + )(1 + )
4
4
4
N4 =
44
1
(1 )(1 + )
4
(1.5.6)
1
1
1
P1 = (1 2 )(1 ) P2 = (1 + )(1 2 ) P3 = (1 2 )(1 + )
2
2
2
1
P4 = (1 )(1 2 )
2
(1.5.7)
u Bi
N
= Biui
(1.5.8)
i =1
Bi
N i
y
N i
x
( yi yk ) Pk ( y j yi ) Pi
8
8
x
x
( xk xi ) Pk ( xi x j ) Pi
8
8
y
y
( yi yk ) Pk ( y j yi ) Pi ( xk xi ) Pk ( xi x j ) Pi
8
8
8
8
y
y
x
x
i = 1, 2,.., N 1, N ,
j = 2,3,.., N ,1,
k = N ,1,.., N 2, N 1
midas FEA
N i
Bi = 0
N
i
y
(1.5.9)
Bi
K ij( I ) = tBTi DB j dA
Ae
(1.5.10)
,
t
Ae
1
0
E
0
D=
1
2
1
1
0 0
(1.5.11)
45
1.5.3
midas FEA
1.5.3
DKMT3DKMQ4
zwx,y
x , y
u i = {wi xi yi }
(1.5.12)
x,y1.5.2 x , y 2
i =1
i =1
x = Ni xi + PS
i ij ni
Cij = xij / Lij
Sij = yij / Lij
i =1
i =1
y = N i yi PC
i ij ni
xij = xi x j
i = 1,2,.., N 1, N
yij = yi y j
(1.5.13)
,
L2ij = xij2 + yij2
j = 2,3,.., N ,1
N i , Pi 1.5.4-1.5.7
ni
46
Qs = M s , s M ns , n
z
(1.5.14)
n = (1
s
s
s
s
) ni + nj + 4 (1 ) ni
Lij
Lij
Lij
Lij
i = 1,2,.., N 1, N
z
s = (1
,
j = 2,3,.., N ,1
s
s
) si + sj
Lij
Lij
(1.5.15)
1.5.14 sz sz
Lij
sz
sz )ds = 0
(1.5.16)
midas FEA
ni 1.5.13 ui x , y
N
i =1
i =1
x = HTxi ui y = HTyi ui
(1.5.17)
H xi , H yi
3Pk S ki
3PS
i ij
2
(1
)
2
(1
)
+
+
L
L
ki
ki
ij
ij
PS
y
3
P
S
y
3

i ij ij
k ki ki
H xi = N i +
+
0 4 Lki (1 + ki ) 4 Lij (1 + ij )

3PS
i ij xij
3Pk S ki xki
4 Lki (1 + ki ) 4 Lij (1 + ij )
H y ,i
(1.5.18)
3PC
3Pk Cki
i ij
+
2 Lki (1 + ki ) 2 Lij (1 + ij )
0
3PC
3Pk Cki yki
i ij yij
= 0 +
N 4 Lki (1 + ki ) 4 Lij (1 + ij )
i
3PC
i ij xij
3Pk Cki xki +
4 Lki (1 + ki ) 4 Lij (1 + ij )
(1.5.19)
i = 1,2,.., N 1, N
j = 2,3,.., N ,1
k = N ,1,.., N 2, N 1
47
Bbi
N
= Bbi ui
(1.5.20)
HTyi

HTxi
Bbi =
y
T
T
H xi H yi
x
y
(1.5.21)
i =1
1.5.16 sz B si
3
= B si ui
(1.5.22)
midas FEA
i =1
3
ij
S jk
S
N j ki N i )
(
Ai
Lij (1 + ij )
Aj
B si =
S
ij
( C ki N jk N )
Ai i A j j Lij (1 + ij )
i = 1, 2,3
j = 2,3,1
S ij
Ai
Ni
S jk
Ak
Nk )
k = 3,1, 2 , Ai = Cij S ki Cki Sij
(1.5.23)
4
N i

B si =
N i

ij
x (1 + ij )
ij
y (1 + ij )
N k ki
yij
x (1 + ki ) 1
2
yki
N k ki
1
2
y (1 + ki )
i = 1,2,3,4
48
ki
Lki (1 + ki ) 1

S
S
ki
1
Nk
Ni )
(
Ak
Ai
Lki (1 + ki )
j = 2,3,4,1
xij
2
xki
2
k = 4,1,2,3
(1.5.24)
y ij
2
y ki
2
xij
2
x ki
2
N i
N i x
=
x N i
x
N i
N i y
=
y N i
i = 2, 4
y
i = 1,3
i = 1,3
(1.5.25)
i = 2, 4
K ij( O ) = (BTbi DBbj

Ae
t3
+ BTsi DB sj t ) dA
12
(1.5.26)
DKT3DKQ4
Kirchhoff-Lovez
w x,y x y 2
N
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
(1.5.27)
midas FEA
x = N i xi + N i + N xi y = N i yi + N i + N yi
3
N1 = (1 )(1 2 2 ) N 2 = ( 2 1) N 3 = ( 2 1)
N 4 = 4 (1 ) N 5 = 4 N 6 = 4 (1 )
z
(1.5.28)
N1 =
1
1
1
1
1
1
(1 )(1 ) N5 N8 N 2 = (1 + )(1 ) N5 N 6
4
2
2
4
2
2
N3 =
1
1
1
1
1
1
(1 + )(1 + ) N 6 N 7 N 4 = (1 )(1 + ) N 7 N8
4
2
2
4
2
2
N5 =
1
1
1 2 (1 ) N 6 = (1 + ) 1 2
2
2
N7 =
1
1
1 2 (1 + ) , N8 = (1 ) 1 2
2
2
(1.5.29)
xi yi
z
Kirchhoff-Love
49
x +
z
w
w
w
= 0 y +
= 0 n +
=0
x
s
y
(1.5.30)
w( Lij / 2)
s
si =
3
1 w(0)
3
1 w( Lij )
+
wi
wj +
2 Lij
4 s
2 Lij
4 s
1
( si + sj )
i = 1,2,.., N 1, N
2
,
j = 2,3,.., N ,1
(1.5.31)
(1.5.32)
xi yi 1.5.27 x y u i
i =1
i =1
midas FEA
x = HTxi ui y = HTyi ui
(1.5.33)
H xi H yi
2 (d ij N i + N d ki N k + N )
2 (aij N i + N aki N k + N )
H x = N i eij N i + N eki N k + N H yi = bij N i + N + bki N k + N

b N +b N
N c N c N
ij i + N
ki k + N
ki k + N
i ij i + N
i = 1, 2,.., N 1, N
j = 2,3,.., N ,1
(1.5.34)
k = N ,1,.., N 2, N 1
aij bij cij d ij eij

aij = xij / L2ij bij = 3 xij y ij / L2ij cij = ( 1 xij2 1 y ij2 ) / L2ij
4
1
1
d ij = yij2 / L2ij eij = ( yij2 xij2 ) / L2ij
4
2
50
(1.5.35)
1.5.21 Bbi 1.5.21DKTDK

Q
K ij( O ) = BTbi DBbj
Ae
t3
dA
12
(1.5.36)
MacNeal61.5.4A-B-CD K P 1-2-3-4 K S
K = ST K P S
(1.5.37)
4
F32
y
A
midas FEA
h*
2
B
F23
FZ 2
1.5.4 4
S A-B-C-D FP 1-2-3-4F
F = ST FP
(1.5.38)
FP = {FPT1 , FPT2 , FPT3 , FPT4 }
(1.5.39)
FPi = {Fx , Fy , Fz , M x , M y , M z }
T
Pi
(1.5.40)
51
1-2-3-4A-B-C-D
Fz 3 = Fz 2 = h* (
F32 F23
)
L23 L23
M z 3 = M z 2 = h* (
(1.5.41)
M 32 M 23
)
L23
L23
(1.5.42)
M zi S
2
xyzuvw V1i V2i
midas FEA
1 2
ui = {ui
vi
wi 1i 2i }
(1.5.43)
3 Vi 1.5.5 V1 x
V2 V3
V1i = {l1i , m1i , n1i } V2 i = {l2 i , m2i , n2i } V3i = {l3i , m3i , n3i }
T
(1.5.44)
V3
V2
ECS
z
y
projection
V1
1.5.5
Nx,y,zu,v,w
52
N
N
ti
t
t
l3i ) y = N i ( yi + i m3i ) z = N i ( zi + i n3i ) (1.5.45)
2
2
2
i =1
i =1
x = N i ( xi +
i =1
ti
( 11i1i + 12 i 2i )}
2
u = N i {ui +
i =1
N
v = N i {vi +
i =1
N
ti
( 21i1i + 22 i 2i )}
2
w = N i {wi +
i =1
(1.5.46)
ti
( 31i1i + 32i 2 i )}
2
t i :
z
midas FEA
u i :
6
N1 = (1 )(1 2 2 ) N 2 = ( 2 1) N 3 = ( 2 1)
N 4 = 4 (1 ) N 5 = 4 N 6 = 4 (1 )
z
(1.5.47)
N1 =
1
1
1
1
1
1
(1 )(1 ) N5 N8 N 2 = (1 + )(1 ) N5 N 6
4
2
2
4
2
2
N3 =
1
1
1
1
1
1
(1 + )(1 + ) N 6 N 7 N 4 = (1 )(1 + ) N 7 N8
4
2
2
4
2
2
N5 =
1
1
1 2 (1 ) N 6 = (1 + ) 1 2
2
2
N7 =
1
1
1 2 (1 + ) N8 = (1 ) 1 2
2
2
(1.5.48)
G Bi
N
G = Biui
(1.5.49)
i =1
53
G = { xx , yy , zz , xy , yz , zx }
(1.5.50)
Bi 1.5.51
Bi = H 0
0
midas FEA
0
J 1
0
N i

N i

0
0
0
J 1
0
N i
#
0
0
#
0
ti N i
t N i
l2,i i
l1,i
2
2
ti N i
ti N i
l2,i
l1,i
2
2
t
ti
i N i l2,i
N i l1,i
2
2
t N i
t N i
i
m2,i i
m1, i
2
2
#
#
t
ti
N i n1,i
i N i n2,i
2
2
1.5.51)
H : Boolean
J : Jacobian
Bi G
K ij = BTi TT DTB j dV
Ve
1.5.52)
ZienkiewiczTaylor7
e = f (D M , t n ,( z z ) 2 )d
e
D M
54
(1.5.53)
1-5-3
x

Fi = tN i y dA
Ae

z
(1.5.54)
x , y , z :
z
Px

Fi = N i Py dA
Ae

Pz
midas FEA
(1.5.55)
Px , Py , Pz :
z
Px

Fi = N i Py ds
L

Pz
(1.5.56)
Px , Py , Pz :
z
x

Fi = tB D y TdA
Ae
0

T
i
(1.5.57)
55
x , y x, y
Bi :
T
x
t 3 T Tz
dA
Fi =
B D y
Ae 12 bi
0 2H z

(1.5.58)
Tz / H z
midas FEA
x,y,z
z
M ij = t N i N j dA ( N i : )
Ae
(1.5.59)
tAe
1-5-4 //
341.5.668
t
z
12 I / t 3
Itdefault=1.0)
z
ts / t
ts t default=0.83333)
56
t3
3
t1
1
t2
2
t4
4
t3
t1
1
midas FEA
t2
1.5.6
1
1.5.7x
57
ECS z-axis
MCS y- axis
ECS y-axis
MCS x- axis
MCS
z
y
ECS x-axis
midas FEA
projection
x
1.5.7
1.5.8z
+
z3
3
z1
1
z2
2
58
z4
4
z3
z1
z2
2
midas FEA
1.5.8
1-5-5
/
z = t / 2 ) z = t / 2 )
/
xx , yy , xy
Von-Mises
(P
xx yy
2
+ xy
2
P1 , P2
2
1
+ P22 PP
1 2
Pi =
xx + yy
2
xx yy
2

+ xy
2
xx , yy , xy
59
(E
Von-Mises
2
3
E1 + E2
E1 , E2
Ei =
xx + yy
2
2
1
+ E22 E1E2
xx yy xy2

+
2
4
N xx , N yy , N xy
M xx , M yy , M xy
Qyz , Qzx
midas FEA
3 1
4 4
6 3
8 4
1.5.11.
5.9 +
60
ECS
Nxy
x
N xx
Nxy
N yy
midas FEA
1.5.9
61
1-6
1-6-1
3468
xx
xx

= yy = yy

xy
xy
midas FEA
1.6.1 +
xy , xy
x
xx , xx
xy , xy
xx , xx
1.6.1
xyz1.6.2
1423x
12x
62
3 ECS y-axis
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
ECS y-axis
3
midas FEA
ECS x-axis
1
2
3
ECS y-axis
6
5
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
1
4
63
ECS y-axis
3
7
ECS x-axis
1
2
midas FEA
1.6.2
34
16824
3
3
zz
1-6-2
4
1.5
E (1 )
D=
(1 + )(1 2 ) 1
1
1
0
1 2
2 (1 )
(1.6.1)
64
zz = ( xx + yy )
(1.6.2)
1-6-3
xy
M ij = t N i N j dA
1.6.3
Ae
midas FEA
tAe
1-6-4
X Y Y Z X Z
X Y
z
Von-Mises
XX , YY , ZZ , XY
(P
2
1
+ P22 + P32 PP
1 2 P2 P3 P3 P1
max( P1 P2 , P2 P3 , P3 P1 )
2
P1 , P2 , P3
65
XX + YY
YY
2
XX
+ XY ZZ P1 , P2 , P3
2
2
Pi =
XX , YY , XY ()
Von-Mises
E1 + E2
E1 , E2
2
3
(E
2
1
+ E22 E1E2
2
XX + YY
YY XY
XX
+
2
2
4
Ei =
midas FEA
3 1
4 4
6 3
8 9
1.6.3 +
ZZ
( ZZ = 0)
XX , XX
XY , XY
Y
GCS
XY , XY
YY , YY
Z
1.6.3
66
1-7
1-7-1
midas FEA
xx
xx

yy
yy
= = //
zz

zz

xy
xy

1.7.1
xy , xy
y
xx , xx
x
ECS
z
zz , zz
Z
GCS
xy , xy
yy , yy
1.7.1
67
x,y,z1.7.2
1423x
12x
3 ECS y-axis
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
midas FEA
ECS y-axis
3
4
ECS x-axis
1
2
68
ECS y-axis
6
5
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
2
4
ECS y-axis
3
7
midas FEA
ECS x-axis
1
2
5
1.7.2
69
zX-Z
1.7.3( 1.0radian )
Z(axis of rotation)
1.0 radian (unit width)
midas FEA
an axisymmetric element
X
1.7.3
341
682
1-7-2
x, y
u , v
u i = {ui
vi }
(1.7.1)
x, y u , v
N
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
x = N i xi y = N i yi u = N i ui v = N i vi
70
(1.7.2)
3
N1 = 1 N 2 = N 3 =
(1.7.3)
N1 =
1
1
(1 )(1 ) N 2 = (1 + )(1 ) ,
4
4
N3 =
1
1
(1 + )(1 + ) N 4 = (1 )(1 + )
4
4
(1.7.4)
N1 = (1 )(1 2 2 ) N 2 = ( 2 1) N 3 = ( 2 1)
(1.7.5)
midas FEA
N 4 = 4 (1 ) N 5 = 4 N 6 = 4 (1 )
8
N1 =
1
1
1
(1 )(1 ) N 5 N8
4
2
2 ,
N2 =
1
1
1
(1 + )(1 ) N5 N 6
4
2
2
N3 =
1
1
1
(1 + )(1 + ) N 6 N 7
4
2
2
,
N4 =
1
1
1
(1 )(1 + ) N 7 N8
4
2
2
N5 =
1
1 2 (1 )
2
,
N6 =
1
(1 + ) 1 2
2
,
N7 =
1
1 2 (1 + )
2
71
N8 =
1
(1 ) 1 2
2
(1.7.6)
Bi
N
= Biui
(1.7.7)
i =1
Bi
midas FEA
N i
0
x
N i
0
x
Bi =
N i
N i
x
x
N
i N i
X
X
JG JJG
G JJG
x X , : y X
(1.7.8)
x, y X Bi
K ij = XBTi DB j dA
(1.7.9)
Ae
2
MIDAS 1.0 radian

E (1 ) 1
D=
(1 + )(1 2 )
1
72
1 2
2 (1 )
(1.7.10)
1-7-3
2 r )
z
x

Fi = XN i y dA
Ae

z
(1.7.11)
midas FEA
x , y , z :
Px

Fi = XN i Py ds
L
P
z
(1.7.12)
Px , Py , Pz :
z
x

Fi = XBTi D y TdA
Ae

z
(1.7.13)
x , y , z
1-7-4
Z
X Z
73
XX , YY , ZZ , ZX
Von-Mises
(P
2
1
+ P22 + P32 PP
1 2 P2 P3 P3 P1
max( P1 P2 , P2 P3 , P3 P1 )
2
P1 , P2 , P3
XX + ZZ
ZZ
2
XX
+ ZX YY P1 , P2 , P3
2
2
midas FEA
Pi =
z
XX , YY , ZZ , ZX
Von-Mises
2
3
E1 + E2 + E3
E1 , E2 , E3
(E
2
1
+ E22 + E32 E1E2 E2 E3 E3 E1
2
XX + ZZ
ZZ ZX
YY E1 , E2 , E3
XX
+
2
2
4
Ei =
3 1
4 4
6 3
8 9
1.7.4+
74
ZX , ZX
XX , XX
YY , YY
Z
GCS
ZX , ZX
ZZ , ZZ
midas FEA
1.7.4
75
1-8
1-8-1
MIDAS845/
midas FEA
xx

yy

zz
=
xy

yz
zx
xx

yy

zz
=
xy

yz
zx
(/)
1.8.1 +
(a)
(b)
1.8.1
x, y, z 1.8.28
1423 x 4
76
512 x
ECS z-axis
4
ECS y-axis
3
1
2
midas FEA
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
ECS z-axis
4
ECS y-axis
10
8
7 9
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
ECS z-axis
4
6
ECS y-axis
5
3
1
2
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
77
ECS z-axis
12
4
10
13
6
11
5
14
7
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
ECS z-axis
ECS y-axis
7
midas FEA
ECS y-axis
15
6 3
ECS x-axis
2
ECS z-axis
8
16
20
13
17
12
18
15
14
19
11
10
1
ECS y-axis
ECS x-axis
2
1.8.2
2866544
12061551042
78
456
midas FEA
79
1-8-2
8665
x, y, z translation u , v, w
u i = {ui
vi
wi }
(1.8.1)
N
x, y, z u , v, w
N
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
x = N i xi y = N i yi z = N i zi
midas FEA
u = N iui v = N i vi w = N i wi
z
4 4
N1 = 1 N 2 = N 3 = N 4 =
80
(1.8.3)
6 5
N1 =
(1 ) N 2 = (1 ) N3 = (1 ) N 4 = (1 )
2
2
2
2
N5 =
(1 + ) N 6 = (1 + )
2
2
= 1
z
(1.8.2)
8 6
N1 =
1
1
(1 )(1 )(1 ) N 2 = (1 + )(1 )(1 )
8
8
N3 =
1
1
(1 + )(1 + )(1 ) N 4 = (1 )(1 + )(1 )
8
8
N5 =
1
1
(1 )(1 )(1 + ) N 6 = (1 + )(1 )(1 + )
8
8
(1.8.4)
N7 =
z
1
1
(1 + )(1 + )(1 + ) N8 = (1 )(1 + )(1 + )
8
8
(1.8.5)
10 4
N1 = (1 2 )
N 2 = (1 2 )
N 3 = (1 2 )
N 4 = (1 2 )
N 5 = 4 N 6 = 4 N 7 = 4 N 8 = 4 N 9 = 4 N10 = 4
= 1
15 5
N1 =
N4 =
N6 =
(1 2 ) (1 ) N 2 = (1 2 ) (1 ) N3 = (1 2 ) (1 )
midas FEA
(1.8.6)
(1 2 ) (1 + ) N5 = (1 2 ) (1 + )
2
(1 2 ) (1 + )
N 7 = 2 (1 ) N8 = 2 (1 )
N 9 = 2 (1 ) N10 = 2 (1 + )
N11 = 2 (1 + ) N12 = 2 (1 + ) N13 = (1 ) 1 2
N14 = 1 2 N15 = 1 2
(1.8.7)
= 1
20 6
N1 =
1
(1 )(1 )(1 )( 2 )
8
81
midas FEA
82
N2 =
1
(1 + )(1 )(1 )( 2 + )
8
N3 =
1
(1 + )(1 + )(1 )( 2 + + )
8
N4 =
1
(1 )(1 + )(1 )( 2 + )
8
N5 =
1
(1 )(1 )(1 + )( 2 + )
8
N6 =
1
(1 + )(1 )(1 + )( 2 + + )
8
N7 =
1
(1 + )(1 + )(1 + )( 2 + + + )
8
N8 =
1
(1 )(1 + )(1 + )( 2 + + )
8
N9 =
1
(1 )(1 ) 1 2
4
,
N10 =
1
(1 + )(1 ) 1 2
4
N11 =
1
(1 + )(1 ) 1 2
4
N12 =
1
(1 )(1 ) 1 2
4
,
N13 =
1
(1 )(1 + ) 1 2
4
N14 =
1
(1 + )(1 + ) 1 2
4
N15 =
1
(1 )(1 + ) 1 2
4
,
N16 =
1
(1 + )(1 ) 1 2
4
N17 =
1
(1 )(1 ) 1 2
4
N18 =
1
(1 + )(1 ) 1 2
4
,
N19 =
1
(1 + )(1 + ) 1 2
4
N 20 =
1
(1 )(1 + ) 1 2
4
midas FEA
(1.8.8)
u B i
N
= Biui
(1.8.9)
i =1
B i
N i
x
0
Bi =
N i
y
N i
0
N i
y
0
N i
x
N i
z
0
N i
N i
y
N i
(1.8.10)
B i
83
K ij = BTi DB j dV
(1.8.11)
Ve
Ve
D
midas FEA
0
E
D=
(1 + )(1 2 )
0
1 2
2
1 2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 2
0
0
0
(1.8.12)
D
6 5 8 6
6 5
u a = {a1 b1 c1}
(1.8.13)
i =1
i =1
i =1
u = N i ui + a1P1 v = N i vi + b1P1 w = N i wi + c1P1

