Probability Jee Adv

M.R.
S FIITJEE COIMBATORE
MATHEMATICS
PROBABILITY
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Multiple choice Questions with One Correct Answer

1.
2.
You are given a box with 20 cards in it. 10 of these cards have the letter I printed on them. The
other ten have the letter T printed on them. if you pick up 3 cards at random and keep them in the
same order, the probability of making the word IIT is
(A)
9
80
(B)
1
8
(C)
4
27
(D
5
38
In a box containing 100 bulbs, 10 are defective. If 5 bulbs are drawn one after another with
replacement, then the probability that none is defective, is
(A) 10
9
(C)
10
3.
4.
5.
1
(B)
2
10
(D
In suffling a pack of cards 3 are accidentally dropped, then the chance that missing card should
be of different suits is
(A)
169
425
(B)
261
425
(C)
104
425
(D)
103
.
425
A five digit number is formed by the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8. The probability that the number has
even digit at both ends is
(A)
2
7
(B)
3
7
(C)
4
7
(D
5
7
Two bags contain 3 white, 2 black and 2 white, 4 black balls respectively. A ball is chosen at
random then the probability of its being black is
(A)
8
15
(B)
2
3
(C)
6
4
(D)
7
.
15
M.R.S FIITJEE COIMBATORE
PROBABILITY
MATHEMATICS
6.
Two events A and B have probabilities 0.25 and 0.50 respectively. The probability that both
A and B occur simultaneously is 0.14. Then the probability that neither A nor B occurs is
(A) 0.39
(B) 0.25
(C) 0.11
(D) 0.27
7.
Two fair dice are tossed. Let x be the event that the first die shows an even number and y be the
event that the second die shows an odd number. The two events x and y are :
(A) mutually exclusive
(B) independent and mutually exclusive
(C) dependent
(D) none of these
8.
The probability that an event A happens in one trial of an experiments is 0.4. Three independent
trials of the experiment are performed. The probability that the event A happens at least once is
(A) 0.936
(B) 0.784
(C) 0.904
(D) 0.90
9.
A team of 8 couples, (husband and wife) attend a lucky draw in which 4 persons picked up for a
prize. The probability that there is at least one couple is
(A) 11/39
(B) 15/39
(C) 14/39
(D) 12/39
10.
Five boys and three girls are seated at random in a row. The probability that no boy sits between
two girls is
11.
(A)
1
56
(B)
1
8
(C)
3
28
(D)
3
.
56
In a convex hexagon two diagonals are drawn at random. The probability that the diagonals intersect
at an interior point of the hexagon is
(A)
5
12
(B)
7
12
2
1
(D)
.
5
12
4 five-rupee coins, 3 two-rupee coins and 2 one-rupee coins are stacked together in column at
random. The probability that the coins of the same denomination are consecutive is
(C)
12.
(A)
13
9!
(B)
1
210
1
1
(D)
.
5
35
Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. The probability of getting at least a spade
and an ace is
(C)
13.
(A)
1
34
(B)
8
221
(C)
1
26
(D)
2
.
51
MATHEMATICS
PROBABILITY
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE

LEVEL - I
Axiomatic Definition of Probability
1.
The probability that a card drawn from a pack of 52 cards will be a diamond or king is
(A)
4
52
(B)
4
13
(C)
1
52
(D
2
13

2.
Three mangoes and three apples are in box. If two fruits are chosen at random, the probability that
one is a mango and the other is an apple is
(A)
2
3
(B)
3
5
(C)
1
3
(D)
1
.
5

3.
From 4 childreen, 2 women and 4 men, 4 are selected. The probability that there are exactly 2
children among the selected is
(A)
11
21
(B)
9
21
(C)
10
21
(D)
8
.
25
Conditional Probability
4.
If A and B are two events such that P(A) > 0, and P( B) 1 , then P( A / B ) is equal to
(A) 1 P(A/B)
(C)
P(A )
P( B )
(B) 1 P( A / B )
(D)
1 P(A B)
P(B)
Set Theoretic Principles

