Physics 1003

Lecture 11
Midterm Review Lecture
YUNG TszKit
Email: tkyungaa@ust.hk
Office: 4125;
Tel: 2358 8529

Ng Ka Long Gary
Email: klgng@ust.hk
Office 4469;
Tel. 3469 2264;

Q&A session:
19:00 - 21:00 in Rm 5619
19 Oct. Monday
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Mid-term examination
7:30pm to 9:00pm, 22 October (Thursday)
(No entry to the venue until 7:25pm)

Closed-book:
No access of lecture notes of any kind;
You can bring one A4-size cheat sheet (2 sides, either handwriting notes or electronic typing notes are allowed; only for
individual-base use, no copying is allowed.)
You need to bring a calculator, a ruler, pencils, pens, and your
Student ID.
Your notebook computer, iPad, tablet, mobile phone, etc. must
remain silent and stored inside your bags during examination.

Two types of questions

Multiple choices
Problems (computational/short questions, or getting information
from a diagram, a graph, or a table)
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 Seating plan for the exam will be posted in the

course web (regarding which lecture theatre or
classroom you should go). The seat numbers
will be posted outside the lecture theatres about
20 minutes before the exam.
You may not allowed to take the exam if you are
late by more than 30 min.

You cannot leave the exam room after 8:45pm.

Please remain seated while the exam answer
sheets and scripts are collected and counted.
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Multiple-Choice Questions
If you are correct, you GET 5 marks. If you
are wrong, you LOSE 1 mark.
If you do not answer, no marks will be
awarded or deducted.
Problems

If you are correct, you GET the specified

marks. If you are wrong, you do not get any
mark, but no marks will be deducted.

PHYS1003 (Fall 2015) Midterm Examination

Date: 22 Oct. 2015 (Thursday)
Time: 19:30 21:00
This is a closed-book examination.
Name:

Student ID:

Section I score

Section II
(100)

score

Total
(100)

score
(200)

Questions

Marks

I (MC)
II (A)
II (B)
II (C)
II (D)
II (E)
Total

Examination coverage
Lectures L1 L10

Related chapters in MacKays

Sustainable Energy
Homework
Lecture demos

Videos

Numbers, not adjectives (MacKay)

Personalized numbers: kWh/d-p
Accurate to within 10%
You should remember some numbers, but NOT all
the numbers.

Which numbers? (below shows some examples)

Benchmark numbers
Energy efficiency of an individual driving a car:
80 kWh/100 p-km
Energy content of oil (petrol, diesel): 46 MJ/kg
Hong Kong as a benchmark
Population: ~7 million
Population density: ~ 6400 people/km2
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Energy consumption
Muscle power and machine power, energy
kW, MW, hp, video: human muscle power (W. Lewin, MIT)
MJ, kWh, 1 kWh per day = 40W

Energy consumption per capita per day

Hong Kong 80 kWh/p-d

Machine power and prim movers

Otto engine, Diesel engine, jet engine
Steam turbines, electric generators, motors
power output of a jet engine can be larger than the power
provided by 100,000 horses.

Population Growth
World population, population density
1800 1
billion
1900 1.65 billion
2000 6
billion
2011 7
billion

From poor & sick to rich & healthy

Doubling time, exponential increase
Compound interest : yearly rate r
amount A obtained from a principal P after n years: A = P(1 + r)n
Exponential growth: N = N0ert,
N obtained from N0 after t periods (years) at a rate r.
Rule of 70, doubling time and rate of increase
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Fossil fuels
provide 80% of the worlds TPES (total primary energy supply)

Coal
Formation, classification
40% electricity generated from coal
Coal in China
Mining, coal ash, particulates, acid rain

Crude oil, natural gas

Energy density, toe
Oil for transport by cars, ships and planes
Oil/natural gas production and transport ships and pipelines
Oil spill
Hubbert peak/curve,
Fracking

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Temperature, heat and thermal energy

Energy content of fuels

Microscopic view of heat
Temperature, scale and unit
Heat energy, heat conduction and heat transfer
Heat and infrared radiation

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Thermodynamics and heat engine

Ideal gas
work done by gas W dependent on process or path taken in p-V
diagram,
W of different processes,
Demo: adiabatic compression, fire syringe

Thermodynamics
1st Law: Q = U + W, U = constant T
2nd Law: S = QC / TC Qh / Th 0
Degradation of energy

Thermodynamics of heat engine

1st Law: Qh = Qc+ W, 2nd Law: Qc / Tc Qh / Th
Demo: Stirling engine

Efficiency of Carnot cycle

isothermal expansion adiabatic expansion isothermal
compression adiabatic compression
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Carnot = W / Qh = 1 Qc / Qh =1 Tc / Th ; Other cycles < 1 Tc / Th

 We can indeed steal some

heat energy to do work by
using heat engine.
We can also reverse the heat
flow by using heat pump.
The Laws of Thermodynamics
tell us how successful we are:
the 1st Law
it is not possible to get
more than the total heat
energy.
the 2nd Law
it is only possible to take
some of the heat energy.