P1 = 1 2
84
(1.8.14)
(1.8.15)
P1
x
0
Ba =
P1
y
P1
z
P1
y
0
P1
x
P1
z
0
P1
z
P1
y
P1
x
(1.8.16)
8 6
u a = {a1 b1 c1 a2
b2
c2
c3}
a3 b3
i =1
i =1
midas FEA
(1.8.17)
u = N i ui + a1P1 + a2 P2 + a3 P3 v = N i vi + b1P1 + b2 P2 + b3 P3
8
w = N i wi + c1P1 + c2 P2 + c3 P3
(1.8.18)
P1 = 1 2 P2 = 1 2 P3 = 1 2
(1.8.19)
i =1
P1
x
0
Ba =
P1
y
P1
z
P2
x
P3
x
P1
y
P2
y
P3
y
P1
z
P2
z
P2
y
P2
x
P2
z
P3
y
P3
x
P3
z
P1
x
P1
z
0
P1
y
P1
x
0
P2
z
P2
y
P2
x
0
P3
z
P3
z
P3
y
P3
x
(1.8.20)
85
1-8-3
x

Fi = N i y dV
Ve

z
(1.8.21)
x , y , z :
midas FEA
Px

Fi = N i Py dA
Ae
P
z
(1.8.22)
Px , Py , Pz :
z
x

Fi = B D y TdV
Ve

z
T
i
(1.8.23)
x , y , z : x, y , z
x,y,z
z
M ij = N i N j dV
Ve
86
(1.8.24)
Ve )
1-8-4
Von-Mises
XX , YY , ZZ , XY , YZ , ZX
(P
2
1
+ P22 + P32 PP
1 2 P2 P3 P3 P1
)
midas FEA
max( P1 P2 , P2 P3 , P3 P1 )
2
P1 , P2 , P3
XY
ZX
XX Pi
det XY
YY Pi
YZ = 0 P1 , P2 , P3
ZX
YZ
ZZ Pi
XX , YY , ZZ , XY , YZ , ZX
Von-Mises
E1 + E2 + E3
E1 , E2 , E3
XX Ei
det XY / 2
ZX / 2
2
3
(E
2
1
+ E22 + E32 E1E2 E2 E3 E3 E1
XY / 2 ZX / 2
E ,E ,E
YY Ei YZ / 2 = 0 1 2 3
YZ / 2 ZZ Ei
87
4 4 : 1
6 5 : 6
8 6 : 8
10 4 : 4
15 5 : 9
20 6 : 27
midas FEA
1.8.3 +
(a)
1.8.3
88
(b)
1-9
1-9-1
1.9.1
x 3
(radian)
midas FEA
1.9.1
89
1-9-2 /
(
)
(radian)
midas FEA
1.9.2 /
90
1-9-3
(positive
definite)
midas FEA
91
1-10
1.10.1
U Xs = U Xm + RYm Z RZm Y
U Ys = U Ym + RZm X R Xm Z
U Zs = U Zm + R Xm Y RYm X
(1.10.1)
R Xs = R Xm
RYs = RYm
midas FEA
RZs = RZm
X = X m X s
Y = Ym Ys
Z = Z m Z s
U Xs , U Ys , U Zs
x,y,z
U Xm , U Ym , U Zm
x,y,z
R Xs , RYs , RZs
x,y,z
R Xs , RYs , RZs
:x,y,z
X s , Ys , Z s
:x,y,z
X m , Ym , Z m
x,y,z
6 1.10.1
X Y
U Xs = U Xm RZm Y
92
U Ys = U Ym + RZm X
(1.10.2)
RZs = RZm
1.10.1
midas FEA
1 2 3 4 5
1.10.1
93
1.10.1
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 1
1.10.2 6 (64) 24
midas FEA
15
94
midas FEA
UX : X
RX : X
UY : Y
RY : Y
UZ : Z
RZ : Z
1.10.2
1.10.3 1.10.3 (a)
1.10.3 (b)
95
2 1.10.3
a 6
midas FEA
Y
X
(a)
96
12
*
midas FEA
X-Z
(XZY
)
(b)
1.10.3
97
midas FEA
98

2-1
MIDAS
midas FEA
99
2-2
2-2-1
-
-
MIDAS
midas FEA
-
-
-()
-
2.2.1
2
1
2.2.1
100
midas FEA
2.2.22.2.2
xx
xx
xx
2.2.2
101
2-1-2
-
-
MIDAS
- (/)
midas FEA
-
-(/)
-(/)
2.2.3
2.2.4
3
6
5
2
1
2
1
4
2.2.3
102
4
8
3
6
5
2
2
midas FEA
2.2.4
yy
xx
xx
yy
2.2.5
103
2.2.5
x , y xx yy
xx yy x y
x , y
midas FEA
104
2-3
n
X ren , Yren , Z ren 2.3.1
X re1
X re = Yre1
Z1
re
X re2 " X ren
Yre2 " Yren

n
2
Z re " Z re
2.3.1
2.3.2
N2 " Nn }
(2.3.2)
midas FEA
N = { N1
N i (i = 1, 2,..., n)
N1 ( ) =
1
(1 ) N 2 ( ) = 1 (1 + )
2
2
(2.3.3)
N1 ( ) =
1
(1 ) N 2 ( ) = 1 (1 + ) N3 ( ) = (1 2 )
2
2
(2.3.4)
N1 ( , ) =
1
1
(1 )(1 ) N 2 ( , ) = (1 + )(1 )
4
4
N 3 ( , ) =
1
(1 + )(1 + ) N4 ( , ) = 1 (1 )(1 + )
4
4
(2.3.5)
N1 ( , ) =
1
1
1
(1 )(1 ) N5 N8
4
2
2
105
midas FEA
N 2 ( , ) =
1
(1 + )(1 ) 1 N 5 1 N 6
4
2
2
N 3 ( , ) =
1
(1 + )(1 + ) 1 N 6 1 N 7
4
2
2
N 4 ( , ) =
1
(1 )(1 + ) 1 N 7 1 N 8
4
2
2
N 5 ( , ) =
1
1 2 (1 )
2
N 6 ( , ) =
1
(1 + ) 1 2
2
N 7 ( , ) =
1
1 2 (1 + )
2
N 8 ( , ) =
1
(1 ) 1 2
2
(2.3.6)
N 1 ( , ) = 1
N 2 ( , ) =
(2.3.7)
N 3 ( , ) =
N1 = (1 )(1 2 2 )
N 4 = 4 (1 )
N 5 = 4
N 2 = ( 2 1)
N 3 = ( 2 1)
N 6 = 4 (1 )
(2.3.8)
N ( gp j ) Xre
106
(2.3.9)
MIDAS FEA
3Dj
G j ( , , )
(2.3.10)
2Dj
G j ( , )
(2.3.11)
j
B Re
in.. = B mother ( G j )
midas FEA
j
(2.3.12)

xx yy B rein
xx

xx
T yy =

# yy
zz
(2.3.13)
TB
j
j
B Re
in. = TB Re in .
(2.3.14)
107
D = E xx Ae
(2.3.15)
Ae
E t
D = xx xx
0
0
E xx t xx
(2.3.16)
E xx t xx
D=
0
0
E t
(2.3.17)

yy yy
midas FEA
E xx x
E yy y
t xx t yy x y
xx
xx
= D
yy
yy
(2.3.18)
K erein = BTRe in DB Re in dV
(2.3.19)
BTRe indV = Frein
(2.3.20)
2.3.192.3.20
Nip
j
T
Rrein
j
j
DB Re
in det J
(2.3.21)
j=1
Nip
j
T
Rrein
det J j
j=1
108
(2.3.22)
midas FEA
Nip
109
2-4
2-4-1
2.4.1
midas FEA
Z
X
xx
element
node
location point
2.4.1
110
26
4
25
24
Z
X
midas FEA
2.4.2
2.4.2
2.4.21234
xx xx
2-4-2
111
element
node
location
point
integration point
midas FEA
Z
X
2.4.3
xx yy
xx yy x-
x-
x-y-
midas
FEA2.4.4
112
midas FEA
2.4.4
2.4.51212
26
27
25
24
2.4.5
113
midas FEA
114
2-5
2-5-1
2.5.1
Z
midas FEA
xx
x
Y
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.21234
115
4
25
1
24
26
midas FEA
2.5.2
xx xx
2-5-2
23
Z
2.5.3Z
116
y
x
element node
location point
integration
point
midas FEA
2.5.3
xx yy xx yy
x-
x-
midas FEA2.5.4
1
2
Z
Y
X
2.5.4
2.5.51212
117
section 2
section 1
27
26
25
24
2.5.5
midas FEA
1
2
Z
Y
X
2.5.6
2.5.72.5.5121-61-4
5-6
118
3
2
2
1
35
28
41
4
31 25 30 6
27
45
22
36
3
21
midas FEA
2.5.7
119
2-6
2-6-1
232.6.1
121322
2
section 2
midas FEA
section 1
27
26
25
24
2.6.1
2.6.22.6.1283622
21
30272
41
22
2
36
28
31 25 30
27
45
35
21
2.6.2
120
2.6.38
midas FEA
2.6.3
2-6-2
121
27
24
26
25
midas FEA
2.6.4
2.6.424272526
2.6.4x
122
2-7
2-7-1
23
midas FEA
26272829
29
26
28
27
section 2
section 1
2.7.1
2.7.22.7.1
2412481223
12
123
35
34
30
33
36
31
37
segment 1
segment 2
segment 5
32
segment 4
segment 3
midas FEA
2.7.2
2.7.320
2.7.3
124
2-7-2
34
33
midas FEA
35
32
36
37
31
30
125
midas FEA
2.7.4
2.7.43031323334353637
2.7.4
126
1
4
8
5
2
1
6
2
1
3
6
1
1
3
midas FEA
2.7.5
2.7.5
2.7.6xy
2.7.6
127
2-8
2-8-1
midas FEA
2.8.1
2.8.1
25
28
24
27
26
2.8.2
128
2.8.22
425262728
z1
z1
1
z2
z2
2
z3
3
midas FEA
2.8.3
z2.8.3
2-8-2
129
z
x
Z
Y
MCS
midas FEA
2.8.4
2.8.4
2.8.4
xy
27
24
26
25
2.8.5
2.8.5242526272.8.5
130
2.8.5X
0.2
location point
0.2
0.2
0.2
2
0.2
5
0.4
1
4
midas FEA
0.6
2.8.6
z
2.8.6
131
2-9
2-9-1
2-9-2
midas FEA
2-9-3
(1)
midas FEA
132
(2)
1
k
P
midas FEA
2.9.1
x ( r ) P P
p =P
(2.9.1)
2 x
r 2
(2.9.2)
P (/radian)
P
= p
r
(2.9.3)
CEB-FIP

133
P
= 1P
r
(2.9.4)
P =
P
dr
r
(2.9.5)
P0 r
P (r ) = P0 e ( +1 )r
(2.9.6)
2.9.6
P (r ) = P0 e
(2.9.7)
midas FEA
r
x
( r)
(r
r)
r
2.9.2
2.9.7
= r (1 + ) = r1 +
x
r
(2.9.8)
MIDAS P0
134
l
x
P(r )dr = lEA
(2.9.8)
before penetration
P
l EA
midas FEA
after penetration
x
x
tendon
anchor
2.9.3
2.9.9
P ( x ) dr lEA
(2.9.9)
2.9.92.9.9
2.9.9
2.9.4
135
1. tensioning
P
2. penetration at 1
P
3. penetration at 2
P
limited
penetration
tendon
tendon
tendon
large
penetration
tendon
tendon
tendon
midas FEA
excessive
penetration
tendon
tendon
tendon
2.9.4
2.9.4
136

3-1
0
u t
t = D u
(3.1.1)
t D u 3.1.1
t n
k
t= D= n
t
0
t
0
u n
u =
kt
ut
un
midas FEA
(3.1.2)
tn
ut
(a)
tt
(b)
3.1.1
137
3.1.33.1.2
tn
kn

,
t = ts D = 0
t
0
t
0
u n
0 u = us
u
kt
t
0
ks
0
(3.1.3)
un
tn
tt
ts
us
(a)
midas FEA
ut
(b)
3.1.2
tn t s tt un ,
us ut
138
3-2
u topbottom
u top
= {uitop
i
vitop
witop }
(3.2.1)
xyzuvw
N
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
xtop = N itop xitop y top = N itop yitop z top = N itop zitop
(3.2.2)
midas FEA
u top = N itopuitop vtop = N itop vitop wtop = N itop witop ,
(3.2.1)(3.2.2)
topbot(3.2.33.2.4
u bot
= {uibot
i
vibot
wibot }
(3.2.3)
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
xbot = N ibot xibot y bot = N ibot yibot z bot = N ibot zibot

u bot = N ibot uibot vbot = N ibot vibot wbot = N ibot wibot
(3.2.4)
3.2.5
u = utop ubot
(3.2.5)
u top = {untop
ustop
uttop }
u bot = {unbot
usbot
utbot }
139
u = Bu
(3.2.6)
B = N bot
u top }
midas FEA
u = {u bot
N top
140
3-3
u ntop
u ttop
u stop
t
s
u nbot
u tbot
midas FEA
u sbot
3.3.1
3.3.1
3.3.1midas FEA
xyz
3.3.1
x
( N i )3.3.1
xbot = N1bot x1bot

xtop = N 2top x top
2
(3.3.1)
u bot = N 1bot u1bot
141
u top = N 2top u top

2
(3.3.2)
3.3.3
N 1bot = N 2top = 1
midas FEA
B = N1bot 0 0 N 2top 0 0
142
(3.3.3)
(3.3.4)
3-4
top
top
un
top
u t u top
s
un
t
s
us
t
s
3
2
bot
bot
un
bot
bot
t op
un
u t u bot
s
Y
1
ut
bot
us
midas FEA
top
ut
3.4.1
midas FEA3.4.1
D(3.1.2)2D k s kt
(3.4.1)
xbot = N 1bot x1bot + N 2bot xbot

(+ N 5bot x5bot )
2
xtop = N 3top xtop
+ N 4top xtop
( + N 6top xtop
)
3
4
6
y bot = N 1bot y1bot + N 2bot y bot
(+ N 5bot y 5bot )
2
y top = N 3top y 3top + N 4top y top
(+ N 6top y top
)
4
6
(3.4.1)
3.4.2
u bot = N 1bot u1bot + N 2bot u bot

(+ N 5bot u 5bot )
2
u top = N 3top u 3top + N 4top u top
(+ N 6top u 6top )
4
143
vbot = N 1bot v1bot + N 2bot v bot

( + N 5bot v5bot )
2
vtop = N 3top v3top + N 4top vtop
(+ N 6top v top
)
4
6
(3.4.2)
N 1bot ( ) = N 3top ( ) =
1
(1 )
2
N 2bot ( ) = N 4top ( ) =
1
(1 + )
2
3.4.3
3.4.4
N 1bot ( ) = N 3top ( ) =
midas FEA
N 2bot ( ) = N 4top ( ) =
1
(1 ) ,
2
1
(1 + ) ,
2
N 5bot ( ) = N 6top ( ) = 1 2
3.4.4
562D
B
B = T' B '
(3.4.5)
T'
B
B = N ybot
0
144
N xbot
0
0
0
0
0
N ytop
N zbot 0
N xtop
0
0
0
top
Ny
(3.19)
3-5
u ntop uttoptop
us
5
n t
bot
n
u tbot
bot
1 us
u ntop
u nbot u bot
t
1 u sbot
15
16
top
t
top
s
n4
13
12
t
s
14 11
3
10
2
6
utbot
bot
1 us
u nbot
n t
s
u
u top
n
4
12
u bot
n
top
t
top
s
bot
t
u sbot
10
n t 11
s
9
5
midas FEA
untop uttop
u stop
3.5.1
midas FEA3.5.1
+ N 3bot x3bot + N 4bot xbot

xbot = N 1bot x1bot + N 2bot x bot
2
4
(+ N 9bot x9bot + N 10bot x10bot + N 11bot x11bot + N 12bot x12bot )
+ N 7top x 7top + N 8top x8top
xtop = N 5top x5top + N 6top xtop
6
(+ N 13top x13top + N 14top x14top + N 15top x15top + N 16top x16top )
+ N 3bot y 3bot + N 4bot y bot
y bot = N 1bot y1bot + N 2bot y bot
2
4
(+ N 9bot y 9bot + N 10bot y10bot + N 11bot y11bot + N 12bot y12bot )
145
+ N 7top y top
+ N 8top y 8top
y top = N 5top y 5top + N 6top y top
6
7
(+ N 13top y13top + N 14top y14top + N 15top y15top + N 16top y16top )
+ N 3bot z 3bot + N 4bot z bot
z bot = N 1bot z1bot + N 2bot z bot
2
4
(+ N 9bot z 9bot + N 10bot z10bot + N 11bot z11bot + N 12bot z12bot )
z top = N 5top z 5top + N 6top z top
+ N 7top z top
+ N 8top z 8top
6
7
(+ N 13top z13top + N 14top z14top + N 15top z15top + N 16top z16top )
(3.5.1)
u bot = N 1bot u1bot + N 2bot u bot

+ N 3bot u 3bot + N 4bot u bot
2
4
(+ N 9bot u 9bot + N 10bot u10bot + N 11bot u11bot + N 12bot u12bot )
u top = N 5top u 5top + N 6top u top
+ N 7top u top
+ N 8top u 8top
6
7
midas FEA
(+ N 13top u13top + N 14top u14top + N 15top u15top + N 16top u16top )

+ N 3bot v3bot + N 4bot vbot
vbot = N 1bot v1bot + N 2bot v bot
2
4
(+ N 9bot v9bot + N 10bot v10bot + N 11bot v11bot + N 12bot v12bot )
+ N 7top vtop
+ N 8top v8top
vtop = N 5top v5top + N 6top vtop
6
7
(+ N 13top v13top + N 14top v14top + N 15top v15top + N 16top v16top )
wbot = N 1bot w1bot + N 2bot wbot
+ N 3bot w3bot + N 4bot wbot
2
4
(+ N 9bot w9bot + N 10bot w10bot + N 11bot w11bot + N 12bot w12bot )
wtop = N 5top w5top + N 6top wtop
+ N 7top wtop
+ N 8top w8top
6
7
(+ N 13top w13top + N 14top w14top + N 15top w15top + N 16top w16top )
3D
146
N 1bot ( , ) = N 5top ( , ) =
1
(1 )(1 ) ,
4
N 2bot ( , ) = N 6top ( , ) =
1
(1 + )(1 ) ,
4
N 3bot ( , ) = N 7top ( , ) =
1
(1 + )(1 + ) ,
4
(3.5.2)
N 4bot ( , ) = N 8top ( , ) =
1
(1 )(1 + )
4
(3.5.3)
N 1bot ( , ) = N 5top ( , ) =
1
(1 )(1 )( 1)
4
,
N 2bot ( , ) = N 6top ( , ) =
1
(1 + )(1 )( 1)
4
N 3bot ( , ) = N 7top ( , ) =
1
(1 + )(1 + )( + 1)
4
N 4bot ( , ) = N 8top ( , ) =
1
(1 )(1 + )( + 1)
4
N 9bot ( , ) = N 13top ( , ) =
1
1 2 (1 )
2
,
N 12bot ( , ) = N 16top ( , ) =
midas FEA
1
(1 + ) 1 2
2
,
1
N 11bot ( , ) = N 15top ( , ) = 1 2 (1 + )
2
,
N 10bot ( , ) = N 14top ( , ) =
1
(1 ) 1 2
2
(3.5.4)
N 1bot ( , ) = N 4top ( , ) = 1
N 2bot ( , ) = N 5top ( , ) =
bot
N3
( , ) = N ( , ) =
top
(3.5.5)
N 1bot ( , ) = N 4top ( , ) = (1 2 2 )(1 )

N 2bot ( , ) = N 5top ( , ) = ( 2 1)
N 3bot ( , ) = N 6top ( , ) = ( 2 1)
147
N 7bot ( , ) = N 10top ( , ) = 4 (1 )
N 8bot ( , ) = N 11top ( , ) = 4
N 9bot ( , ) = N 12top ( , ) = 4 (1 )
(3.5.6)
Newton-Cotes
--
midas FEA
2D 3.19
148
3-6
t x
u x

t y = D u y
t
u
z
z
(3.6.1)
K inter = BTinter DB inter d
(3.6.2)
Finter = BTinter t d
(3.6.3)
midas FEA
3.6.2
Nip
j
j
K inter = Binter
DBinter
det J j
T
j =1
(3.6.4)
Nip
149
3-7
tx , t y , tz
u x , u y , u z
Newton-Cotes
midas FEA
150
newton-cotes
newton-cotes
newton-cotes
newton-cotes
newton-cotes
newton-cotes
newton-cotes
.
4-1
-
4.1.1AB-
F TIP
B
B
A
UTIP
4.1.1
Ku
TLF(total Lagrangian formulation)