5.
If A and B are two events, then which is not correctc
(A) P(AB ) = P(A) P(AB)
c
c
(B) P(AB ) + P(A B) = P(A B) P (AB)
(C) P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P (A B)
(D) If A and B are independent events then P(AB) = 0
Binomial Distribution
6.
India and Pakistan play a 5 match test series of hockey, the probability that India wins at least
three matches is(A)
1
2
(C)
4
5
(B)
3
5
1
(D)
3
PROBABILITY
MATHEMATICS

7.
A bag contains 3 red and 3 white balls. Two balls are drawn one by one. The probability that they
are of different colours is
(A)
3
10
(B)
2
5
(C)
3
5
(D)
1
.
5

8.
A bag contains 5 brown and 4 white socks. A man pulls out 2 sockes. The probability that they are
of the same colour is
(A)
5
108
(B)
1
6
(C)
5
18
(D)
4
9

9.
Two dice are thrown together. The probability of getting the sum of digits as a multiple of 4 is
(A)
1
9
(B)
1
3
(C)
1
4
(D)
5
9
Independent Event
10.
2
1
1
, P(A B) =
and P(A) =
then3
6
3
(A) A and B are independent events
(B) A and B are disjoint events
(C) A and B are dependent events
(D) none of the above
If P(A B) =

11.
If a person throws 3 dice, the probability of getting sum of digit exactly 15 is(A)
5
72
(B)
5
108
5
1
(D)
.
36
72
12.
If the letters of INTERMEDIATE are arranged, then the probability no two Es occur together is-
(C)
(A)
6
11
(B)
5
11
(C)
2
11
(D)
3
11
MATHEMATICS
PROBABILITY
Set Theoretic Principles

13.
Two dice are thrown together. The probability that atleast one will show its digit greater than 3 is
(A)
1
4
(B)
3
4
(C)
1
2
(D)
1
8

14.
One number is selected at random from first two hundred positive integers. The probability that it is
divisible by 6 or 8 is
(A)
1
3
(B)
2
3
3
1
(D)
4
4
15.
Four persons are selected at random out of 3 men, 2 women and 4 children. The probability that
there are exactly 2 children in the selection is
(C)
(A)
11
21
(B)
9
21
10
12
(D)
.
21
21
Set Theoretic Principle
16.
The probability that an anti aircraft gun can hit an enemy plane at the first, second and third shot
are 0.6, 0.7 and 0.1 respectively. The probability that the gun hits the plane is
(A) 0.108
(B) 0.892
(C) 0.14
(D) 0.91
17.
The probability that atleast one of the events A and B happens is 0.6. If probability of their simultaneous
(C)
happening is 0.2, then P A P B is

(A) 0.4
(B) 0.8
(C) 1.2
(D) 1.4
18.
A bag contains 5 white and 3 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random. The probability that one
ball is white and other is black will be
(A)
15
28
(B)
2
7
8
1
(D)
28
7
Total Probability Theorem
19.
A purse contains 4 copper and 3 silver coins and another purse contains 6 copper and 2 silver
coins. One coin is drawn from any one of these two purses. The probability that it is a copper coin
is
(C)
(A)
4
7
(C)
2
7
(B)
3
4
37
(D)
56
PROBABILITY
MATHEMATICS

20.
Three letters are written to different persons, and addresses on three envelopes are also written.
Without looking at the addresses, the probability that the letters go into right envelopes is
(A)
1
27
(B)
1
6
(C)
1
9
(D)
1
.
3

21.
A number is chosen at random among the first 120 natural numbers. The probability of the number
chosen being a multiple of 5 or 15 is
(A)
1
5
(B)
1
8
(C)
1
6
(D)
1
.
4
22.
One hundred identical coins, each with probability, p, of showing up heads are tossed once. If
0 < p < 1 and the probability of heads showing on 50 coins is equal to that of heads showing on 51
coins, then the value of p is
(A)
1
2
(B)
49
101
(C)
50
101
(D)
51
101