High temp
heat energy

Heat
engine

High quality
mechanical
energy W

Low temp
heat energy

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by cars

From : David MacKay

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16

 Spark ignited Otto 4-stroke petrol engine

Chemical energy of fuel thermal energy
mechanical energy
This conversion is about 25% in efficiency.
Video: potato cannon

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Transportation in Hong Kong:

Public transport or private cars
Hong Kong
1100 km2, 7 million, nominal/effective population density 6400/km2
2000 km of road, 680,000 vehicles

Public transport, not private cars

12 million passenger journeys per day
Number of passengers in
MTR: 4.8 million
Franchized buses: 3.8 million
Mini-buses: 1.9 million
Taxis: 1.3 million
Relative number of passengers per unit energy
MTR > public-buses > taxis> car

Car ownership, GDP

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Transportation of cargo
Diesel engine
high compression ratio
largest diesel engine for container ships
27 m 13.5 m, 2,300 ton, 80 MW (5.8 MW 14)
high thermal efficiency > 50%

Super oil tankers

Oil Tankers transporting 2.3 billion tonnes of oil in 2004
Shipping cost : Low transportation cost, 5-10% of oils added value

Huge container ships

Containerization
Emma Maersk, the largest container ship
Energy efficiency: It propels the Emma Maersk to travel 66 km using 1
kWh of energy per ton of cargo. For comparison, a jumbo jet travels 0.5
km per kWh of energy per ton of cargo.

Container ports
Large container port handling more than 20 million TEU per year
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Air transportation
Lift
Thrust
Drag
Weight

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Air transportation
Jet planes
Energy cost: 30 kWh/ p-day (MacKays simple calculation)
Range (non-stop flying) of plane or bird > 10,000 km
0.45 (747) to 0.5 (bird) of the flying mass is fuel
* Air freight transport cost : 1.6 kWh/ton-km
(MacKays simple model gives 1.2 kWh/ton-km)
Container freight transport cost : 0.015 kWh/ton-km
Bernoulli principle
Energy conservation, v , P
Gas turbine / Jet engine
a different mode of internal combustion engine
more efficient and powerful
efficiency is about 36%
Airports and safety
Death per year: less than one thousand
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Sample questions
Section I: Multiple Choices:
Please answer in the answer sheet provided.
If you are correct, you get 5 marks for each question. If
you are wrong, you LOSE 1 mark.
If you do not answer, no marks will be awarded or
deducted.
(1) A heat engine is operating between the temperatures of 227C and 0C. Its highest
possible efficiency is (after rounding off)
(A) Heat engines does not operate if the low temperature part is at 0C
(B) 30 %,
(C) 45 %
(D) 100 %
(E) None of the above
(2) The most dominant use of coal is for
(A) transportation
(B) space heating
(C) making steel
(D) making fertilizers
(E) electricity generation
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1. A heat engine is operating between the temperatures of

227C and 0C. Its highest possible efficiency is
(A) Heat engines does not operate if the low
temperature part is at 0C
(B) 30 %,
(C) 45 %
(D) 100 %
(E) None of the above

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Answer: C

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2. The most dominant use of coal is for

(A) transportation
(B) space heating
(C) making steel
(D) making fertilizers
(E) electricity generation

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Answer: E

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3. Fossil fuels are the main source of energy in the world because
(I) they are cheap
(II) they have high energy density
(III) they are easy and relatively safe to transport and store
(IV) they are so abundant that they can last for more than ten
thousands of years from now
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

Only (I) (II) (IV) are correct

Only (I) (II) (III) are correct
Only (I) (III) (IV) are correct
Only (II) (III) (IV) are correct
All are correct

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Answer: B

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4. Thrust provided by the jet engines keeps an aircraft moving

through the air. The thrust changes during different phases of the
flight: taking-off, climbing, cruising, decelerating, landing. The
magnitude of the thrust, in descending order is
(A) landing, cruising, climbing, decelerating, taking-off
(B) decelerating, climbing, taking-off, landing, cruising
(C) cruising, landing, taking-off, climbing, decelerating
(D) taking-off, decelerating, cruising, climbing, landing
(E) taking-off, climbing, cruising, decelerating, landing

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Answer: E

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Information from a diagram

The four strokes AB, BC, CD
and DA in an Otto cycle are
shown in the diagram on the
left. AB is an adiabatic
contraction and BC is a heat
input process at constant
volume which results in the rise
of pressure and temperature.

1. Find the entropy change in

the contraction stroke AB.
2. Identify the power stroke.
3. Explain in one sentence what
happens during the power
stroke regarding V and P.
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Answer:
1. For an adiabatic process, there is no heat change, thus
entropy change is zero
2. CD is the power stroke.
3. The volume increases from V2 to V1, the pressure
decreases.
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Information from a graph

People Injured & Injury Rates per 100 Million VMT
per Year in the USA, 1988 - 2008

VMT = vehicle miles traveled

(1) Find the total VMT in 2003. (Solve it by yourselves)

(2) Find the VMT per person in 2003, assuming the US population
was 300 million. (Solve it by yourselves)

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Short questions
1. Write down the two prime movers of globalization
mentioned by Smil.
2. Assuming the doubling time of electricity generation is
10 years, find the average annual compound growth
rate.
3. The container throughput went from 88 million TEU in
1990 to 530 million TEU in 2008, find the average
annual compound growth rate.

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Short questions
1. Write down the two prime movers of globalization mentioned by Smil.
2. Assuming the doubling time of electricity generation is 10 years, find the
average annual compound growth rate.
3. The container throughput went from 88 million TEU in 1990 to 530
million TEU in 2008, find the average annual compound growth rate.

Answers:
1. Diesel engine and gas turbine (jet engine).
2. From rule of 70, growth rate = 70/10 = 7 %

3. Compound growth rate, r, can be calculated as:

530 = 88 (1 + r)18,
(1 + r) = (530/88)1/18 1.105, r = 10.5%
Also admissible: 530 = 88 e18r, 18r = ln(530/88), r 10%
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