ULF(updated Lagrangian formulation)TLFPK2
(2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stress)Green(Green-Lagrange strain)ULF
Cauchy (Cauchy stress)
(linear Euler strain increment)TLF
ULFPK2
( F / A0 ) Cauchy ( F / A)
4.1.2 0
X x
t
151
midas FEA
(X, t)
y, Y
0
x
0
x, X
midas FEA
4.1.2
Green
E=
1 T
1
F F I or Eij = ui , j + u j ,i + uk ,iuk , j
2
2
F=
x X + u
u
=
=I+
X
X
X
(4.1.1)
E or Eij
: Green(Green-Lagrange strain)
: (deformation gradient)
(4.1.1)
E11 =
1 L2 L2
2 L2
(4.1.2)
(4.1.2) L L Green
(4.1.3)
E11 =
)(
LL
152
1 LL L+L
1 L L L L 2L 1 L L L L
=
+
=
+
2
2 L L
L2
L 2 L
L
(4.1.3)
PK2CauchyC
auchyPK2
r = S : EdV0 = : dV = J : dV0 ,
J = det(F)
(4.1.4)
,
S
: PK2
: Cauchy
: , =
1
ui , j +u j ,i
2
Green(deformation gradient)
1
FT F + FT F
2
F =
u u x u
=
=
F
x X
x
X
(4.1.5)
midas FEA
E =
(4.1.6)
(4.1.6)(4.1.5)
1 uT u
1 u
u
T
F F + FT
F = FT
+
E =
F = F F (4.1.7)
x
2 x
x
2 x
T
(4.1.7)(4.1.4)(4.1.8)
r = S : EdV0 = S : FT F dV0 = FSFT : dV0 = J : dV0
(4.1.8)
CauchyPK2
=
1
FSFT S = JF 1F T
J
(4.1.9)
PK2Green t + t r
t +t
r = t +t Sij t +t E dV0
ij
(4.1.10)
153
t +t
t +t
t +t
Sij = t Sij + Sij
(4.1.11)
Eij = t Eij + Eij

1
Eij = ui , j + u j ,i + t uk ,i uk , j + uk ,i t uk , j + uk ,i uk , j + uk , j uk ,i
2
(4.1.11)(4.1.10)
S e dV +
ij
ij
Sij ij dV0 =
t +t
(4.1.12)
r t Sij eij dV0
midas FEA
eij
1
(ui , j +u j ,i + t uk ,i uk , j + uk ,i t uk , j )
2
ij
1
(uk ,i uk , j +uk , j uk ,i )
2
Sij =
t +t
S ij
t Sij
Sij t Sij = t Sij + t
Ekl + high order t Sij
kl
(4.1.13)
(4.1.13)(4.1.12) Ekl 2
(4.1.14)
t Sij
S e dV = E
ij
ij
kl
Ekl eij dV0 = Dijkl Ekl eij dV0
1
Eij = eij = ui , j +u j ,i + t uk ,i uk , j +uk ,i t uk , j
2
(4.1.14)
t Sij = t S ji (4.1.12)
Sij ij dV0 = t S : ( LT L) dV0 ,
Lij =
ui
X j
(4.1.15)
(4.1.12)(4.1.16)
t +t
154
r = uT t +t f ext
Sij eij dV0 = t S : edV0 = uT t fint
(4.1.16)
: u1 v1 w1 u2 v2 w2 " uN vN wN
(4.1.12)(4.1.16)(4.1.17)
t +t
r t S : e dV0 = uT ( t +t fext t fint )
(4.1.17)
(4.1.14-15,17)(4.1.12)(4.1.18)(4.1.18)
S : LT L dV0 = uT ( t +t fext t fint )
(4.1.18)
midas FEA
e De dV +
(4.1.18)(4.1.19) K eL K eNL
(K
t
e
L
+ t K eNL u = t +t fext t fint
(4.1.19)
155
4-2
(Truss) u v w N i
i =1
i =1
i =1
u = N iui , v = N i vi , w = N i wi
(4.2.1)
S = {S xx } , E = { Exx }
(4.2.2)
midas FEA
,
:
(4.1.18) e
e = { u, x } + { u, x t u, x + v, x t v, x + w, x t w, x }
(4.2.3)
(4.2.3) u B L
(4.2.4)
e = B L 0 u + B L1 u = B L u
(4.2.5)
e = B L 0 u + B L1u = B L u
(4.2.4)(4.2.5)-
B L 0 = { N1, x
0 0}
0 0 N 2, x
B L1 = t u, x N1, x
v, x N1, x
w, x N1, x
(4.2.6)
u, x N 2, x
(4.1.18) L
156
v, x N 2, x
w, x N 2, x
(4.2.7)
L = { u, x v, x w, x }
(4.2.8)
(4.2.8) u B NL
(4.2.9)
L = B NL u
L
(4.2.10)
L = B NL u
0
N1, x
0
0
N 2, x
0
0
N 2, x
N1, x
0
N 2, x
(4.2.11)
midas FEA
N1, x
B NL = 0
0
(4.2.4-5)(4.2.9-10)(4.1.19)
e
uT ( t K eL + t K eNL )u = uT ( t + t fext
t finte )
(4.2.12)
(4.2.12)
t
K eL = ABTL DB L dL
Le
e
NL
= A t BTNL t S t B NL dL
Le
(4.2.13)
finte = A t BTL t SdL

Le
: (section area)
t S
tS
S = 0
0
S
0
t
S
S = t S xx
(4.2.14)
157
midas FEA
158
4-3
(plane stress)(isoparametric)
u v N i
N
i =1
i =1
u = N iui , v = N i vi
(4.3.1)
S yy
S xy
, E = Exx
E yy
Exy
(4.3.2)
midas FEA
S = S xx
(4.1.18) e
u, x
u, x t u, x + v, x t v, x

t
t
e = v, y +
u, y u, y + v, y v, y
u + v u t u + v t v + u t u + v t v
,x
,x
,y
,y
,x
,y
,x
,y
,x , y
(4.3.3)
(4.3.3) u B L
(4.3.4)
e = B L 0 u + B L1 u = B L u
(4.3.5)
e = B L 0 u + B L1u = B L u
(4.3.4)(4.3.5)-
N1, x
BL0 = 0
N1, y
0 " NN ,x
N1, y "
0
N1, x " N N , y
NN, y
N N , x
(4.3.6)
159
t
t
"
u, x N1, x
v, x N1, x
t
t
B L1 =
"
u, y N1, y
v, y N1, y
(t u, x N1, y + t u, y N1, x ) (t v, x N1, y + t v, y N1, x ) "
u, x N n , x
t
u, y N n , yy
+ t v, y N n , x )
v, x N n , x
t
v, y N n , y
(t u, x N n , y + t u, y N n , x ) (t v, x N n , y
(4.3.7)
(4.1.18) L
L = { u, x u, y v, x v, y }
(4.3.8)
(4.3.8) u B NL
(4.3.9)
midas FEA
L = B NL u
L
(4.3.10)
L = B NL u
B NL
N1, x
N
1, y
=
0
0
0
N1, x
N1, y
" NN ,x
" NN,y
"
0
"
0
0
0
NN,x
N N , y
(4.3.11)
(4.3.4-5)(4.3.9-10)(4.1.18)
e
t finte )
(4.3.12)
160
(4.3.12)
K eL = tBTL DB L dA
Ae
e
NL
= t t BTNL t S t B NL dA
(4.3.13)
Ae
finte = t t BTL t SdA

Ae
t S
tS
S =
0
tS
S = t xx
S xy
t
t
S xy
S yy
(4.3.14)
midas FEA
: 1
: 4
: 3
: 9
161
4-4
(continuum shell approach)

/
(drilling) Mindlin (Mindlin plate theor
y)
midas FEA
S = S xx
S yy
S zz
S xy
S yz
S zx
E = Exx
E yy
Ezz
Exy
E yz
Ezx
(4.4.1)
(4.4.2)
U = u0 + t
t
t
t = (T T)
2
,
T
(4.1.18) e
162
(4.4.3)
(u0, x + t x , x )
(
v
+
t
)
0, y
y, y
( w0, z + t z , z )
e =
+
+
+
(
u
t
)
(
v
t
)
0, y
x, y
0, x
y,x
(v0, z + t y , z ) + ( w0, y + t z , y )
( w0, x + t z , x ) + (u0, z + t x , z )
(u 0, x + t , x )T ( t u 0, x + t t , x )
T t
t
(u 0, y + t , y ) ( u 0, y + t , y )
(u 0, z + t , z )T ( t u 0, z + t t , z )
+
T t
t
T t
t
(u 0, x + t , x ) ( u 0, y + t , y ) + (u 0, y + t , y ) ( u 0, x + t , x )
(u 0, y + t , y )T ( t u 0, z + t t , z ) + (u 0, z + t , z )T ( t u 0, y + t t , y )
T t
t
T t
t
(u 0, z + t , z ) ( u 0, x + t , x ) + (u 0, x + t , x ) ( u 0, z + t , z )
(4.4.4)
(u0, x + t x , x )
(u + t )
0, y
x, y
(u0, z + t x , z )
(v0, x + t y , x )
L = (v0, y + t y , y )
(v + t )
0, z
y, z
( w0, x + t z , x )
( w0, y + t z , y )
( w0, z + t z , z )
midas FEA
(4.1.18)
(4.4.5)
B L B NL
4.4.1
Ezz
163
T
U
u0
X
O (Ref. Frame)
4.4.1
midas FEA
u i = {ui
vi
wi Xi Yi Zi }
(4.4.6)
(Lagrangian)
T = R RT R
R = I +
sin
S ( ) +
1 cos
S ( )S ( )
(4.4.7)
S( )
: (skew symmetric matrix)
midas FEA(quaternion)
(large rotation)t
t t 4.4.44.4.5 (t )
4.4.2ANS(assumed natural shear
strain)(locking)
1
2
1
2
= (1 ) (0, 1) + (1 + ) (0,1)
164
(4.4.8)
1
2
1
2
= (1 ) (1,0) + (1 + ) (1,0)
(4.4.9)
z

= P
z

(4.4.10)
,
: (coordinate transform matrix)
midas FEA
4.4.2 ANS
V1i , V2i V1i , V2i
ui = {ui
vi
wi 1i 2 i }
(4.4.11)
165
V1i , V2i
/
/z
( z = t / 2 ( z = t / 2 )
: 1
: 4
: 3
: 4
midas FEA
166
4-5
u v
e
t finte )
(4.5.1)
(4.5.1)- D
: 1
: 4
: 3
: 9
midas FEA
167
4-6
u v N i
N
i =1
i =1
u = N iui , v = N i vi
(4.6.1)
midas FEA
S = S xx
S yy
S xy
S zz
E = Exx
E yy
Exy
Ezz
(4.6.2)
(4.1.18) e
u, x t u, x + v, x t v, x
u, x
t
t
u, y u, y + v, y v, y
,y
e = u, y + v, x + u, x t u, y + v, x t v, y + u, y t u, x + v, y t v, x
u
u tu

r
r2
(4.6.3)
(4.6.3) e B L
(4.6.4)
e = B L 0 u + B L1 u = B L u
(4.6.5)
e = B L 0 u + B L1u = B L u
(4.6.4)(4.6.5)-
BL0
168
N1, x
0
= N1, y
N1
r
0 " NN ,x
N1, y "
0
N1, x " N N , y
NN
0 "
r
0
N N , y
NN ,x
(4.6.6)
t
t
u, x N1, x
v, x N1, x
t
t
u
N
v
,
1,
, y N1, y
y
y
B L1 = (t u, x N1, y + t u, y N1, x ) (t v, x N1, y + t v, y N1, x )
t
0
u 21
r
t
u, x N N , x
t
u, y N N , y
"
"
"
"
t
+ v, y N N , x )
(4.6.7)
v, x N N , x
t
v, y N N , y
(t u, x N N , y + t u, y N N , x ) (t v, x N N , y
N
t
u 2N
r
(4.1.18) L
T
(4.6.8)
midas FEA
L = u, x u, y v, x v, y
(4.6.8) u B NL
(4.6.9)
L = B NL u
L
(4.6.10)
L = B NL u
B NL
N1, x
N
1, y
0
=
0
N
1
r
0
0
N1, x
N1, y
0
" NN ,x
" NN,y
"
0
"
0
NN
"
r
0
0
NN,x
NN,y
(4.6.11)
(4.6.4-5)(4.6.9-10)(4.1.18)
e
t finte )
(4.6.12)
(4.6.12)
169
K eL = rBTL DB L dA
Ae
e
NL
= r t BTNL t S t B NL dA
(4.6.13)
Ae
finte = r t BTL t SdA

Ae
t S xx
S = t S xy
0
t
t
S xy
S yy
0
0
t
S
t S xx
S = t S xy
0
t
t
S xy
S yy
0
0
t
S zz
(4.6.14)
midas FEA
170
: 1
: 4
: 3
: 9
4-7
u v w N i
N
i =1
i =1
i =1
u = N iui , v = N i vi , w = N i wi
(4.7.1)
S yy
S zz
S xy
S yz
S zx
, E = Exx
E yy
Ezz
Exy
E yz
Ezx
(4.7.2)
midas FEA
S = S xx
(4.1.18)
u, x t u, x + v, x t v, x + w, x t w, x
u, x

v

t
t
t
+
+
u
u
v
v
w
w
y
,
,y
,y
,y
,y
,y
,y

t
t
t
w, z
u, z u, z + v, z v, z + w, z w, z
e =
+
t
t
t
t
t
t
u, y + v, x u, x u, y + v, x v, y + w, x w, y + u, y u, x + v, y v, x + w, y w, x
v, z + w, y u, y t u, z + v, y t v, z + w, y t w, z + u, z t u, y + v, z t v, y + w, z t w, y
t
t
t
t
t
t
w, z + u, z u, z u, x + v, z v, x + w, z w, x + u, x u, z + v, x v, z + w, x w, z
(4.7.3)
(4.7.3) u B L
e = B L 0 u + B L1 u = B L u
(4.7.4)
e = B L 0 u + B L1u = B L u
(4.7.5)
(4.7.4)(4.7.5)-
171
B L0
N1, x
0
0
=
N1, y
0
N1, z
u, x N1, x
t
u, y N1, y
u, z N1, z
B L1 = t
t
u
N
, x 1, y + u, y N1, x
tu N + tu N
,
1,
, z 1, y
y
z
t u, x N1, z + t u, z N1, x
0
N1, y
0
N1,x
0
0
N1, z
0
N 2, x
0
0
N 2, y
" N N ,x
"
0
"
0
" NN ,y
0
NN ,y
0
N N ,x
N1, z
0
N1, y
N1, x
0 "
0
N 2, z " N N , z
N N ,z
0
t
t
t
v, x N1, x
v, y N1, y
t
t
v, z N1,z
v, x N1, y + t v, y N1, x
t
v, y N1, z + t v, z N1, y
v, x N1, z + t v, z N1, x
0
N N ,z
0
NN ,y
N N , x
t
w, x N1, x
w, y N1, y
t
t
w, z N1, z
w, x N1, y + t w, y N1, x
t
w, y N1, z + t w, z N1, y
w, x N1, z + t w, z N1, x
(4.7.6)
u, x N 2, x
u, y N 2, y
"
"
u,z N 2, z
"
u, x N 2, y + t u, y N 2, x "
t
u, y N 2, z + t u, z N 2, y "
u, x N 3, z + t u, z N 3, x
"
w, z N N ,3
t
w, x N N , y + t w, y N N , x
t
t
w, y N N , z + w, z N N , y
t
w, x N N , z + t w, z N N , x
t
w, x N N ,1
w, y N N ,2
(4.7.7)
midas FEA
(4.1.18) L
L = { u, x u, y u, z v, x v, y v, z w, x w, y w, z } (4.7.8)
T
(4.7.8) u B NL
(4.7.9)
L = B NL u
L
(4.7.10)
L = B NL u
B NL

B 1 0 0 B 2 " B
N

= 0 B1 0 0 " 0
0 0 B 1 0 " 0
B i = N i , x
Ni, y
Ni,z
0
B N
0
0

B
N
(4.7.11)
(4.7.4-5)(4.7.9-10) (4.1.18)
e
t finte )
172
(4.7.12)
(4.7.12)
t
K eL = BTL DB L dV
Ve
e
NL
Ve
finte =
Ve
BTNL t S t B NL dV
(4.7.13)
BTL t SdV
tS
S = 0
0
0
S
0
0
t
S
t S xx
S = t S xy
tS
zx
S zx
S yz
t
S zz
S xy
S yy
t
S yz
(4.7.14)
midas FEA
27
173
midas FEA
174
midas FEA

1-1
1-1-1
= e + p
(1.1.1)
(elastic strain)
(plastic strain)
midas FEA
(Hooks law)(1.1.1)
= D e = D ( p )
(1.1.2)
: (material stiffness matrix)
177
f ( , ) = 0
(1.1.3)
: (yield function)
: (hardening parameter)
f 0 f 0
1-1-2 (Plastic flow rule)
midas FEA
ni =
f i
(1.1.4)
n i
Koiters law
n
p = i
i =1
n
g i
= im i
i =1
(1.1.5)
gi (plastic potential function)

(plastic multiplier)
i
Kuhn-Tucker
f 0 i 0 i f = 0
(1.1.6)
f 0 i 0
(1.1.5) m g
f f /
(associated flow rule) g /
178
(non-associated flow rule)von MisesTresca

(hydrostatic axis)
Mohr-CoulombDrucker-Prager
midas FEA
1-1-3
p = =
2 p T
( ) Q p
3
(1.1.7)
xxp
p
yy
p
zz
p = p ,
xy
p
yz
p
zx
1
0
Q = 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
0
0
0
1
0 0
2
0
0
0
0
0 0
1
2
0 0
0
0
0
179
2 p p
p = =
(1.1.8)
1p

= 2p
p
3
p
W p (plastic work)
W p = = T p
(1.1.9)
midas FEA
= dt
(1.1.10)
1.1.1(a)
1.1.1(b)
RankineMohr-CoulombDrucker-Prager
von Mises
midas FEA
1
P3
P2 P1 P4
O
O3
O1
3 2
(a)
180
O2
(b)
1
P3
P2
P1
O3
O1
O2
(c)
1.1.1
midas FEA
1-1-4

(1.1.2)
= E( p ) = E( m)
(1.1.11)
(Taylor
series)
T
f
f
= n T h = 0
f ( , ) = +

n =
(1.1.12)
f
f
h (hardening modulus) h =
f / f /
1.2
(1.1.12)(1.1.11)
=
nTE

h + n T Em
(1.1.13)
181
(1.1.13)(1.1.11)
Emn T E
ep
= E
= E
T
h
+
n
Em
(1.1.14)
Eep m n
Eep
1-1-5 (Integration of rate form)
A(1.1.21.1.3)
B(1.1.4)
midas FEA
(1.1.3)
(1.1.3)
182
X
Yield
surface
midas FEA
(a) A
B
- mA
(1
- r)
C
A
Yield
surface
(b) ACD
1.1.2
183
- A mA
- B mB
- BmB
B
A
D
X
Yield
surface
1.1.3
midas FEA
1-1-6
(1.1.2(a)B)
e = E
(1.1.15)
B = X + e
(1 r ) e r e (
1.1.2(a)A)
f X + (1 r ) e , = 0
r=
(1.1.16)
fB
fB fX
(1.1.14)(1.1.15)1.1.2
e
r k(1.1.3)
(1.1.17)
k = INT 8 ( effB effA ) effA + 1
184
effA
effB
1.1.2(a)AB
(1.1.17)
(1.1.3D)
C =
fC
h + n TCEm C
(1.1.18)
D = C CEm C
1-1-7
midas FEA
-mB
C
D
X
Yield
surface
1.1.4
A
B
C = X + e Em B = B Em B
(1.1.19)
f B1
T
f
f
f = f B + +
= f B n TBEm B hB
(1.1.20)
185
fB
hB + n TBEm B
(1.1.21)
C
(1.1.22)
C = B - Em B
C C C
1-1-8
midas FEA
= E p = E Em
(1.1.23)
(1.1.23)
(1.1.13)
DmnT D
ep
= D
= D
T
n
Dm
h
+
(1.1.24)
(Newton-Raphson)
(1.1.20)
= D Dm D
m
m
D
(1.1.25)

(1.1.25)
A = E Em
A = I + E
186
m
m
, m = m +
(1.1.26)
H = A 1E (1.1.26)
= H m
(1.1.27)
(1.1.27)(linearized consistency condition)
Hmn T H
ep
= H
= C
h + n T Hm
(1.1.28)
(1.1.24) Dep (tangent stiffness matrix)(1.1.28) Cep
midas FEA
midas FEA
187
1-2
f ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) = 0
(1.2.1)
midas FEA
1-2-1 (stress invariants)

ij n j
ij
ij ) n j = 0
(1.2.2)
ij
(1.2.2) n j 0 (1.2.2)
ij ij = 0
(1.2.3)
(1.2.3)
3 I1 2 + I 2 I 3 = 0
188
(1.2.4)
I1 = x + y + z = ii
I 2 = ( x y + y z + z x ) ( xy2 + yz2 + zx2 ) =
1 2
( I1 ij ji )
2
(1.2.5)
x xy xz
1
1
1
I 3 = yx y yz = ij jk ki I1 ij ji + I13
3
2
6
zx zy z
I1 , I 2 , I 3 1 , 2 , 3
I1 = 1 + 2 + 3
I 2 = 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1
(1.2.6)
midas FEA
I 3 = 1 2 3

ij
ij = sij + m ij
(1.2.7)
m = ( x + y + z ) / 3 = I1 / 3 sij = ij m ij
(1.2.3)
sij s ij = 0
(1.2.8)
(1.2.8)
s 3 J1s 2 + J 2 s J 3 = 0
(1.2.9)
189
J1 = sii = s x + s y + sz = 0
1
sij s ji
2
2
2
1
2
= ( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x ) + xy2 + yz2 + zx2
J2 =
(1.2.10)
s x xy xz
1
J 3 = sij s jk ski = yx s y yz
3
zx zy sz
J1 J 2 J 3 s1 s2 s3
midas FEA
J1 = s1 + s2 + s3 = 0
1 2
( s1 + s22 + s32 ) = 16 ( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2
2
1
J 3 = ( s13 + s23 + s33 ) = s1s2 s3
3
J2 =
(1.2.11)
I1 I 2 I 3 J1 J 2 J 3
I1 J 2 J 3 I1
J 2 J 3

P ( 1 , 2 , 3 )
190
1
P( 1, 2, 3 )
0
1 =
2
1.2.1
midas FEA
1.2.1 P ( 1 , 2 , 3 )
OP OP ON
NP
ON = =
1
I1
3
(1.2.12)
NP = r = 2 J 2
1
P( 1 , 2 , 3 )
0
r
3
1.2.2
1.2.2 P
191
NP 1 0 0 (similarity angle)
3 3 J
(1.2.13)
3
0 = cos 1
3/ 2
3
2
J
2
0
0 0
(1.2.14)
3 3 J
3
= sin 1
3/ 2
3
2
J
2
midas FEA
= 0
(1.2.15)
(1.2.16)

sin +
1
2 J2
sin
=
2
( )
3

3
sin +

192
3
1
I1
+
1
3 1
4
(1.2.17)
1-2-2
Rankine
Rankine 1
t
f (, ) = 1 t ( ) = 0
(1.2.18)
RankineMohr-C
oulombDrucker-Prager
f ( I1 , J 2 , , ) =

2 I
J 2 sin + + 1 t ( ) = 0
3 3
3

midas FEA
(1. 2.18) I1 , J 2 ,
(1.2.19)
(1.2.18) , r , ,
f ( , r , , ) =
2
2
r sin + +
t ( ) = 0
3
6
3
(1.2.20)
1.2.3Rankine1.2.4

Rankine
1

p = m = 0

0
(1.2.21)
(1.2.21)(1.1.8)
193
(1.2.22)
midas FEARankine t
midas FEA
- 1
- 3
- 2
deviatoric axis
1.2.3 Rankine
1
=
6
rt
3
rt =
f'
2 t
1
2
rc
3 f t'
hydrostatic axis
rc = 6 f t'
2
=
6
(a)
(b) =
6
1.2.4 Rankine
194
1-2-3
Tresca
= 0 Tresca
y ( )
f ( , ) =
1
1 3 y ( ) = 0
2
(1.2.23)
1 2 3 (1.2.23)2 J 2 ,
2

2
4
J 2 sin + sin + 2 y ( )
3
3
3
(1.2.24)
midas FEA
f ( J2, ) =
= 2 J 2 cos y ( ) = 0
y ( ) = 2 y ( )
(1.2.23) r ,
f ( r , ) = 2r cos y ( ) = 0
(1.2.25)
Tresca(1.2.24)
I1 1.2.6(a) r Lodes angle
Tresca
1.2.51.2.6

Tresca
195
1

= m = 0
1

(1.2.26)
(1.2.26)(1.1.8)
(1.2.27)
midas FEATresca y
midas FEA
hy
dr
os
ta
tic
ax
is
- 1
- 3
- 2
1.2.5 Tresca
196
deviatoric axis
rc
rc
rt
=
6
hydrostatiic axis
(a)
rt
=
6
(b) =
6
midas FEA
1.2.6 Tresca
197
1-2-4
Von Mises oct
y
f ( oct ) = oct
2
y = 0
3
(1.2.28)
f ( J 2 , ) = 3 J 2 y ( ) = 0
(1.2.29)
y ( ) = 3 y
midas FEA
(1.2.29) J 2 J 2 Von
Mises1.2.7
von MisesTresca, rc ( = / 6) rt ( = / 6)
von Mises Tresca (
1.2.8(a)) ( = 0) von Mises
Tresca 2 / 3 = 1.15
von MisesTresca
( = / 6) ( = / 6) (1.
1.8(b))
198
hy
dr
os
ta
tic
ax
is
- 1
midas FEA
- 3
- 2
1.2.7 von Mises

1
1
Von mises
Tresca
Tresca
Von mises
rc
rt
(a) Tresca
(b) Tresca
199
deviatoric axis
rc
=
6
hydrostatiic axis
rt
=
6
(c) =
6
midas FEA
1.2.8 von Mises

Von Mises
p = m =
2 1 2
1
1 +2 2
2 e
1 2
3
+2 3
(1.2.30)
e =
1 T
P
2
xx

yy

zz
= ,
xy

yz
zx
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
P=
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
200
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
6 0 0
0 6 0
0 0 6
(1.2.31)
midas FEAvon Mises y
1-2-5 -
Mohr(1900)
= F ( )
(1.2.32)
(1.2.32)
midas FEA
Mohr F ( ) Mohr
MohrCoulomb
2 ( 1 2 3 )
Coulomb
(1.2.33)
= c + tan
c =
=
(1.2.33)Mohr-Coulomb
Mohr-Coulomb
(1 + sin ) (1 sin ) = 1
2c cos
2c cos
(1.2.34)
(1.2.34) I1 , J 2
1
1
f ( I1 , J 2 , ) = I1 sin + J 2 cos +
sin sin c cos = 0
3
3
(1.2.35)
201
Mohr-Coulomb1.2.9
( 1 + 2 + 3 = 0) 1.2.10(a)
= / 6 1.2.10(b)
rt 0 rc 0
rt 0 =
2 6c cos
3 + sin
(1.2.36)
rc 0 =
2 6c cos
3 sin
(1.2.37)
(1.2.36)(1.2.37) rt 0 / rc 0
midas FEA
rt 0 3 sin
=
rc 0 3 + sin
(1.2.38)
Mohr-Coulomb(
I1 ) rt / rc
rt rt 0 3 sin
=
=
rc rc 0 3 + sin
(1.2.39)
1
1
sin sin
g ( I1 , J 2 , ) = I1 sin + J 2 cos +
3
3
202
(1.2.40)
hy
dr
os
ta
tic
ax
is
- 1
midas FEA
- 3
- 2
deviatoric axis
1.2.9 Mohr-Coulomb
=
6
rt0 = 26c cos

3 + sin
3c cot
hydrostatic axis
rt0
rc0
rc0 =
26c cos
3 - sin
3 =
6
(a)
(b) =
6
1.2.10 Mohr-Coulomb
203

Morh-Coulomb
2 (1 + sin )
p = m = 0
(1 sin )
2
(1.2.41)
(1.2.41)(1.1.8)
1
(1 + sin 2 )
3
(1.2.42)
midas FEA
midas FEAMohr-Coulomb c
204
1-2-6 -
Drucker-PragerDruckerPrager(1952)von Mises
von Mises (extended von Mises)DruckerPrager I1 J 2
f ( I1 , J 2 ) = 3J 2 I1 c = 0
(1.2.43)
g ( I1 , J 2 ) = 3 J 2 I1
=
2sin
,
3 sin
6cos
,
3 sin
2sin
3 sin
k Mohr-Coulomb c
(1.2.43)von Mises
midas FEA
g
Drucker-Prager1.2.11(
1 = 2 = 3 )
Drucker-Prager von
Mises
205
hy
dr
os
ta
tic
ax
is
- 1
midas FEA
- 3
- 2
deviatoric axis
1.2.11 Drucker-Prager
=
6
6
r0 = 2 c
c
3
r0
hydrostatic axis
1
r0 = 2 c
6
2
=
6
(a)
(b)
1.2.12 Drucker-Prager
206

Drucker-Prager
2 1 2
1
p = m =
1 +2 2
2 e
1 2
3
1

3 + 1
1
+2 3

(1.2.44)
1 T
P
2
xx

yy

zz
= ,
xy

yz
zx
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
P=
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
6 0
0 0 6
0
0
6
0
midas FEA
e =
(1.2.44)(1.1.8)
= 1 + 2 2
(1.2.45)
midas FEADrucker-Prager c
207
midas FEA
208

2-1
2-1-1
2.1.1(discrete crack model)
(smeared crack model)
Discrete Crack
crn
midas FEA
Smeared Crack
crn
fct
fct
Gf
Gf /h
crnn
2.1.1
209
midas FEA
210
2-1-2
midas FEA
midas FEA
2.1.2
midas FEA
2.1.2(a)
2.1.2(b)
midas FEA
211
VecchioCollins1
SelbyVecchio2
midas FEA
1 Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P. The modified compression field theory for reinforced
concrete elements subjected to shear. ACI Journal 83, 22 (1986), 219231.
2 Selby, R. G., and Vecchio, F. J., Three-dimensional Constitutive Relations for Reinforced
Concrete. Tech. Rep. 93-02, Univ. Toronto, dept. Civil Eng., Toronta, Canada, 1993.
212
2-2
- (crack model type)

- (general concrete properties)
- (tensile behavior)
- (compression behavior)
- (shear behavior)
- (lateral influences)
midas FEA
2-2-1
midas FEA
2-2-2
(CEBFIP 1990)
1)
(1) (Youngs modulus)

(2) (Poissons ratio)
[ = 0.0]
(3) (tensile strength)

(4) (compressive strength)
(5) (fracture energy)
[if necessary]
213
2)
CEB-FIP 1990

Dmax
f ck (characteristic compressive strength)
midas FEA
: C12, C20, C30, C40, C50, C60, C70, C80
C60 f ck =60[N/]
CEB-FIP 1990
(mean compressive strength)(mean tensile strength)
f cm = f ck + f
(2.2.1)
f = 8 [MPa]
f 3
Ec = Ec 0 cm
f cm 0
4
Ec 0 = 2.15 10 [N/]fcm010 [N/]
214
(2.2.2)
f ct , m
f 3
= f ctk 0, m ck
f ck 0
(2.2.3)
f ctk 0 1.40 [N/] f ck 0 10 [N/]
0.7
f cm 0 10 [N/]
(2.2.4)
Gf 0
Dmax [mm]
G f 0 [J/m2]
25
16
30
32
58
midas FEA
f
G f = G f 0 cm
f cm 0
215
2-3
midas FEA(cracking)(crushing)
(unloading)
(damage variables) k ( k = 1,..., 2 nstr ( nstr
= )
( k = 1,.., nstr )
( k = 1 + nstr ,..., 2 nstr )
midas FEA
--(loading-unloading-reloading)
(unloading constraints) rk
(stiffness degradation)
rk
0 if
=
1 if
> k
t + t
i +1 k
(k = 1,..., nstr )
(2.3.1)
t + t
i +1 k
rk
0 if
=
1 if
t + t
i +1 k 3
< k
( k = 1 + nstr ,..., 2 nstr )
t + t
i +1 k 3
(2.3.2)
t + t
i +1
216
+ W
(2.3.3)
Wk , k = 1 rk
k = 1,..., nstr
W =
k = 1 + nstr ,..., 2 nstr
Wk + nstr , k = 1 rk
(2.3.4)
j = f j (, nst ) g j (, nst )
(2.3.5)
-jj

gj-
if
j >0
if
j <0
0 g 1
(2.3.6)
midas FEA
j j j
=
1
j
j
gj =
1 j + nstr j = j
j + nstr
j + nstr
--midas FEA
-
217
2-4
midas FEA

(principal direction)
xyz
midas FEA
t + t
i +1 xyz
xyz + t +i +1t xyz
(2.4.1)
t + t
i +1 nst
= T t +i +1t xyz
(2.4.2)
T = T( t +i +1t xyz )
(2.4.3)
(strain tensor)
xx
E = yx
zx
xy xz
yy yz
zy zz
(2.4.4)
(eigenvector)(rotation matrix) R
cxn
R = n s t = c yn
czn
218
cxs
c ys
czs
cxt
c yt
czt
(2.4.5)
cxn
= cos ij i j
T
2
cxn
2
cxs
c2
T = xt
2cxn cxs
2c c
xs xt
2cxt cxn
2
c yn
czn2
2
ys
2
yt
2
zs
2
zt
cxn c yn
c yn czn
c
c
2c yn c ys
c
c
2czn czs
cxs c ys
cxt c yt
cxn c ys + c yn cxs
c ys czs
c yt czt
c yn czs + czn c ys
2c ys c yt
2c yt c yn
2czs czt
2czt czn
cxs c yt + c ys cxt
cxt c yn + c yt cxn
c ys czt + czs c yt
c yt czn + czt c yn
czs cxs
czt cxt
(2.4.6)
czn cxs + cxn czs
czs cxt + cxs czt
czt cxn + cxt czn

czn cxn
= ( t +i +1t nst )
(2.4.7)
midas FEA
nst
t + t
i +1
xyz
t + t
i +1
= TT t +i +1t nst
(2.4.8)
219
2-5
midas
FEA(secant stiffness)
(crack propagation)
2-5-1
midas FEA
D = TT D tangent T
(2.5.1)
T D tangent
D tangent
D
= nn
D n
Dn
(2.5.2)
DnnD
DnDn
3D
3 Crisfield, M. A., and Wills, J., Analysis of R/C panels using different concrete models, J. Eng.
Mech. Div., ASCE 115, 3 (1989),
578597.
Feenstra, P. H., Computational Aspects of Biaxial Stress in Plain and Reinforced Concrete, PhD
thesis, Delft University of Technology, 1993.
Rots, J. G., Computational Modeling of Concrete Fracture, PhD thesis, Delft University of
220
1 2
2(1 2 )
0
D =
2 3
2( 2 3 )
0
3 1
2( 3 1 )
0
(2.5.3)
0 (shearretention)Dn
Dn
ns
nn

= st
nn

tn
nn
ns
ss
st
ss
tn
ss
ns
tt
st
tt
tn
tt
midas FEA
0 Dn
(2.5.4)
Technology, 1988.
Willam, K. J., Pramono, E., and Sture, S., Fundamental issues of smeared crack models, In Proc.
SEM/RILEM Int. Conf. on Fracture of Concrete and Rock, Houston 1987 (New York, 1989), S. P.
Shah and S. E. Schwartz, Eds., Springer-Verlag, pp. 142157.
221
ns
ns
= 0
0
st
st
0
tn
tn
(2.5.5)
DnnDnn
midas FEA
Dnn
nn
nn

= ss
nn

tt
nn
nn
ss
ss
ss
tt
ss
nn
tt
ss
tt
tt
tt
(2.5.6)
i = f i (, nst ) g i (, nst )
(2.5.7)
nst
T fi
T g i
i
f
gi
= g i (, nst )
+ i + f i (, nst )
+
nst
nst nst
nst nst
f
f
g
gi
= g i (, nst ) W T i + i + f i (, nst ) W T i +
nst
nst
W =
222
T
nst
(2.5.8)
{m1r1 + (1 m1 )r4 } E1
0
Dnst =
0
{m2 r2 + (1 m2 )r5} E2
0
0
f1 f1 f1
2 3
g1 0 0 1
f 2 f 2
f
+ 0 g2 0 2
2 3
0 0 g 3 1
f
f 3 f 3
3
1 2 3
0
g2
0
0
0
f1 1 r1
1 r2
0
6 0
0
1 r3
f 2 0
1
0
0
r
6
4
1 r5
0
f 3 0
6 0
0
1 r6
f1
2
f 2
2
f 3
2
midas FEA
g1
+ 0
0
f1
0 1
f
0 2
g 3 1
f
3
1
{m3r3 + (1 m3 )r6 } E3
(2.5.9)
mi
1 if i > 0
mi =
0 if i < 0
(2.5.10)
Ej =
f j (, nst )
Ej =
f j (, nst )
j + nstr
(2.5.11)
223
(forward-difference) j
h
f (, nst + he j ) f i (, nst )
f i
= i
h
j
(2.5.12)
f ( + ha j , nst ) f i (, nst )
f i
= i
h
j
ajejj
Dnst
i
i
midas FEA
f
f i
= {mi ri + (1 mi )ri + nstr } Ei + g i (1 ri ) i + (1 ri + nstr )
i
i + nstr
(2.5.13)
mi=1ri+nsrt=1
i
f
= ri Ei + g i (1 ri ) i
i
i
E
i i
= f i
i

i
(2.5.14)
if unloading,
( ri = 1,
g i 1)
if loading,
( ri = 0,
g i = 1)
(2.5.15)
mi=1ri+nsrt=1
i
f i
= ri + nstr Ei + g i (1 ri + nstr )
i
i + nstr
Ei
i
= f i
i

i + nstr
224
(2.5.16)
if unloading,
( ri + nstr = 1,
g i 1)
if loading,
( ri + nstr = 0,
g i = 1)
(2.5.17)
2-5-2
(orthotropic material)
(principal coordinate system)
E2
E3
G12
sym.
G 23
0
G 31
(2.5.18)
midas FEA
Dsecant
E1
225
2-6
2-6-1
(isotropic stress)
-
-fcfp
crcr
midas FEA
f p = cr f cf
p = p
cr
(2.6.1)
fpp
(constant)(linear)(linear hardening)(saturation
hardening)(multi-linear)-(ha
rdening-softening)(parabolic)Thorenfeldt et. al.4
4 Thorenfeldt, E., Tomaszewicz, A., and Jensen, J. J., Mechanical properties of high-strength
concrete and applications in design, In Proc. Symp. Utilization of High-Strength Concrete
(Stavanger, Norway) (Trondheim, 1987), Tapir.
226
ft
(a) elastic
ft
(b) constant
E har
(d) linear
( 1 , 1 )
( 2 , 2 )
f c0
Gc
h
(e) mult-linear
(f) saturation type
1
3
fc
fc
f c
( n , n )
ft
E har
-1 /
(c) Thorenfeldt
( 0 , 0 )
(g) parabolic
midas FEA
2.6.1
(2.6.1(a))
(2.6.1(b))
f c
> 0.0
Thorenfeldt
f c
> 0.0 (2.6.1(c))
227
fp
2.6.2 Thorenfeldt
midas FEA
Thorenfeldt
f = fp
i
p
n = 0.80 +
n 1 + i
p
nk
f cc
, k =
f cc
17
0.67 + 62
(2.6.2)
if 0 > > p
if p
Ehar (2.6.1(d))
f c
228
> 0.0, Ehar
> 0.0
-30
(00)(2.6.1(e)))
[< 0]
(2.6.1(f))
(initial compressive strength) : f co
> 0.0
(ultimate compressive strength) : f c

(decaying factor) :
> 0.0
midas FEA
(constant hardening modulus) : Ehar
> 0.0
> 0.0
Feenstra
(2.6.1(g))
(compressive strength) f c
> 0.0
(compressive fracture energy) Gc
> 0.0
(characteristic element length) h > 0.0
5 FEENSTRA, P. H., Computational Aspects of Biaxial Stress in Plain and Reinforced

Concrete, PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, 1993.
229
c c/3
Gc /h
fc /3
fc
2.6.3
f c 1/3
midas FEA
c / 3 =
1 fc
3 E
(2.6.3)
c =
4 fc
= 4 c / 3
3 E
(2.6.4)
u = c
3 Gc
2 h fc
(2.6.5)
1 j
f c
3 c / 3
f 1 1 + 4 j c / 3 2 j c / 3
c 3
c c / 3
c c / 3
f =
c
1 j
f
u
c
230
if
0 j < c / 3
if c / 3 j < c
(2.6.6)
if c j < u
if u j
Gc h
1 j c
f d j = f c j
3 u c
Gc
h
(2.6.7)
midas FEA
231
2-7
2-7-1
cr
f t y crnn
nn.ult
nncr ( nncr ) =
(2.7.1)
cr
f t nn.ult y (..)
midas FEA
(softening diagram)
I
(crack bandwidth) h I G f
G If
cr
nn
=
= h cr
nn = 0
nncr ( nncr ) d nncr
(2.7.2)
(2.45)(2.46)
G If
cr
nn
=
= h ft cr
nn = 0
cr
cr
y crnn d nn
nn.ult
(2.7.3)
f t
(2.7.4) nn.ult (2.7.5)
cr
x =
G If
nncr
nncr .ult
= h ft
(2.7.4)
x =
x=0
cr
y ( x) dx nn
.ult
(2.7.5)
(2.7.6) nn.ult
cr
232
nncr .ult
x =
G If
(2.7.6)
h ft
y ( x)dx
x=0
(2.7.7)
I
(mesh refinement)
(snap-back)
midas FEA
(softening diagram)
(tension softening diagram)
cr
d nn
cr
d nn
(2.7.8)
cr
nn
=0
(2.7.9)(2.7.6)(2.7.9)(2.7.
10)
ft
dy
nncr .ult dx
nncr .ult
(2.7.9)
x=0
f t dy
E dx
cr
= nn
.ult . min
(2.7.10)
x =0
233
(2.7.10)
I
G f f t
(2.7.10)
f t .red
G If E
dy
h
dx x = 0
(2.7.11)
midas FEA
hmax
234
G If E
dy
ft 2
dx x = 0
(2.7.12)
2-7-2
(elastic)(constant)(brittle)
(linear)(exponential)Hordijk(multi-linear)
(linear softening
curve)(exponential softening curve)(nonlinear s
oftening curve - Hordijk6)
ft
ft
ft
midas FEA
G f /h
(a) elastic
(b) constant
(c) brittle
I
f
G /h
(e) exponential
(d) linear
( 1 , 1 )
ft
ft
I
f
G /h
( 0 , 0 )
(f) Hordijk
( 2 , 2 )
( n , n )
(g) multi-linear
2.7.1
Hordijk, D. A., Local approach to fatigue of concrete, PhD thesis, Delft University of
Technology, 1991.
235
(2.7.1(a))
(2.7.1(b))
f t
> 0.0
midas FEA
(2.7.1(c))
f t
> 0.0
2.7.2 nn
peak
Gf
1
f t nnpeak h
2
(2.7.13)
nn
ft
peak
nn
2.7.2
236
nn
(linear softening)(2.7.1(d))
I
f t > 0.0 G f
> 0.0
h > 0.0
cr
nn
midas FEA
ft
G If h
crnn
crnn.ult
2.7.3
(crack stress)
nncr ( nncr )
ft
nncr
1 cr
= nn.ult
0
(if
( if
cr
cr
0 < nn
< nn
.ult )
(2.7.14)
< < )
cr
nn.ult
cr
nn
= y ( x)dx = y ( x)dx + 0dx = (1 x)dx =
1
2
(2.7.15)
nncr .ult
= 2
G If
h ft
(2.7.16)
237
(2.7.17)((2.7.18))
(2.7.19)
dy
dx
= 1
cr
nn.ult.min
ft
(2.7.17)
x=0
ft
E
=
2
(2.7.18)
G If E
(2.7.19)
midas FEA
(2.7.1(e))
ft
> 0.0 G If
> 0.0
h > 0.0
Hordijk
Hordijk(2.7.1(f))
I
f t > 0.0 G f
> 0.0
h > 0.0
Hordijk7CornelissenReinhardt8
7 HORDIJK, D. A. Local Approach to Fatigue of Concrete. PhD thesis, Delft University of

Technology, 1991.
8 CORNELISSEN, H. A. W., HORDIJK, D. A., AND REINHARDT, H. W.
Experimental determination of crack softening characteristics of normalweight and lightweight
concrete.
Heron 31, 2 (1986).
238
cr
nn
ft
G If h
crnn
cr
nn.ult
2.7.4 (Hordijk et al.)
3

cr
cr

1 + c1 nn exp c2 nn ...
cr
cr
nn
nn.ult
.ult
cr
=
crnn 1 + c13 exp ( c2 )
nn.ult
nncr ( nncr )
ft
(
(
midas FEA
cr
cr
if 0 < nn < nn.ult
cr
cr
if nn.ult < nn < 0
)
)
(2.7.20)
c1 = 3, c2 = 6.93

=
=
y ( x)dx =
y ( x)dx + 0dx
1
(1 + (c x) ) exp(c x) x(1 + c )exp(c )dx

1
3
1
12c 12c c 6c c 2c 2c c
3
1
3
1 2
3 2
1 2
3
2
3 3
1 2
(2.7.21)
c24 c13c24 + 12c13 exp(c2 ) + 2c23 exp(c2 )

2c24 exp(c2 )
239
c1 = 3, c2 = 6.93 = 0.195
nncr .ult
= 5.136
G If
(2.7.22)
h ft
Hordijk
dy
dx
x=0
= 3c1 (c1 x) 2 c2 (1 + (c1 x)3 ) exp( c2 x) (1 + c13 )exp(c2 )
x=0
(2.7.23)
= c2 (1 + c )exp(c2 )
midas FEA
3
1
nncr .ult . min
= 6.957
ft
E
(2.7.24)
ft
GI E 2
= 0.739 f
(2.7.25)
(2.7.1(g))30
(00)
[< 0]
240
cr
nn
(ft.0, 0)
(ft.1, crnn.1)
(ft.n, crnn.n)
crnn
2.7.5
f t .1 f t .0
nncr .1
midas FEA
(2.7.26)
241
2-8
m
idas FEA(shear retention factor)
midas FEA
2-8-1
Elastic Modulus
midas FEA
Elastic Modulus G
( , )
( , )
2
( , )
0
2.8.1
242
( , )
( , )
( , )
0
Elastic Modulus G
midas FEA
2.8.2
G cr = G [0 1]
(2.8.1)
Elastic Modulus
G
2.8.3
243
midas FEA
( , )
2
( , )
1
( , )
midas FEA
2.8.4 (-)
( , )
2
( , )
1
( , )
0
2.8.5 (-)
244
2-9
2-9-1
(Poisson effect)
SelbyVecchio9

1
E

v
1
nst
(1 + )(1 2 )

1 v
(2.9.1)
midas FEA
nst =
E
nst = 0
0
0
E
0
+
(1
)(1 2 )
0
(1 + )(1 2 )
E
(1 + )(1 2 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
1
(1 + )(1 2 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
nst
(1 + )(1 2 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
(2.9.2)
Selby, R. G., and Vecchio, F. J., Three-dimensional Constitutive Relations for Reinforced
Concrete, Tech. Rep. 93-02, Univ. Toronto, dept.Civil Eng., Toronta, Canada, 1993.
245
E
nst = 0
0
E
0
0
0 nst
E
(2.9.3)
nst
1

= 2

3
midas FEA
+
(1
)(1 2 )
=
(1
)(1
+
2 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
1
(1 + )(1 2 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
(1 + )(1 2 )
nst = nst
1

2

3
(2.9.4)
(2.9.5)
Dnst
Dnst =
246
nst
nst
=
nst
nst
(2.9.6)
2-9-2
Hsieh-Ting-Chen
f = 2.0108
J
J2
f
I
+ 0.9714 2 + 9.1412 c1 + 0.2312 1 1 = 0
f cc2
f cc
f cc
f cc
(2.9.7)
J2I1
1
6
{(
c 2 ) + ( c 2 c 3 ) + ( c 3 c1 )
2
c1
I1 = c1 + c 2 + c 3
(2.9.8)
midas FEA
J2 =
(2.9.9)
fc110
f c1 = max( c1 , c 2 , c 3 )
(2.9.10)
fc3
Hsieh-Ting-Chen
c = s E nst
(2.9.11)
f c 3 = s min( c1 , c 2 , c 3 )
(2.9.12)
sfc3
10 Braa, H. Private communication, 1997.
247
(-30fcc)fcf
f cf = f c 3
(2.9.13)
11
K Selby
f cf
K =
f cc
(2.9.14)
K = K
(2.9.15)
midas FEA
f cf = K f cc ,
p = K 0
(2.9.16)
0 =
n
f
cc
n 1 Ec
(2.9.17)
-
-
11
Selby, R. G., and Vecchio, F. J., Three-dimensional Constitutive Relations for Reinforced
Concrete, Tech. Rep. 93-02, Univ. Toronto, dept. Civil Eng., Toronta, Canada, 1993.
248
unconfined
low lateral confinement
medium lateral confinement

triaxial loading
midas FEA
2.9.1 -
Thorenfeldt
j p
f j = f p 1 (1 r )
r f p
u p
(2.9.18)
rfp
fp
2.9.2
r(residual strength)
249
fp
p
f cc
u =
(2.9.19)
fp
r =
r0
f cc
(2.9.20)
r00.1
(fp
/ fcc > 1.05) -(compression-
midas FEA
softening)Thorenfeldtfp / fcc < 1.05
250
2-9-3
fpj(tensile damage),1
,2
cr = cr ( lat ) ,
cr = cr ( lat )
(2.9.21)
lat
lat = l2,1 + l2,2
(2.9.22)
cr =
1
1
1 + Kc
midas FEA
VecchioCollins12
(2.9.23)
lat
0.37 cr = 1
K c = 0.27
0
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
2.9.3
12
Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P., Compression response of cracked reinforced concrete, J.
Str. Eng., ASCE 119, 12 (1993), 35903610.
251
midas FEA
252

3-1
midas FEA3.1.1
(a)
midas FEA
(b)
t
s
(c)
(d)
3.1.1 midas FEA
n t
s
(traction vector)((3.1.1))
253
t
t = n
tt
(3.1.1)
(relative displacement)
u
u = n
dt
(3.1.2)
tn kn
=
tt 0
0 un
kt dt
(3.1.3)
midas FEA
kn
: (penalty stiffness) ( N / m3 )
kt
: ( N / m3 )
midas FEA
-(Newton-Cotes)
(3.1.3)
t = Du
(3.1.4)
D
D
D = 11
D21
254
D12
D22
(3.1.5)
3-2
fn
ft
midas FEA
kn
u n
3.2.1
tn = f n ( un )
tt = f t ( dt )
(3.2.1)
f n
D11 = u
n
D21 = 0
D12 = 0
f t
D22 =
dt
(3.2.2)
tn Imidas FEA
255
1. (brittle cracking model)

2. (linear tension softening model)
3. (nonlinear tension softening model)
3-2-1
tn
midas FEA
ft
u n
3.2.2
f n ( un )
ft
256
1
=
0
if
if
un 0
0 < un <
(3.2.3)
3-2-2
tn
ft
midas FEA
G fI
u n
u n,ul t
3.2.3
f n ( un )
ft
un
1
= un ,ult
if 0 < un < un ,ult

if
(3.2.4)
un ,ult < un <
un ,ult
G If
ft
: =2
G If
ft
: I
:
257
3-2-3
HordijkCornelissenReinhardt
tn
ft
G fI
midas FEA
u n
u n,ul t
3.2.4
f n ( un )
ft
1 + c un exp c un
2 u
1 un ,ult
n , ult

= un (1 + c3 ) exp(c )
if
1
2
un ,ult
0
if
un ,ult
258
: = 5.136
c1
: =3
c2
: = 6.93
G If
ft
0 < un < un ,ult
un ,ult < un <
(3.2.5)
(hysteresis model)
tn
ft
u n
u n,ul t
midas FEA
3.2.5
259
3-2-4 (Shear Retention)

I tt
kt dt
tt =
k dt
t
if un <
tt
kn
if un
tt
kn
(3.2.6)
midas FEA
kt
: (reduced shear stiffness)
0 1 I = 0
0 < 1 0.10.3
260
3-3
un un ,ult
(dilatancy)
tn
dt
midas FEA
tt
u n
tt
tn
3.3.1 (Rough crack)
tn = f n ( un , dt )
tt = f t ( un , dt )
(3.3.1)
261
(3.3.1)
D11 =
D21 =
f n
un
ft
un
f n
dt
f
D22 = t
dt
D12 =
(3.3.2)
(empirical crack models)

(physical crack models)midas FEA
midas FEA
1. I(rough crack model (BazantGambarova))

2. II(rough crack model (GambarovaKarakoc))
3. (aggregate interlock model (WalravenReinhardt))
1. (two-phase model (Walraven))

2. (contact density model (Li et al.))
262
3-3-1 I (BazantGambarova)
BazantGambarova3.3.2

1. ( r = dt / un )
2.
3. ( un >
1
Dmax
2
Dmax )
10
midas FEA
|f t |
un
0.1
0.5
1.0
0
1
|dt|
2
1.0
0.5
-5
0.1
fn
-10
3.3.2
263
PaulayLoeber
ft = u r
a3 + a4 | r |3
1 + a4 r 4
(3.3.3)
a
p
f n = 1 ( a2 | f t |)
un
0.231
p = 1.30 1
1 + 0.185un + 5.63 ( un )2
midas FEA
r=
t
un
u =
0 a0
a0 + ( un )
2
a0 = 0.01Dmax
a1 = 0.000534
a2 = 145.0
a3 =
2.45
4
a4 = 2.44 1
0
0 = 0.245 f c = 0.195 f cc
264
fc
f cc
3-3-2 II (GambarovaKarakoc)
|f t |
10
un
0.1
0.5
1.0
0
1
|dt|
2
1.0
-5
midas FEA
0.5
0.1
fn
-10
3.3.3 II
DaschnerKupfer
BazantGambarova
2un
f t = 0 1
Dmax
f n = a1a2 un
a3 + a4 | r |3
r
1 + a4 r 4
r
f
0.25 t
1+ r2
(3.3.4)
265
a1a2 = 0.62
a3 =
2.45
4
a4 = 2.44 1
0
0 = 0.25 f c = 0.2 f cc
3-3-3 (WalravenReinhardt)
midas FEA
WalravenReinhardt
|f t |
10
u n = 0.1
0.5
1.0
0
1
|dt|
2
1.0
-5
fn
-10
0.1
3.3.4
266
0.5
ft =
fn =
) )
f cc
+ 1.8un0.80 + 0.234un0.707 0.20 f cc dt
30
) )
f cc
1.35un0.63 + 0.191un0.552 0.15 f cc dt
20
(3.3.5)
dt 0
ft 0
fn 0
3-3-4 (Walraven)
midas FEA
Walraven(two-phase)
1.
2. (Fuller)
3. (inclusion)(matrix)
4.
267
Walraven(3.3.6)
10
|f t |
u n = 0.1
0.5
1.0
0
1
|dt|
2
1.0
midas FEA
-5
0.5
fn
0.1
-10
3.3.5
f t = pu ( An + At )
f n = pu ( At An )
(3.3.6)
An , At
pu
: n t
:
:
dt un
268
3-3-5
1. ( )( ( ) )
2.
3. ( ( ) )
4.
5. ( un ) K (un )
u n = 0.1
|f t |
10
0.5
midas FEA
1.0
0
1
|dt|
-5
fn
1.0
-10
0.1
0.5
3.3.6
269
f t = 21 con K ( un ) At ( ) sin d

2
2
1

2
fn =
(3.3.7)
con K ( un ) At ( ) cos d
: (1.27)
midas FEA
At
270
3-4
(bond-slip)
midas FEA
tn = kn un
tt = f t ( dt )
(3.4.1)
(3.4.1)
D12 = 0
f
D22 = t
dt
(3.4.2)
midas FEA
D11 = kn
D21 = 0
271
3-4-1 (Cubic Function (Dorr))
Dorr3.4.1(3.4.3)
1.9c
midas FEA
|dt|
|dt 0|
3.4.1
dt
c 5
f t = dt 0
2
3
dt
dt
0
+
4.5
1.4
0
0 if 0 dt dt
dt
dt
if dt dt 0
1.9c
c
dt
:
0
: (shear slip)
272
(3.4.3)
3-4-2 (Power Law (Noakowski))
Noakowski3.4.2( dt 0 )
ft
midas FEA
|dt|
b-1
b
|d t 0 |
3.4.2
a ( dt )b
ft =
b 1
a ( dt ) ut
if
if
dt dt 0
0 dt dt 0
(3.4.4)
a, b
: ( b < 1 )
dt 0
: (shear slip)
273
3-5
midas FEA
(coulomb friction theory) u
u = u e + u p
(3.5.1)
midas FEA
t = De u e = De u u p
(3.5.2)
tt
c / tan
3.5.1
274
tn
f g c
(3.5.3)3.5.1
f = t 2 + t tan ( ) c( ) = 0
t
n
2
g = tt + tn tan
(3.5.3)
(k )
c( k )
u p =
g
t
midas FEA
u p
(3.5.4)
f =
f T
f
t+
=0
t
(3.5.5)
(3.5.2)(3.5.4)(3.5.5)
f T e
f T e
D
D
t
t
u
=
=
u
f f T e g
f T e g
D
D
+
h +
t
t
t
t
(3.5.6)
= utp =
g
g g
= = 1 + tan 2 =
t
t t
tan << 1
(3.5.7)
g / t = {tan
tt / | tt |}
(3.5.4)(3.5.6)(3.5.2)
275
g f T e
De
D
e
t t
t = D
T
f
g
De
h +
t
t
(3.5.8)
k
De = n
0
h=
kt
f
f t utp
=
t utp
g
= tan
t
tt
tt
midas FEA
t
f T
= tan (k ) t
t
tt
k n ( h + kt )
1
t=
t
h + kn tan tan + kt
kn kt tan (k ) t
tt
kt (h + kn tan tan )
kn kt tan
tt
tt
(3.5.9)
(3.5.9)
= (3.5.9)

midas FEA
20
276
3-6 (Combined Cracking-Shearing-Crushing)

3.6.1
LourencoRot
svan Zijl
interface
joint / interface
joint / interface
interface
brick
brick
potential brick crack
midas FEA
mortar
potential brick crack
3.6.1
3-6-1
midas FEALourencoRotsvan Zijl
3.6.12
t
t = n= ,
tt
u
u = n
dt
(3.6.1)
tn , un
tt , dt
277
| |
coulomb friction
mode
compression
cap mode
tension
mode
intermediate
yield surface
residual yield surface

initial yield surface
midas FEA
3.6.2
t = D u
(3.6.2)
D = diag kn ks
278
(3.6.3)
(coulomb friction yield criterion)

f =| tt | +tn c
(3.6.4)
tt
tn
= tan
midas FEA
c ( tn , ) = c0e
c0
G IIf
( tn , ) = 0 + ( r 0 )
c0 c
c0
(3.6.5)
c0
II
f
: II
a tn + b
G IIf =
b
if tn < 0
if tn 0
(3.6.6)
a b
279
u p
u p =
g
t
(3.6.7)
(3.6.8)
g
=
tn sign(tt )
(3.6.8)
(3.6.7)(3.6.8)( = tan )
midas FEA
unp
sign(tt )
utp
(3.6.9)
= 1 (unp ) 2 (ttp )
(3.6.10)
g
p
g =
dt = tt + 2 (ut ) 1 (tn ) dtn
tn
(3.6.11)

p
t
p
u = 0 1 n 1 e ut
u
p
0
1 e ut
if tn < u
280
if u tn < 0
if tn 0
(3.6.12)

p
t
= 0 1 n 1 eut
u
p
0 1 e ut
if tn < u
if u tn < 0
(3.6.13)
if tn 0
midas FEA
=| utp |=
(3.6.14)
( , )-
(Rankine criterion)
f 2 = tn t
(3.6.15)
t (brick-mortar bond strength)
t = ft e
ft
G If
(3.6.16)
281
ft
I
f
:
: I
2 =| u p |
(3.6.17)
f 2
t
(3.6.18)
u p = 2
midas FEA
= 2
(3.6.19)
f 3 = tn +Cstt c2
(3.6.20)
Cs
3 = u Tp u p
282
(3.6.21)
unp = 3
f 3
tn
3 = 23 tn + ( Cstt )
2
(3.6.22)
fc
Gf
midas FEA
m
i
r
K3
Kp
Km
3.6.3 -
3.6.3( f c )
283
1 ( 3 ) = i + f c i
2 3
32
p2
2
3 p
m p
f
3 ( 3 ) = r + m r exp 2 m c
p
m
2 ( 3 ) = f c + m f c
(3.54) i =
1
1
fc , m = fc ,
3
2
r =
(3.6.23)
3 m
m r
1
fc
10
midas FEA
(Corner)
unp = 1
g1
g
+ i i
tn
tn
(3.6.24)
i=1
i2
i3
3-6-2
midas FEA
tn

t = ts ,
t
t
284
un
u = us ,
u
t
kn
D=0
0
0
ks
0
0
kt
(3.6.25)
C0
ft
C0
3.6.4
f = ts2 + tt2 + tn c
midas FEA
g
ts
u p =
=
2
2
t
t s + tt
t
t
ts2 + tt2
(3.6.26)
(3.6.27)
( u ) + ( u )
p
s
p
t
(3.6.28)
285
midas FEA

1-1
()
(
)6
1.1.1
X-ZYXZ
N4
N6
midas FEA
N2
z
N1
N3
N5 y
angle of
inclination
: fixed support condition

: pinned support condition
: roller support condition
1.1.1
N1 X ZY
N3ZN5
X
Z
1.1.21.1.2a
289
X
1.1.2b6

Y
midas FEA
connecting node
(DX, RX, RY and RZ are constrained)
supports (all degrees of

freedom are constrained)
(a)
290
supports (all degrees of

freedom are constrained)
top flange (beam element)
web (plane
stress element)
DX
DY
DZ
RX
RY
RZ
: nodes without constrains

: DY, RX, RY and RZ are constrained
: displacement in the GCS X direction
: displacement in the GCS Y direction
: displacement in the GCS Z direction
: rotation about the GCS X-axis
: rotation about the GCS Y-axis
: rotation about the GCS Z-axis
bottom flange
(beam element)
vertical
midas FEA
in-plane
(b)H
1.1.2
291
1-2
1.2.1
midas FEA
z
z
z
Z
Y
X
X
1.2.1
292
1-3
U M , m = a1U I ,i + a2U J , j + ... + b1RI ,i + b2 RJ , j + ...
(1.3.1)
RM , m = c1U I ,i + c2U J , j + ... + d1RI ,i + d 2 RJ , j + ...
U M ,m
RM , m
: m M
: i I
: m M
RI , i
: i I
U I ,i
ai , bi , ci , d i
(1.3.2)
midas FEA
1.3.11.3.2
1.3.1
1.3.3
1
1
RY ,3 = U X ,1 U X ,2
h
h
(1.3.3)
293
midas FEA
U x ,1
N1
Ry3
N3
N2
Ux , 2
1.3.1
1.3.11.3.2
294
-
- (
ai , bi
ci , d i
- (1.3.1) (1.3.2)
-
-
w
- i
-
wi
w
U I ,i RI , m = i RI ,i
S
i S
midas FEA
U I ,m =
S ( wi )
i
1-4
6
295
1-5
(
)
1.5.1
P1
P2
P1
midas FEA
N4
Edge 3
Edge 4
N1
P2
N3
Edge 2
Edge 1
P1
N2
P1
P2
(a)
296
midas FEA
(b)
(c)
1.5.1
297
1-6
XYZ
1.6.1 x , y , z
( N i )
x

Fi = N i y dV
Ve

z
midas FEA
298
Fi
: x
: y
: z
Ni
(1.6.1)
1-7
(prescribed displacement)
midas FEA
299
midas FEA
300

2-1
(2.1.1) u
Ku = p
(2.1.1)
midas FEA
ILUT
midas FEA
Jacobi
ILUT
Jacobi
301
2-2
(decomposition)
(forward-backward substitution : FBS)
K LLT LDLT
LLT u = p
LDLT u = p
(2.2.1)
L (lower-triangular matrix) D (diagonal matrix)

D (positive definite) K
( = LLT = LDLT )FBS v = LT u v = DLT u
(2.2.1)
midas FEA
(2.2.2)
Lv = p
Lv = p v L v v = LT u
v = DLT u u
(sparsity)
K (sparse matrix)
midas FEAsingle
frontSkylinemulti frontMulti Frontal
2-2-1 Skyline
Skylinesingle frontSkyline
302
2.2.1
K11 K T21
0
K = K 21 K 22 K T32
0 K 32 K 33
midas FEA
2.2.13(2.2.3)
(2.2.3)
P1 P2 P3 P1 P2
K11 = L11LT11
L 21LT11 = K 21
(2.2.4)
K 22 L L = K (= L L )
T
21 21
*
22
T
22 22
P2 P3 Single front
(renumbering)2.2.2
1
Sloan
(wavefront reduction method)(forward substitution)
(backward substitution)
S.W.Sloan, An Algorithm for Profile and WaveFront Reduction of Sparse Matrices,
International Journal For Numerical Methods In Engineering, Vol. 23, 239-251, 1986
303
2.2.2 Skyline
midas FEA
2-2-2 Multi Front

Multi FrontFront
2.2.1(2.2.5)
K11
0
K = 0 K 33
K 21 K 23
K T21
K T23
K 22
(2.2.5)
( P1 , P3 ) P2 (2.2.6)(2.2.7)
K11 = L11LT11
L 21LT11 = K 21
K 22 L L = K
T
21 21
(2.2.6)
*
22
K 33 = L33LT33
L 23LT33 = K 23
(2.2.7)
K *22 L 23LT23 = K **
22
Multi Front2.2.3
(recursive bisection)
(forward substitution)(backward substitut
ion)
304
midas FEA
2.2.3 Multi Front
305
2-3
(iterative method) ui ( ri = p - Ku i )
(2.1.1) u i +1 (2.3.1)
u i +1 = u i + iQ(p Ku i )
(2.3.1)
i Q (pre-conditioner)
ri = p - Ku i
(convergence tolerance)midas FEA
N / 4 > 1000
N /4
midas FEA
N / 4 < 1000
1000
ri < 10
2-3-1
3
midas FEA (CG:conjugate gradient)

4
GMRES generalized minimal residual)

2
ri Krylov span{r0 , K r0 , K r0 ,...}
N()
(conjugated direction : d i = ri + i d i 1 )
K
GMRES ri Krylov
H.R. Hestenes and E. Stiefel, Methods of Conjugate Gradients for Solving Linear Systems, J.
Res. Nat. Bur. Standards Vol. 49 409-436, 1952

4
Y. Saad and M.H. Schultz, GMRES: A Generalized Minimal Residual Algorithm for Solving
Nonsymmetric Linear Systems. SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. Vol. 7, 856-869, 1986
306
Gram-Schmidt(orthogonalization)Gram-Schmidt
Krylov
2-3-2
(2.3.1) K 1 Q
K 1 ( Q K 1 )
5
midas FEAILUT (incomplete LU decomposition with threshold)

(Jacobi)ILUT
Fill-In LU
midas FEA
K Q = diag (K )
Y. Saad, ILUT: a Dual Threshold Incomplete ILU Factorization, Numerical Linear Algebra
with Applications Vol. 1, 387-402. 1994
307
2-4
midas FEA
Lanczos
Multi Front
Multi Front
(constraint equation)
Multi Front
()
GMRES
midas FEA
(condition)
- Skyline
- Multi Front
- ILUT
-
308

3-1
(iteration method)
f ext
f int ,i
K i+ 1
gi
midas FEA
t+t
f ext
ui
ui+ 1
u i+ 1
t+t
3.1.1
t
t + t
3.1.1 fext fext t t + t
t t + t
t + t
u =t u + u
(3.1.1)
309
: t
(total displacement increment)
t
n
u = ui
or
i =1
ui +1 = ui + ui +1
(3.1.2)
u i
midas FEA
u i +1
: i
(cumulated incremental displacement)
: i + 1
(incremental displacement)
u i +1 (tangent stiffness matrix) K i +1
ui +1 = K i+11g i
(3.1.3)
gi
: i (out-of-balance force)
g i
g i =t + t fext fint,i
(3.1.4)
(total incremental displacement) t t + t

u t + t u
t + t
fext
fint,i (path-dependent)
t t + t
(convergence toleranc
e)
310
midas FEA(initial stiffness method)
midas FEA
(Newton-Raphson method)
311
3-2
f
t +t
f ext
gi
f int ,i
midas FEA
f ext
ui
u i+ 1
u i+ 1
t
t +t
3.2.1
3.2.1
312
3-3 Newton-Raphson
3.3.1
f
fext
gi
f int ,i
fext
ui
u i+ 1
midas FEA
t+t
ui+ 1
t +t
3.3.1
313
3-4 Newton-Raphson
f
t +t
midas FEA
f ext
f i nt ,i
gi
f ext
u i
ui+ 1
ui+ 1
t +1
3.4.1
314
3-5
A
C
(a) snap through
(b): snap back
midas FEA
3.5.1 -
-3.5.1snap-through)
snap-back)
1
2
Load
Step1
Load
Step2
Load
Step3
3.5.2
3.5.2(number of load step)
(initial load step)0.5
315
(desired number of iterations)
(incremental step) i
ui +1 = K i+11g i
(3.5.1)
midas FEA
u i +1
: i + 1
gi
: i
gi
g i =t + t fext fint, i + i feq
(3.5.2)
f eq
: (reference force)
(3.5.2)(3.5.1)
ui +1 = K i+11 ( t + t fext fint,i + i feq )

= K i+11
t + t
fext fint,i + i K i+11feq
(3.5.3)
= u I + i u II
u i +1 = u i + u i +1
(3.5.4)
u i +1 = u i + u I + iu II
(3.5.5)
316
uTi+1ui +1 = l 2
(3.5.6)
(3.5.6)(3.5.5) i i
a1i2 + a2i + a3 = 0
(3.5.7)
,
a1
: uTII u II
a2
: 2uTII ( ui + u I )
a3
( ui + u I ) ( ui + u I ) l 2
T
midas FEA
(3.5.7) a1 = 0 i = a3 / a2 a1 0
ui ui +1
T
uTi ui +1 ui ( ui + u I )
uT u
=
+ i i 2 II
2
2
l
l
l
a4 + a5i
=
l 2
cos =
(3.5.8)
a4
: uTi u I + uTi ui
a5
: uTi u II
(3.5.7) i ,1 i ,2
l 2 cos 1 = a4 + a5i ,1
l 2 cos 2 = a4 + a5i ,2
(3.5.9)
317
i = i ,1
( l 2 cos1 > l 2 cos2 )
2
2
i = i ,1 = i ,2 ( l cos1 = l cos 2 )
i = i ,2
( l 2 cos1 < l 2 cos2 )
midas FEA
(3.5.10) i (3.5.5)
318
(3.5.10)
3-6
(force norm)
(displacement norm)(energy norm)
Force norm ratio =
gTi g i
(3.6.1)
gTi g i
Displacement norm ratio =
uTi ui
(3.6.2)
uTi u i
( u g )( u g )
Energy norm ratio =
( u g )( u g )
i
midas FEA
(3.6.3)
(softening)(hardening)
319
3-7
midas FEA
(auto-switching)
ki =
g i u i
uTi u i
(3.7.1)
(3.7.1) ki k1 Cs
Cs =
k
k1
(3.7.2)
midas FEA
Cs Cs Csd
Cs Cs1 Csd Cs1
Csd Cs1 Csd 0
Csd Cs1
320
midas FEA

1-1
MIDAS FEA
Ku = p
(1.1.1)
midas FEA
323
1-2
MIDAS FEA
midas FEA
( K + K n , s )= P
324
K:
K n, s :
U, U :
P :
(-)

2-1
2(2.1.1)
(t ) + Ku(t ) = 0
Mu
(2.1.1)
K
M
u Y(t )
+ KY = 0
MY
midas FEA
(2.1.2)
Y(t)
Y (t ) = { y1 (t ) " ym (t ) " yn (t )}
(2.1.3)
n
ym (t ) = cos(mt + m )
2.1.32.1.2
(M + K)Y = 0
(2.1.4)
m = m2
= [1 " m " n ]
(2.1.5)
(2.1.6)
2.1.4 ym (t )
Km m Mm = 0
(2.1.7)
325
2.1.72.1.
8
K mM = 0
(2.1.8)
2.1.8m 1 2 , m m m
m 2.1.7MK m
m 0
m
m m
f m Tm m f m Tm
midas FEA
Tm =
, fm = m
fm
2
(2.1.9)
m m 12n
2.1.1
2.1.1
MIDAS FEA
2.1.10
326
mX =
mT M1 X
mT M1Y
T M1
, mY = T
, mZ = mT Z
T
m Mm
m Mm
m M m
mRX =
M1RX
M1RY
M1RZ
, mRY =
, mRZ =
Mm
Mm
Mm
(2.1.10)
T
m
T
m
T
m
T
m
T
m
T
m
mX , mY , mZ
XYZm
mRX , mRY , mRZ
XYZm
1X , 1Y , 1Z
XYZ
1RX , 1RY , 1RZ
XYZ
midas FEA
(2.1.11)
90%
mT M1 X
mT M1Y
mT M1Z
*
*
*
= T
= T
= T
M mX
, M mY
, M mZ
m M m
m Mm
m Mm
(2.1.11)
2
m M1RX
m M1RY
m M1RZ
*
*
*
= T
= T
= T
M mRX
, M mRY
, M mRZ
m M m
m M m
m Mm
T
*
*
*
M mX
, M mY
, M mZ
*
*
*
M mRX
, M mRY
, M mRZ
mXYZ
mXYZ
327
MIDAS FEA
(2.1.7)
midas FEA
328
2-2
Krylov span(V1, V2 ,..., Vk ) Tk
2.1.7 m
m = + 1/ m -
-
V1
U k = MVk
(K M ) Wk = U k
Wk* = Wk Vk 1BTk 1
Ck = Vk MWk*
Ck
Wk** = Wk* Vk Ck
Wk** = Vk +1B k
midas FEA
MIDAS FEA Vm
Tk
C1
B1
Tk =
B1T
C2 %
% % %
T
% Ck 1 B k 1
BTk 1 Ck
(2.2.1)
Tk Tk m = m* I m* = + 1/ m* m* m*
2.1.7 Vk N b Tk
N b m* m m m*
m*
m* = [ V1 V2 V3 ... Vk ] m*
(2.2.2)
Km* m* Mm*
K
(2.2.3)
329
midas FEA
. MIDAS FEA = 2.22 1016
330
2-3
Ek N s Ek 12 ......n
12 ......n Ek X k
E1 N s X1
KYk = MX k
K k +1 = YkT KYk
M k +1 = YkT MYk
K k +1Q k +1 = M k +1Q k +1 k +1
midas FEA
Q k +1 = 1* 2* ... N* s
1*
k +1 =
*
N s
X k +1 = Yk Q k +1
X k +1
n* X k
m* m ,
X k 1
... Ns
(2.3.1)
X k N s X k M k N s N s
n*
m( k +1) m( k )
m( k +1)
(2.3.2)
331
2-4
2-4-1
2.4.1
midas FEA
Frequency
Consistent Mass
Lumped Mass
Number of Element
2.4.1
2-4-2
f1 f 2
- = (2 f1 ) 2
2.4.2 f1 f 2
N f f1 f 2
- f1 = f 2 f1 N f
332
- f1 < f 2 [ f1 , f 2 ] f1 N f
- f1 > f 2 [ f1 , f 2 ] f 2 N f
f1
4
=f2
1 2 3
f1
f2
1 2
3 4
f1
4
3 2 1
midas FEA
f2
2.4.2
2-4-2-1 Sturm Sequence

MIDAS FE
A
(K M ) Wk = U k
(2.4.1)
LDLT D
n = N f +
N f + N f

N f < N f + < N f +1
(2.4.2)
Strum Vk N b = 7
Strum LDLT
333
Strum
Nb = 1
2-4-2-2
K = 0
0 -
MIDAS FEA K M
1 1
= 1
midas FEA
2-4-3
MIDAS X k N s N I (2.3.
2 N s D N s
N s = max{N s , min(2 N f , N f + 8)}
(2.4.3)
N I = 30
= 1.0 106
334

3-1
3.1.1
(t ) + Cu (t ) + K u(t ) = F (t )
Mu
(3.1.1)
F (t )
midas FEA
(t ) , ,
u(t ) u (t ) u
3.1.1 F(t ) = 0 C = 0
F (t )
midas FEA
335
3-2
3.1.1
3.2.1
n
u(t ) = Y (t ) = iYi (t)
(3.2.1)
i= j
3.2.13.1.16.3
(t ) + C Y
(t ) + K Y(t ) = F(t )
M Y
(3.2.2)
3.2.2 m3.2.3
T
m
midas FEA
(t ) + T CY
(t ) + T KY (t ) = T F(t )
mT MY
m
m
m
(3.2.3)
iT M j = mij ij
(3.2.4)
iT K j = kij ij
ij
( i = j ; ij = 1 , i j ; ij = 0 )
3.2.33.2.
5n
mT MmY(t ) + mT CmY (t ) + mT KmY (t ) = mT F(t ) (m = 1,2,.....,n)
(3.2.5)
m3.2.5
3.2.6
T F (t )

Ym ( t ) + 2 mmY m ( t ) + m2 Ym ( t ) = Tm
m Mm
2 mmY m ( t ) =
m2 Ym ( t ) =
336
Cm
Mm
T
m
T
m
mT Km
mT Mm
(3.2.6)
: m
: m
q m (t )
: m
q m (t )
: m
qm (t )
: m
3.2.7
Dm = m 1 m2
midas FEA
q (0) + qm (0)
qm (t ) = e mm t qm (0) cos Dmt + m m m
sin Dmt
Dm
t
1
m m ( t )
Pm ( )e
+
sin Dm (t )d
mmDm 0
(3.2.7)
3.2.73.2.1
337
3-3
MIDASnewmark-
ti < t < ti +1
(t ) =
u
u(t ) 3.3.1
i + u
i +1
u
= const.
2
ti+1
midas FEA
u i +1 = u i +
(3.3.1)
i + u
i +1
u
t
2
ui +1 = ui + u i t +
i + u
i +1 2
u
t
4
(3.3.2)
(3.3.3)
3.3.23.3.3newmark-
i + tu
i +1
u i +1 = u i + (1 ) tu
(3.3.4)
i + t 2u
i +1
ui +1 = u i + tu i + t 2u
2
(3.3.5)
=0.25
= 0.25
3.3.5
i +1 =
u
1
1
2
i
ui +1 u i tu i t u
2
t 2
(3.3.6)
3.3.63.3.4
u i +1 =

i
u i +1
u i + 1 u i + 1
t u
t
t

2
(3.3.7)
3.3.63.3.7 ti +1 u i +1
338
M+
C+K u i +1
2
t
3.3.8)
t
1
1

i + C
i
= F + M
u +
u i +
1 u
u i + 1 u i +
1 tu
2 i
t
2

t
t
3.3.8 ti +1 u i +1 3.3.63.3.7
3.3.9
C = a0M + a1K
(3.3.9)
a0 , a1
3.3.83.3.9
1
a

a
+ 1 M+ 2 + 1 K ui +1
2
t
t
t

1
1
1
i + a1D + a 2KD

=F + M
u +
u i +
1 u
2 i
t
t
midas FEA
D=
(3.3.10)
i
u i + 1 u i +
1 tu
t
(t )
u(t ) u (t ) u
3.3.11
g ,i +1 + u
i +1 :
u
u g ,i +1 + u i +1 :
(3.3.11)
u g ,i +1 + u i +1 :
g ,i +1 u g ,i +1 u g ,i +1
u
midas FEA
g ,i +1 u
g ,i 2
1u
g ,i +
u g ,i +1 = u g ,i + tu
t
t
2
g ,i +1 u
g ,i 3
1
1u
g ,i +
u g ,i +1 = u g ,i + tu g ,i + t 2u
t
t
2
6
(3.3.12)
339
3-4
midas FEA
-
- ()
- ()
midas FEA
3-4-1
3.4.1
R r r s r r
rs
C = a0 M + a1K
(3.4.1)
1 a0
+ a1 i
2 i
i =
(3.4.2)
340
a0
2 r s ( r s s r )
a1
2 ( s s r r )
2
s
2
s
r2 )
r2 )
Rayleigh Damping
Mass Proportional
C = a0 M
a
i = 0
2i
C = a1K
a
i = 1 i
2
C = a0 M + a1K
a
a
i = 0 + 1 i
2i
2
Stiffness Proportional
Natural frequencies i
(a)
Natural frequencies i
(b)
midas FEA
3.4.1
3-4-2
341
3-5
1/10
MIDAS FEA
midas FEA
342

4-1
4.1.1
midas FEA
(t ) + rug (t )] + Cu (t ) + K u(t ) = 0

M[ u
(4.1.1)
(t ) + Cu (t ) + K u(t ) = M rug (t )
Mu
ug (t )
(t )
u(t ) u (t ) u
( ) u(t )
4.1.2
u(t ) = y (t )
(4.1.2)
4.1.24.1.1 4.1.3
T
(t ) + T Cy (t ) + T K y (t ) = T Mr ug (t )

T M y
(4.1.3)
343
i ( M or C or K ) j = 0 (i j )
(4.1.4)
M = 1 4.1.3
T
4.1.5
12
211
%
%
y (t ) +

y (t ) +
2 mm
1
m2
%
%
%
n n
y (t ) = T M rug (t )
4.1.5
midas FEA
4.1.5m4.1.6

ym (t ) + 2 mm y m (t ) + m2 ym (t ) = m ug (t )
4.1.6
m = m Mr
T
4.1.6 m
4.1.64.1.
7
(t ) = y
(t )
u(t ) = y (t ), u (t ) = y (t ), u
(4.1.7)
4.1.1~4.1.7
4.1.5
m
4.1.8
S
S
S dm = am2 , Svm = am
(4.1.8)
ym = m S dm , y m = m Svm ,
ym = m Sam
4.1.84.1.9
344
m = m m Sam
u m = m m Sdm , u m = m m Svm , u
(4.1.9)
S dm
:m
Svm
: m
S am
: m
4.1.9
midas FEAXYZ
(modal combination)ABS(ABsolute Sum)
midas FEA
SRSS(Square Root of the Sum of the Squares)CQC(Complete Quadratic Comb

ination)
ABS (ABsolute Sum)
Rmax = R1 + R2 + + Rn
(4.1.10)
SRSS (Square Root of the Sum of the Squares

Rmax = R12 + R2 2 + + Rn 2
12
(4.1.11)
CQC (Complete Quadratic Combination)

12
N N
Rmax = Ri ij R j
i =1 j =1
ij =
ij =
rij =
(4.1.12)
8 i j (i + rij m ) rij 3 2
(1 rij 2 ) 2 + 4i j rij (1 + rij 2 ) + 4(i2 + j2 ) rij 2
8 2 (1 + rij ) rij
32
(1 rij ) 2 + 4 2 rij (1 + rij ) 2
i
j
(i = i = )
j > i
345
0 ij 1
ij = 1 (i = j )
Rmax
Ri
: i
rij
: i
i , j
: i
i , j
j
i j
4.1.12 i = j ( i , j ) ij =10C
midas FEA
QC SRSSABSSRSS
0.05
3SRSSCQC
1 = 0.46 , 2 = 0.52 , 3 = 1.42

Dij (
j i )
0.019
0.036 0.012
Dij = 0.012 0.044 0.005
0.049 0.002 0.017
SRSS
Rmax = R12 + R2 2 + R32
12
= {0.042 0.046 0.052}
CQC
12 = 21 = 0.3985
13 = 31 = 0.0061
23 = 32 = 0.0080
2
2
2
Rmax = R1 + R2 + R3 + 2 12 R1R2 + 2 13 R1R3 + 2 23 R2 R3
346
12
= {0.046 0.041 0.053}

SRSSCQC
SRSS
midas FEA
347
midas FEA
4-2
4.2.1
4.1.6
( ) ug (t )
4.1.6
4.2.1Mid
as FEA
midas FEA
348

5-1
Ku + K G u = p
(5.1.1)
KG
midas FEA
p p K G
KG = KG
(5.1.2)
p = p
(5.1.3)
KG
5.1.25.1.35.1.1
Ku + K G u = p
(5.1.4)
5.1.4
u u
K (u + u) + K G (u + u) = p
(5.1.5)
5.1.45.1.5
(K + K G ) u = 0
(5.1.6)
349
K + K G > 0
K + K G 0
5.1.6
( = u )
p 5.1.1
midas FEA
5.1.1
K G 5.1.6
MIDAS FEA
350
5-2
MIDAS FEA
K Ge = G T SGdV
(5.2.1)
S G
midas FEA
5-2-1
YZ
ui = {vi
wi }
(5.2.2)
i =1
i =1
v = N i vi w = N i wi
(5.2.3)
N i : 2
S xx
0
S = xx
xx
(5.2.4)
G i 5.2.5
N i
x
Gi =
0
N i
x
(5.2.5)
G i
351
K Gij = A G Ti SG j dL
(5.2.6)
Le
A :
Le
:
5.2.6
midas FEA
1 0 1 0
N x 0 1 0 1
KG =
Le 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
(5.2.7)
N x :
5-2-2
N x
yz
u i = {vi
wi yi zi }
(5.2.8)
i =1
i =1
v = ( H 0i vi + H1i zi ) w = ( H 0i wi H1i yi )
(5.2.9)
H 0 i H1i Hermite
H 01 = 1 3 2 + 2 3 H 02 = 3 2 2 3 H11 = Le ( 2 2 + 3 ) H 02 = Le ( x 2 + x 3 )
352
0 1
Le
G i
H 0 i
x
Gi =
0
H1i
x
H 0i
x
H1i
x
(5.2.10)
6
5 Le
1
10
2 Le
15
6
15Le
1
10
symm.
1
10
0
2 Le
15
1
10
6
5 Le
6
5 Le
1
10
2 Le
15
1
10
Le
30
0
Le
30
(5.2.11)
2 Le
15
midas FEA
6
5L
e
10
KG = Nx
6
15 L
e
10
midas FEA
353
5-2-3
xyz
ui = {ui
wi }
vi
(5.2.12)
i =1
i =1
i =1
u = N i ui , v = N i vi , w = N i wi
(5.2.13)
n :
Ni
midas FEA
S 0 0
S = 0 S 0 ,
0 0 S
xx xy
S=
xy yy
(5.2.14)
G i 5.2.15
N i
Gi = 0
N i
y
N i
x
N i
y
N i
x
N i
(5.2.15)
G i
K Gij = t G Ti SG j d A
Ae
Ae :
354
(5.2.16)
5-2-4
xyzxy
u i = {ui
vi
wi xi yi }
(5.2.17)
i =1
i =1
i =1
u = ( N i ui + zN i yi ) v = ( N i vi zN i xi ) w = N i wi
(5.2.18)
midas FEA
n :
Ni
:
5.2.18
S zz
S 0 0
xx xy zx
S = 0 S 0 S = xy yy yz
0 0 S
zx yz 0
(5.2.19)
G i
N i
x
Gi = 0
N
z i
x
N i
y
N i
x
N i
y
N i
x
N i
y
Ni
N i
y
Ni
N i
x
N i
y
0 (5.2.20)
G i
355
K Gij = G Ti SG j dV
(5.2.21)
Ve
Ve :
5-2-5
xyz
midas FEA
u i = {ui
vi
wi }
(5.2.22)
i =1
i =1
i =1
u = N i ui , v = N i vi , w = N i wi
(5.2.23)
n :
N i :
S

S 0 0
S = 0 S 0
0 0 S
xx xy zx
S = xy yy yz
zx yz zz
G i 5.2.25
356
(5.2.24)
N i
Gi = 0
N i
y
N i
z
N i
x
N i
y
N i
z
N i
x
N i
y
N i
(5.2.25)
G i
K Gij = G Ti SG j dV
(5.2.26)
Ve
midas FEA
V :
357
5-3
5.1.6
(K + mK G )m = 0
(5.3.1)
MIDAS FEA5.3.1
5.3.1 K G
midas FEA
m = m /(1 m ) -
358
5-4
p +-
midas FEA
+
midas FEA

(K + K *G + m K G )m = 0
(5.4.1)
midas FEA
K *G :
Z
MIDAS FEA
Z
359
midas FEA

1-1
midas FEA
midas FEA
-
-
-
midas FEA
-
-
-
midas FEA
1.
2.
3.
4.
363
1-2
(base model)
(construction stage)
1-2-1
midas FEA
1-2-2
-
-
-
midas FEA1.2.1
0
364
midas FEA
365
0days
10days
20days
Duration of construction stage
First
Step
Element, Load,
midas FEA
Boundary
Activate
& Deactivate
Additional
Load
Activate
&
Deactivate
40days
Duration of construction stage
Last
Step
Additional
Step
30days
First
Step
Last
Step
Element,
Load,
Boundary
Activate
& Deactivate
1.2.1
366
midas FEA
367
1-3
K = LTi k i Li
(1.3.1)
i =1
midas FEA
Li
ki
1.
3.11.3.
1 L i
L i
368
1-4
F current F current
F previous
F current = F current F previous
(1.4.1)
current
current
F current = Fsurface
+ Fbody
midas FEA
(surface force)(body force)

(1.4.2)
L i
1.4.1 F current
(load factor) i
Ficurrent = F previous + icurrent F current
(1.4.3)
Fiubf = K i di
(1.4.4)
K i i di i Fi
ubf
Fiubf = Ficurrent Fiinternal

1
(1.4.5)
369
Fi
current
1.4.3 Fi 1
internal
j =1
j =1
Fiinternal
= LTj f j = LTj
1
( B dV )
V
T
j
fj
Lj
Bj
n
i = 1 F0
midas FEA
internal
370
(1.4.6)
1-5
midas FEA
371
midas FEA

1-1
()
midas FEA
midas FEA
373
1-2
V S
( V ) = ( S ) + ( V )
V (specific heat)(density)
V = c
V
T
dV
t
(1.2.1)
midas FEA
: ( J / kg C )
: ( kg / m3 )
S = k (T )indS
(1.2.2)
: ( J / m hr C )
: ( C / m )
Q
(1.2.1)(1.2.2)
T
= k 2T + Q
t
(1.2.3)
CT + KT = R
374
(1.2.4)
: (capacitance)
: (conduction)
midas FEA
(consistent matrix)
(heat source), (heat flux),
midas FEA(steady state)(transient)
midas FEA
(1.2.4)
(1.2.5)
KT = R
ti ( Ti ) ti +1
( Ti +1 )(1.2.4)
CTi + KTi = R i
(1.2.6)
CTi +1 + KTi +1 = R i +1
(1.2.6) 1
C Ti +1 + (1 )Ti + K ( Ti +1 + (1 )Ti )
= R i +1 + (1 )R i
(1.2.7)
(1.2.7) Ti Ti +1
Ti +1 + (1- )Ti =
Ti +1 - Ti
ti +1
C + ti +1K Ti +1 =
C (1 ) ti +1K Ti + ti +1 Ri +1 + (1 ) Ri
(1.2.8)
(1.2.9)
375
K Ti +1 = R
K = C + ti +1K Ti +1
(1.2.10)
R = C (1 ) ti +1K Ti + ti +1 R i +1 + (1 )R i
(1.2.10)( )
= 0.0 : (forward difference) ( t )

= 0.5 : Crank-Nicolson ()
= 2/3 : Galerkin()
= 1.0 : (backward difference) ()
midas FEA = 0.0
midas FEA
(1-dimensional
diffusion equation)
:
2
=
x 2 t
(0, t )
(0, t )
( L, t )
=0
= 0 ( t < 0 ),
= 1 ( t > 0 ),
x
x
x
: ( x, 0) = 0
- Crank-Niconsol ( = 0.5)
(o
scillation)
- Galerkin ( = 2/3)
Crank-Nicolson
376
- ( = 1.0)
=0.5Crank-Nicolson
2
( O(t ) )
midas FEA
(a) t=0.10
(b) t=0.05
1.2.1
377
1-3

(elastic link)(interface)
Cij = cAN i N j dL
(1.3.1)
Le
K ij = kA
midas FEA
Le
N i N j
dL
x x
(1.3.2)
,
:
Cij = ctN i N j dA
(1.3.3)
Ae
K ij = kt (
Ae
N i N j N i N j
)dL
+
x x
y y
(1.3.4)
,
t
378
Cij = cN i N j dV
(1.3.5)
Ve
K ij = k (
Ve
N i N j N i N j N i N j
)dV
+
+
x x
y y
z z
(1.3.6)
,
:
Ve
(thermal conductance)
K ij = k A (i j )
midas FEA
K ii = k A
(1.3.7)
,
: ( J / hr C )
ke
(convection coefficient)
K ij = hN i N j dA
( i, j )
K ij = hN i N j dA
( i, j )
Ae
Ae
(1.3.8)
: ( J / m2 hr C )
379
1-4
midas FEA
/
1.4.1midas FEA
Flux
Flux
midas FEA
Convection
Cooling
Convection
Heat generated internally
Heat generated internally
Insulated
Insulated
Temperature
prescribed
Temperature prescribed
1.4.1 /
380
(prescribed
temperature),
(1.2.4) R
midas FEA
R i = Fs N i dS
(1.4.1)
,
Fs
: ( J / m 2 hr )
(forced convection),
(free convection)midas FEA
(ambient temperature) T h
R i = s hNi (T T )dS
(1.4.2)
381
,
: ( T j N j )
T + Ts , o Tm ,i + Tm, o
qconv = hp As (Ts Tm ) = hP As s ,i
2
2
qconv = mcm (Tm , o Tm ,i )
(1.4.3)
midas FEA
hp
As
Ts , Tm
Ts ,i , Ts , o
Tm i Tm o
m
cm
:
: ( kg / hr )
:
(1.4.3)
(heat source)
R i = QN i dV
V
382
: ( J / m3 hr )
(1.4.4)
Q = c
T
t
(1.4.5)
midas FEA
383
1-5
midas FEA
(temperature history)
//
midas FEA
T
x
: k
T
x
T T
,
x y
: k
T
T
, k
x
y
384
T T T
,
,
x y z
: k
T
T
T
, k
,k
x
y
z
: i j
: i j
k A (Ti T j )
midas FEA
h(Ti T j )
385

2-1
8001000mm
500mm
midas FEA
(heat transfer)
(thermal stress)
387
2-2
1.21-3.11
kcal /(m h oC )
/
(solid element)(truss element)
midas FEA
(reinforcement element)
(2.2.1)
hc (kcal /(m 2 h oC )) = hn + h f = 5.2( kcal /(m 2 h oC )) + 3.2V (m / sec)
(2.2.1)
388
(heat source)
( kcal /(m3 h) )
g=
1
cK e t / 24
24
(2.2.2)
( DC )
T = K (1 e t )
(2.2.3)
: ( D C )
: ( D C )
: (days)
midas FEA
389
2-3
(mother element)
midas FEA
(prestress)
(equivalent age),
CEB-FIP Model Code 90
CEB-FIP Model Code 90

n
4000
teq = ti exp 13.65
273 + T (ti ) / T0
i =1
teq
: (days)
ti
: (days)
T (ti )
T0
390
: ( D C )
: 1
teq = ti
i =1
10 + T (ti )
30
midas FEA/
midas FEA
< >
c (t ) =
t
c
a + bteq (91)
a, b
c (91)
: 91
< ACI 209(1995) >
c (t ) =
t
c (28)
a + bteq
a, b
c (28)
: 28
391
ACI committee 209, 1992 , Materials and general properties of concrete

prediction
of
creep,
shrinkage
and
temperature
structures.
ACI manual of concrete practice 1995, Part I, 209R-4
< CEB-FIP Model Code 90 >
1/ 2
28
teq / t1
c (t ) = exp s 1

c (28)
midas FEA
s
c (28)
: 28
: 1
t1
COMITE EURO-INTERNATIONAL DU ETON, 1991

CEB-FIP Model Code, p51
< >
c (t ) =
dt
c (28)
a + bt
tensile (t ) = c c (t )
c (28)
392
: 28
effects
in
concrete
a , b, d
:
a = 4.5, b = 0.95, d = 1.11 (Normal Portland cement)
a = 6.2, b = 0.93, d = 1.15 (Moderate Portland cement)
a = 2.9, b = 0.97, d = 1.07 (High-early-strength cement)
: ( 0.44 )
midas FEA
midas FEA
ACI 209CEB-FIP Model Code 90
JAPAN Code
midas FEAACI 209CEB-FIP Model

Code 90JAPAN Code
393
2-4
2.4.1
midas FEA
convection boundary
stru
ctur
e
stru
ctur
e
stru
ctur
e
soil
soil
prescribed temperature
(a)
(b)
2.4.1.
394
2-5
midas FEA(aging)
2-5-1
2.5.1
2.5.1(true elastic strain)

(apparent elastic strain)
midas FEA
1.5~3
5
Total strain
Creep strain
Shrinkage strain
True elastic strain
Apparent elastic strain
to
Time
2.5.1
395
(t ) = i ( ) + c (t , ) = J (t , )
(2.5.1)
J (t , )
: (creep function)
J(t, )
J(t, ) curve
midas FEA
C(t, )
= 1(unit)
1
E()
Time
Time
2.5.2
2.5.2 J (t , )
J (t , ) =
1
E ( )
+ C (t , )
(2.5.2)
E ( )
C (t , )
:
: t(specific creep)
J (t , ) :
J (t , ) =
1 + (t , )
E ( )
(2.5.3)
(t , )
396
: (creep coefficient),
(t , ) = E ( ) C (t , )
C (t , ) =
(t , )
E ( )
(2.5.4)
(2.5.5)
midas FEACEB-FIPACI
(creep coeffici
midas FEA
ent)(creep function)(specific creep)
2.5.3
2.5.4
(aging)
397
()
midas FEA
Creep Function J ( t, )
Time t
2.5.4
2-5-2
( )( t )
2.5.4
(superposition)
midas FEA
j t
c (t , j ) = (t , j ) ( j )
398
(2.5.6)
Pcr = E (t ) c (t , j )dA :
(2.5.7)
: j
( j )
(t , j )
: j t
c (t , j )
: j t
( )
(2.5.8)
midas FEA
c (t ) = C (t , )
c (t )
: t
C (t , )
: (specific creep)
n 1
c , n = j C (tn , j )
(2.5.9)
j =1
tn tn 1 ( c , n )(2.5.10)
n 1
n2
j =1
j =1
c ,n = c ,n c ,n 1 = j C( tn , j ) j C( tn 1 , j )
(2.5.10)
DirichletDegenerate Kernel
C (t , ) = ai ( ) 1 e
i =1
( t ) / i
(2.5.11)
399
ai ( )
i
:
:
( ai ( ) )
1. m i
( j )
2.( ti )( j )
( ti )
3. C (ti , j )
midas FEA
4.3~4
1 e ( t1 j ) / 1
( t ) /
1 e 2 j 1
1 e ( tn j ) / 1
1 e
( t1 j ) / 2
1 e
( t2 j ) / 2
1 e
( tn j ) / 2
( t1 j ) / m
a1 ( j ) C( t1 , j )
" 1 e
a2 ( j ) C( t2 , j )
=
#
#
#
#
( t ) /
" 1 e n j m am ( j ) C( tn , j )
" 1 e
( t2 j ) / m
Ai ,1 = 0 ai ( j )
A nm am1 = Cn1 (n > m)
(2.5.12)
5. (least square method)
AT A a = AT C
a = ( AT A )
( A C)
T
m i
-
-
400
a (
i
) (ultimate creep strain)
- ai ( j ) 1 e
( t j ) / i
( j )3~5 ai ( j ) ( j )
ai ( j ) ( j ) ai ( j )
n2
i =1
j =1
c ,n = j ai ( j )e
( tn 1 j ) / i
+ n 1 ai ( n 1 ) 1 e
t n / i
c ,n = Ai ,n 1 e tn /
i
n2
Ai , n = j ai ( j )e
( tn 1 j ) / i
+ n 1 ai ( n 1 )
midas FEA
i =1
(2.5.13)
j =1
Ai , n Ai , n 1
n3
Ai , n 1 = j ai ( j )e
( t n 2 j ) / i
+ n 2 ai ( n 2 )
(2.5.14)
j =1
Ai , n Ai , n 1
Ai , n = Ai , n 1e
t n 1 / i
+ n 1 ai ( n 1 )
Ai ,1 = 0 ai ( 0 )
(2.5.15)
(2.5.13)
m
c ,n = Ai ,n 1 e ( tn ) / + R n
i
i =1
n = i (1 e tn / i ) / tn
401
Rn =
a (
i =1
Ai , n = Ai , n 1e
)(1 n )
( tn 1 ) / i
+ n 1 n 1 ai ( n 1 )
(2.5.16)
( n 1 )
,
(2.5.13)(2.5.16)
(2.5.16)
(2.5.13)
midas FEA
midas FEA
402
2-5-3
, t0 t
sh (t , t0 ) = f (t , t0 )
(2.5.17)
:
:
t0
midas FEA
f (t , t0 )
midas FEACEB-FIP Model CodeACI209
sh (t2 , t1 ) = sh (t2 , t0 ) sh (t1 , t0 )

sh (t2 , t1 )
: t1 t2
sh (t1 , t0 )
: t0 t1
sh (t2 , t0 )
: t0 t2
(2.5.18)
(non-mechanical)( F )
F = EA( sh )
(2.5.19)
403
2-5-4
midas FEA
2.5.5ACI209CEB-FIP
midas FEA
2.5.5
404
2-5-5 /
midas FEA
< >
F.1.1 :
c , s (t , ts ) = cso s (t ts )
F.1.1-1
cso = s ( f cm ) RH
F.1.1-2
s ( f cm ) = [160 + 10 sc (9 f cm / f cmo )] 10
RH = 1.55 1 ( RH / RH 0 )3
F.1.1-3
(t ts ) / t1
2
+
350(
h
/
h
)
(
t
t
)
/
t
0
1
s
midas FEA
F.1.1-4
0.5
s (t t s ) =
F.1.1-5
t (d)
ts (d)3-7d
cs (t , ts ) ts t
cso
s
f cm C20-C5028d (MPa)
f cm = 0.8 f cu ,k + 8MPa
f cu ,k 28d95%(MPa)
RH F.1.1-4 40% RH 90%
RH (%)
sc sc =5.0
405
h (mm) , h = 2 A / u A u
;
RH 0 =100%
h0 =100mm
t1 =1d
f cmo =10MPa
F.2.2
C20-C50 0 (F.2.1-2)
F.2.2
70% RH 90%
40% RH 70%
midas FEA
hmm
hmm
100
200
300
600
100
200
300
600
3.90
3.50
3.31
3.03
2.83
2.65
2.56
2.44
3.33
3.00
2.82
2.59
2.41
2.26
2.19
2.08
14
2.92
2.62
2.48
2.27
2.12
1.99
1.92
1.83
28
2.56
2.30
2.17
1.99
1.86
1.74
1.69
1.60
60
2.21
1.99
1.88
1.72
1.61
1.51
1.46
1.39
90
2.05
1.84
1.74
1.59
1.49
1.39
1.35
1.28
1
2-20- +40
3 C40 C50
32.4 f ck MPa
f ck
4 40% RH 70% RH =55%
70% RH 90% RH =80%
406
(5)
<> p118-121
< >
y
c = f c ( t' ) / Eci ( t,t' )
1
( t,t' )
+
'
Eci
Eci ( t )
( t,t' ) = 0 c ( t t' )
c ( t ,t' ) = f c ( t' )
RH = 1 +
( f cu ) =
( t' ) =
midas FEA
0 = RH ( f cu ) ( t' )
1 0.01RH
0.10 3 h
16.8
f cu
1
0.1 + ( t' )0.2
( t t' )
'
H + ( t t
c ( t t' ) =
H = 1.5 1 + ( 0.012RH )
h=
18
0.3
} h + 250 1500
2 Ac
u
cc
c (t )
: (t )
: 28
Eci
(t , t )
: notional creep coeeicient
f cu
: 28( MPa )
407
: (%)
RH
: ( mm )
Ac
: ( mm 2 )
: ( mm )
: (day)
: (day )
sh ( t,ts ) = sho s ( t ts )
sho = s ( f cu ) RH
midas FEA
s ( f cu ) = 160 + 10 sc 9
RH
f cu
10 6
10
RH 3
1.55 1
( 40% RH 99%)
=
100
( RH 99%)
0.25
s ( t ts ) =
cs (t , ts )
( t ts )
0.035h 2 + ( t ts )
: ( ts )( t )
cso
s (t ts )
sc
sc = 4 2
sc = 5 1, 5
sc = 6 3
2003,p38~p44
408
< ACI209 (1995) >

y
c ( t,t' ) = c ( t' )
J( t,t' ) =
1
1 + ( t,t' )
Eci ( t' )
( t t' )0.6
u
10 + ( t t' )0.6
u = 2.35Ccu Ch Ct Cs C f Ca
( t,t' ) =
1) ( Ccu )
midas FEA
1.25( t ' )0.118 (moist cured)

Ccu =
' 0.094
(steam cured)
1.13( t )
2) ( Ch )
1.27 0.0067 H (H > 40 )
Ch =
(H 40 )
1.0
3) -( Ct )
Ct =
2
1 + 1.13e 0.0213 v / s
3
(unit : mm)
4) Cs )
CS = 0.82 + 0.00264 S
(unit : mm)
5) ( C f )
C f = 0.88 + 0.0024
6) ( Ca )
Ca = 0.46 + 0.09 A 1.0
409
t'
: (%)
: -
v/s
S
: (%)
midas FEA
( t t0 )
35 + ( t t
0
sh ( t,t0 ) =
( t t0 )
55 + ( t t0
)
)
sh ,u
( )
sh ,u
( )
sh ,u = 780 10 6 Csh
Csh = Ccp Ch Ct Cs C f Ca Cc
1) ( Ccp )
()
14
28
90
( Ccp )
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.93
0.86
0.75
2) ( Ch )
1.40 0.010H ( 40 H 80 )
Ch =
3.00 0.030H (80 H 100 )
3) -( Ct )
Ct = 1.2e 0.00472 v / s (unit : mm)

4) ( Cs )
CS = 0.89 + 0.00161S
410
(unit : mm)
5) ( C f )
0.30 + 0.014 ( 50 )
Cf =
0.90 + 0.002 ( 50 )
6) ( Ca )
Ca = 0.95 + 0.008 A
7) ( Cc )
Cc = 0.75 + 0.00061C
sh,u
: to
:
to
: (day)
: (%)
v/s
midas FEA
sh ( t,t0 )
(unit : kg/m3)
: -
: (%)
: ( kg/m3 )
ACI committee 209, 1992 , Materials and general properties of concrete

prediction
of
creep,
shrinkage
and
temperature
effects
in
concrete
structures.
ACI manual of concrete practice 1995, Part I, 209R-6~209R-9
411
< CEB-FIP Model Code 90 >
cc ( t,t0 ) = c ( t0 ) / Eci ( t,t0 )

( t,t0 ) = 0 c ( t t0 )
0 = RH ( f cm ) ( t0 )
0 = RH ( f cm ) ( t0 )
RH = 1 +
1 RH / RH o
0.46( h / h0 )1 / 3
( f cm ) =
5.3
( f cm / f cmo )0.5
midas FEA
( t0 ) =
h=
1
0.1 + ( to / t1 )0.2
2 Ac
u
( t to ) / t1
c ( t to ) =
H + ( t to ) / t1
0.3
18

RH h
H = 150 1 + 1.2
+ 250 1500
RH o ho

cc
c (to )
: 28
Eci
(t , to )
f cm
: 28( MPa ), f cmo = 10 MPa
RH
412
: (to )
: , RH o = 100%
: ho = 100 mm
Ac
: ( mm 2 )
: ( mm )
to
: (day)
: (day), t1 = 1day
cs ( t ,t s ) = cso s ( t t s )
cso = s ( f cm ) RH
s ( f cm ) = [160 + 10 sc ( 9 f cm / f cmo )] 10 6
RH = 1.55 sRH ( 40% RH 99%)
RH = +0.25
( RH 99%)
RH
RH o
( t t s ) / t1
s ( t ts ) =
2
350( h / ho ) + ( t t s ) / t1
cs (t , ts )
midas FEA
sRH = 1
0.5
: ( ts )( t )
cso
s (t ts )
sc
sc = 4 Slowly hardening cements

sc = 5 Normal or Rapid hardening cements
sc = 8 Rapid hardening high strength cements
COMITE EURO-INTERNATIONAL DU ETON, 1991
CEB-FIP Model Code, p53~p58
413
< >
y
cc' = cp' / Ect

'
cc
( t,t' ,t0 ) = 1 e 0.09( t t
'
) 0.6
cr'
'
cr' = bc' + dc
bc' = 15( C + W )2.0 (W / C )2.4 (log e t' )0.67

'
= 4500( C + W )1.4 (W / C )4.2 [log e (V / S / 10 )]
dc
midas FEA
2.2
cc'
cp'
Ect
: ( 10
10
/( N / mm2 ) )
bc'
: ( 10
'
dc
: ( 10
10
10
/( N / mm2 ) )
/( N / mm 2 ) )
3
3
3
: ( kg / m ) ( 260 kg / m C 500 kg / m )
3
3
3
: ( kg / m ) ( 130 kg / m C 230 kg / m )
W /C
: ( 40% C 65% )
RH
: ( 45% C 80% )
: ( mm3 )
: ( mm 2 )
V /S
: -( mm ) ( 100 mm V / S 300 mm )
t0
: (day)
t
t
414
'
cr
( 1 RH / 100 )0.36 t00.30
'
: (day)
: (day)
cs' ( t,t0 ) = 1 e 0.108( t t0 )
0.56
'
sh
sh' = 50 + 78 1 e( RH / 100 ) + 38 log e W 5 [log e (V / S / 10 )]
sh' (t , t0 )
: t0 t
5
( 10 )
5
: ( 10 )
sh'
midas FEA
< (812) >

y
cc = c / Ect
( t ,t0 ) = d 0 d ( t t0 ) + f 0 f ( t ) f ( t0 )
Ac
u
hth =
cc
2
: ( N / mm )
Ec
2
: ( N / mm )
d 0
d (t t0 ) : d 0 (2.5.6)
f 0
f (t )
RH
:
: f 0 (2.5.7)
: ( 45% C 80% )
: (2.5.1)
415
Ac
: ( mm 2 )
: ( mm )
hth
: ( mm )
t0
: (day)
: (day)
1.00
midas FEA
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
01
4 6810
100
1,000
10,000
2.5.6 d 0 ( d (t t0 ) )
1.80
mm
50
= 00
h th 1
2 00
0
40
0
80 mm
00
16
=
h
ht
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
1.85
1.70
1.55
1.40
1.25
1.12
0.40
0.20
0
1
4 6 810
100
1,000
2.5.7 f 0 ( f (t ) )
416
10,000
f 0
0.8
60
90%
1.3
10
70%
2.0
40%
3.0
2.5.1 f 0
y
cs ( t ,t0 ) = s0 s ( t t0 )
cs (t , t0 )
s (t )
midas FEA
so
: t0 t
90%
70%
40%
so
- 10 10-5
+ 10 10-5
+ 25 10-5
+ 50 10-5
2.5.2 so
417
m
m
50
1.6
1.9
100
1.5
1.2
200
1.05
0.8
0
40
mm
0
8 0 160 0
h th
0.4
h th =
10
100
1,000
midas FEA
2.5.8 ( s )
812
(IIII)p37~p44
418
10,000
0.8
0.75
0.7
2-6
(cr
ack ratio)
midas FEA
-
- /
-
- (crack ratio)
=/
419
midas FEA

1-1
(contact analysis)
(general contact)(weld contact)
ABA(master body)
B(slave body)
(slave node)
midas FEA
(master surface)
midas FEA(penalty method)
(penalty spring)
423
1-2 (Contact search)

midas FEA
(1) (global search)

(bucket sort)
(2) (local search)(contact surface)
(3) (contact search)
1-2-1
N
N ( N 1) / 2
l 2 = xi x j
) +( y y ) +(z z )
2
(1.2.1)
midas FEA
(bucket)
27
3N
9N
27 N
1 , N
1 , N
1
N
NBx
NBx NBy
NBx NBy NBz
NBx , NBy , NBz
424
: xyz
(1.2.2)
midas FEA
(contact point)
1-2-2
(maste
r surface)
ci+1
ns
x sr
s
midas FEA
xm
ci
Z
Y
1.2.1
1.2.1 ns x s x m
x s = { xs
x mi = { xmi
zs }
ys
ymi
(1.2.3)
zmi }
(1.2.4)
i ( = 1, 2,3, 4 ) nm
x m = { xm
ym
zm }
(1.2.5)
nm ns x sm
425
x sm = x s x m
(1.2.6)
x sm s
s = x sm ( x sm m ) m
(1.2.7)
ci , ci+1
: i
: ci , ci+1
ci ci+1
ci ci+1
( ci s ) ( ci ci+1 ) > 0
( ci s ) ( s ci+1 ) > 0
1-2-3
midas FEA
426
(1.2.8)
midas FEA
(1.2.8) nm si
ns
4
r
Z
xm
midas FEA
X
1.2.2
ns
u s = {us
u mi = {umi
ws }
vs
vmi
(1.2.9)
wmi }
(1.2.10)
nm N i ( i = 1, 2,3, 4 )
i =1
i =1
i =1
xm = N i xmi , ym = N i ymi , zm = N i zmi
(1.2.11)
nm
x = ( xs
x m1
p = (us
u m1 u m 2
xm2
xm3
xm4 )
(1.2.12)
um3 um 4 )
427
x m x sm
4
x m = x m , + x m , + N i I u mi
(1.2.13)
i =1
x sm = x s x m = u s x m , + x m , + N i I u i
(1.2.14)
x m ,
N i , x mi
i =1
x m ,
N i , x mi
x m = x m , + x m , + C p
(1.2.15)
x sm = F p ( x m , + x m , )
(1.2.16)
: 0 N1I
: I N1I N 2I N 3I N 4I
N 2I
N 3I
N 4I
x m
x m , = x m , + C, p
(1.2.17)
x m , = x m , + C, p
(1.2.18)
ns nm x m x sm x m ,
x m ,
428
midas FEA
i =1
a = x m , T x sm = 0
(1.2.19)
b = x m , T x sm = 0
(1.2.20)
-(Newton-Raphson)
a = x m, T F p x m, x m , + x smT ( x m, + C, p )
(1.2.21)
b = x m , T F p x m, x m, + x smT ( x m, + C, p )
(1.2.22)
midas FEA
( , ) p = 0
a = x m, T x m , x m, + x smT ( x m, )
(1.2.23)
b = x m , T x m , x m, + x smT ( x m , )
(1.2.24)
a = D
(1.2.25)
: { a b}
: AT A + x smT x m ,
: x m, x m,
0 1
1 0
{d
d}
(Truncated Taylor series) ( , )

ai+1 = ai + D i = 0
(1.2.26)
429
ai
{x
m ,
x sm
x m , T x sm
(contact force)
g N
g N = nT x sm
(1.2.27)
x sm
x sm
n=
: g N
si
f s = g N ki n i
(1.2.28)
ki = f si
K i Ai2
Vi
: si
Ki
: (bulk modulus)
Ai
: si
Vi
f si
: (0.1)
(1.2.28) (1.2.29)
f mi = N i ( , ) f s
(1.2.29)
i = 1, 2,3, 4
430
midas FEA
ns si
1-3
1-3-1
midas
FEA(symmetric
weld
contact)
(symmetric general contact)midas FEA
(stiffness scale factor)

(static friction coefficient)midas FEA
midas FEA
(symmetric weld contact)
(symmetric general contact)
1-3-2
midas FEA
431
midas FEA

1-1
--
S-N-
S-N(constant amplitude)(reverse loading)
(stress amplitude, S)(cycle to failure,
N)
(.
) S-N
()(damage)
midas FEA
S-N
S-NS-N
(variable amplitude)
(Rainflow-counting)S-N
435
1-2
1.2.1(stress amplitude, a )(mean
stress, m )
a =
m =
max min
(1.2.1)
max + min
(1.2.2)
midas FEA
stress
stress
a
max
a
max
min
t
min
m = 0
1.2.1
-1.2.2S-N
436
a
Su
Se
Miner
Haibach
endurance limit
modified Miner
Cycle to failure (Log N)
1.2.2 S-N
1.2.2 Su Se MinerS-N
midas FEA
(endurance limit)Miner
1000-midas
FEAMinerS-N
S-N ( Su )90%1000
( Se = 0.5Su )(cycles at endurance)
MinerS-N
437
S 1000 = 0.9 S u
Se
S
u
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
S e = 0.5 S u
0.6
0.5
0.4
2
Life to failure (Log N)
1.2.3 S-N
1.2.3S-NbS
midas FEA
b=
( log S log Se )
log N e log N
(1.2.3)
S b
N = Ne
Se
-
-
-
-
-
438
(1.2.4)
1-3
1.3.1 a m
m Su Se Hai
gh1.3.1
Su
Su
N=1
m = 0
Se
0
10
10
10
10
midas FEA
N+
m +
Se
N
Su
1.3.1
GoodmanGerber1.3.2
Goodman (England, 1899)
Gerber (Germany, 1874)
Se
m
Su
=1
2

+ m =1
S e Su
(1.3.1)
(1.3.2)
439
a
Se
Gerber
Goodman
Compressive mean stress
Su
1.3.2
midas FEA
max = 758.42MPa min = 68.95MPa Su = 1034.21MPa

a = 344.74MPa m = 413.69MPa
Goodman Se = 574.57MPa Se
440
1-4
S-N(fully reversed bending)
(endurance limit) S e S e
S-N
- (component size and shape)

- (loading type)
- (surface finish)
- (surface treatment)
midas FEA
- (temperature)
- (environment)
Se = SeCsizeCsur ...
(1.4.1)
Kf =
( CsizeCload Csur ...)
(1.4.2)
1.4.1S-N
S-N1.4.1
441
S1000 = 0.9 Su
Stress Amplitude
Se
Se (modified - endurance limit)
N1000
Ne
Life to failure (Log N)
1.4.1 S-N
midas FEA
1-4-1
Csize = 1.0 ( d 8mm )
(1.4.3)
Csize = 1.189d 0.097 ( 8mm d 250mm )
(1.4.4)
d eq
d eq2 = 0.65wt
442
(1.4.5)
1-4-2
S1000 Se S1000
Measured Loading
Target Loading
Cload
Axial to
Bending
1.25
Axial to
Torsion
0.725
Bending to
Torsion
0.58
Bending to
Axial
0.8
Torsion to
Axial
1.38
Torsion to
Bending
1.72
midas FEA
1.4.1 S1000
Se
1.4.2 Se
Measured Loading
Target Loading
Cload
Axial to
Torsion
0.82
Bending to
Torsion
0.82
Torsion to
Axial
1.22
Torsion to
Bending
1.22
443
1-4-3
(polished) (Forged)
( R A , the root mean square)(AA, arithmetic average)

Csur (surface factor) Su (tensile Strength)
midas FEA
1.4.2
1.4.2
1-4-4
(mechanical)(thermal)
(plating)
444
(mechanical treatment)
(shot peening)
max
Tension
MB
MB
- max
Compression
(a)
midas FEA
R
(b)
max - R
MB
MB
- max +R
(c)
1.4.3
1.4.3
(short peening)
1.5-2.0
445
(plating treatment)
(thermal treatment)
(decarbonization)
midas FEA
1-4-5
(creep)
(anneali
ng)
1-4-6
(corrosion-fatigue)
446
1-5
S-N(constant amplitude)
(variable amplitude)
S-N
midas FEA
A ( i 1) A ( i + 1) A ( i ) A ( i + 2 )
(1.5.1)
A ( i 1) A ( i + 1) A ( i ) A ( i + 2 )
(1.5.2)
midas FEA
S(1.5.1)1.5.1
(1.5.2)1.5.1
A(i+2)
A(i-1)
A(i+1)
A(i)
S
A(i+1)
A(i)
A(i+2)
A(i-1)
t
1.5.1
1.5.2 S1 S 2 S 3
Miner
447
S1
S1
S2
S2
S3
t
S3
1.5.2
midas FEA
1.5.3(stress spectrum)
S
S2
S3
S-N Curve
S1
n2
S2
n3
S3
n1
n2
n3
S1
n1
N2
N3
N1
1.5.3
Di =
ni
Ni
(1.5.3)
ni
448
: i
Ni
i =1
i =1
ni
Ni
(1.5.4)
midas FEA
Dtotal = Di =
449
1-6
midas FEA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. S-N
6.
7. Miner
midas FEA
8.
450
CFD
midas FEA
CFD
| CFD
CFD
1-1
(Computational Fluid Dynamics : CFD)
()CFD
midas
FEA
Favre(density weighted)
(steady state)(unsteady)
(density based)(finite volume method)
midas FEA
(far-field)
(solid wall)
(symmetric)
q : (wall function)
k SST(Shear Stress Transport)

k BSL(Base Line)
453
midas FEA
Navier-StokesFavreRANS(Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes)
CFD
1-2 RANS
RANS
W E F Ev Fv
+
+
=
+
+S
t
x y
x
y
(1.2.1)
: { , u , v, e, s1 , s2 }
E F x y (inviscid)(flux) Ev Fv
E = { u , u 2 + p, uv, (e + p)u , us1 , us2 }
(1.2.2)
F = { v, uv, v 2 + p, (e + p )v, vs1 , vs2 }
(1.2.3)
midas FEA
s
s
Ev = 0, xx , xy , x , ( m + S 1t ) 1 , ( m + S 2 t ) 2
x
x
(1.2.4)
s
s
Fv = 0, yx , yy , y , ( m + S 1t ) 1 , ( m + S 2 t ) 2
y
(1.2.5)
ij , i
m , t
s1 s2 S
(source term)
454
| CFD
1
2
midas FEACoakley q Menter
k BSL/SST q (turbulent velocity) q

(specific dissipation rate)
(turbulence kinetic energy) k (turbulent dissip
ation rate)
s1 = q = k , s2 = =
(1.2.6)
Menter k BSL/SST k k
k k k BSL/SST
(1.2.7)
midas FEA
s1 = k , s2 = =
k BSL k (free stream)

k SST(adverse
pressure gradient)
(1.2.1)
(local preconditioning method)
(1.2.1)(primitive variable)
3
midas FEAWeissSmith
Q E F Ev Fv
+
+
=
+
+S
t x y
x
y
(1.2.8)
Coakley, T.J., Turbulence Modeling Methods for the Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations,
AIAA paper 83-1693, 1983

2
Menter, F.R., Two-Equation Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models for Engineering
Applications, AIAA Jorunal, Vol. 32, 1994

3
Weiss, J.M and Smith, W.A., Preconditioning Applied to Variable and Constant Density
Flows, AIAA Journal, Vol. 33, 1995
455
CFD
{ p, u, v, T , s1 , s2 }
(1.2.8) Q / t = 0
midas FEARANS(non-dimensionalize)
midas FEA
(1.2.1)
456
| CFD
1-3
(1.2.8)
Q
+ F = Fv + S
t
(1.3.1)
1.3.1(computational cell)
(divergence theorem)
d
QdV + F nd = Fv nd + SdV
V
dt V
(1.3.2)
midas FEA1.3.1
midas FEA
dQ ( i , j )
dt
+R=0
(1.3.3)
1.3.1
R F c
457
CFD
R=
1
V( i , j )
( F c n) + S ( i , j )
(1.3.4)
4
Roe F c
(entropy correction)(wiggle)
6
(upwind difference) van Leer

MUSCL(extrapolation)limiter
midas FEA
Roe, R.L., Approximate Riemann Solvers, Parameter Vectors and Difference Schemes, J. of
Comp. Physics, Vol. 43, 1981

6
van Leer, B., Towards the Ultimate Conservative Difference Scheme. V. A Second Order
Sequel to Godunovs Method, J. of Comp. Physics, Vol. 32, 1976
458
| CFD
1-4
Q p (1.2.1)

Q
+ R n +1 + (1 )R n = 0
(1.4.1)
midas FEA = 1 R n +1
[D +
( A + B)]Q = R n
V
(1.4.2)
D = K
midas FEA
(1.4.3)
: (Jacobian)
: i 1/ 2 F
: j 1/ 2 F c
K midas FEA
(1.4.2) - AF-ADI ,
Approximate Factorization-Alternative Direction Implicit)
[D +
A ]D1[D +
B]Q = R n
V
V
(1.4.4)
(block tri-diagonal)
459
CFD
1-5
AF-ADI7
2(A-Stable)(2-parameter family)
8
W n W n 1
+ R n +1 + (1 )R n = 0
(1 + )
2 t
2 t
(1.5.1)
midas FEA = 1, = 1
midas FEA
3 W 1 W n 1
Q l
+
+ R l +1 = 0
2 t
2 t
(1.5.2)
W = W l +1 W l
(1.5.3)
: (iteration)(index)
R l +1
[D +

( A + B)]Q = R
V
(1.5.4)
D
3
D= M
+ K
2 t
(1.5.5.)
Merkle, C.L. and Athavale, M., Time-Accurate Unsteady Incompressible Flow Algorithm
Based on Artificial Compressibility, AIAA paper 87-1137

8
Beam, R.M. and Warming, R.F., Implicit Numerical Methods for the Compressible Navier
Stokes and Euler Equations, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics Lecture Series, 1982-04,
1982
460
| CFD
l
n
n
n 1
= 3 W W 1 W W + Rl
R
2
t
2
t
(1.5.6)

R
: Q W
= 0
R
W l +1 = W l = W n +1
(1.5.7)
midas FEA
(1.5.4)AF-ADI
461
CFD
1-6
Navier-Stokes(convection)(diffusion)

1
1
1
=
+
h p
(1.6.1)
h CFL p .(von Neumann

)CFL.10.05.0
RoeRiemannmi
das FEARoe
midas FEA
(numerical viscosity)
= , if 1
1
+ 1}, if < 1
2 1
2
= {
(1.6.2)
1 = 0.0~0.25(dissipative)
0.050.0
midas FEA
(laminar)
462
| CFD
1-7 CFD
midas FEA
(aerodynamic coefficient)
[ sec1 ]
: u, v
[ m / sec ]
: p
[ N / m2 ]
: turb
[ N sec/ m 2 ]
: KEturb [ m 2 / sec2 ] uturb / U [ % ]
midas FEA
turb /
: C
L
: C
D
: C
M
463
midas FEA
midas FEA
Angshuman
Maziar

FEA第二册 分析与计算原理

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FEA第二册 分析与计算原理

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FEA第二册分析与计算原理

FEA第二册分析与计算原理