23.
A natural number is chosen at random from the first one hundred natural numbers. The probability
that
x 20 x 40 0
x 30
is
1
50
3
(C)
25
3
50
7
(D)
25
(A)
(B)

24.
If A and B are two events such that P(A B)
(A) mutually exclusive

(C) independent
25.
If
1
3
5
, P A , P(B) , then A and B are
3
4
6
(B) dependent
(D) none of these
1 3p 1 p
1 2p
,
and
are the probabilities of three mutually exclusive events, then the set
3
2
2
of all values of p is
(A)
(C) [0, 1]
1 1
(B) ,
2 3
1 2
(D) , .
3 3
MATHEMATICS
PROBABILITY
LEVEL - II
26.
For independent events A1, . . ., An, P(Ai) =

of the events will occur is
(A) n/(n + 1)
(C) 1/(n + 1)
1
, i = 1, 2, . . ., n. Then the probability that none
i 1
(B) (n 1)/(n + 1)
(D) n + ( 1/(n+1) )
Total Probability Theorem

27.
A bag contains a large number of white and black marbles in equal proportions. Two samples of 5
marbles are selected (with replacement) at random. The probability that the first sample contains
exactly 1 black marble, and the second sample contains exactly 3 black marbles, is
25
512
15
(C)
1024
(A)
(B)
15
32
(D)
35
256

28.
If two events A and B are such that P A = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4 and
B
=
A B
1
(A)
4
3
(C)
5
A B
= 0.5, then
1
5
2
(D)
5
(B)

29.
A is a set containing n elements. A subset P1 of A is chosen at random. The set A is reconstructed
by replacing the elements of P1. A subset P2 is again chosen at random. The probability that
P1 P2 contains exactly one element, is

3n
(A)
(C)
(B)
4n
3
4
(D)
3n
4n
3
.
4n

30.
The probability that in a group of N (< 365)people, at least two will have the same birthday is
(A)
365 !
1
365 N ! 365 !
(C) 1
365 N 365 !
365 N !
(B)
365 N 365 !
365 N ! 1
(D) 1
365 !
365 N ! 365 N
PROBABILITY
MATHEMATICS

31.
Let E and F be two independent events such that P(E) > P(F). The probability that both E and F
happen is
1
1
and the probability that neither E nor F happens is , then
12
2
(A) P(E) =
1
1
, P(F) =
3
4
(B) P(E) =
1
1
, P(F) =
6
2
1
12
(D) P E
1
1
, P F .
3
2
(C) P(E) = 1, P(F) =

32.
A drawn two cards at random from a pack of 52 cards. After returning them to the pack and
shuffling it, B draws two cards at random. The probability that there is exactly one common card,
is
(A)
5
546
(B)
50
663
(C)
25
663
(D)
25
.
273
Bayes Theorem
33.
A company has two plants to manufacture televisions. Plant I manufacture 70% of televisions and
plant II manufacture 30%. At plant I, 80% of the televisions are rated as of standard quality and at
plant II, 90% of the televisions are rated as of standard quality. A television is chosen at random
and is found to be of standard quality. The probability that it has come from plant II is
(A)
17
50
(B)
27
83
(C)
3
5
(D)
9
.
83

34.
x1, x2, x3, . . . , x50 are fifty real numbers such that xr < xr + 1 for r = 1, 2, 3, . . ., 49. Five numbers
out of these are picked up at random. The probability that the five numbers have x20 as the middle
number is
20
(A)
C 2 30 C 2
50
19
(C)
C5
C 2 31 C3
50
C5
30
(B)
C2 19 C2
50
(D)
C5
C 2 30 C 2
.
49
C5

35.
If the integers m and n are chosen at random from 1 to 100, then the probability that a number of
the form 7n + 7m is divisible by 5 equals
(A)
1
4
(B)
1
2
(C)
1
8
(D)
1
.
3
MATHEMATICS
PROBABILITY
36.
The probability that a man can hit a target is
3
. He tries 5 times. The probability that he will hit
4
the target at least three times is

(A)
291
364
(B)
371
461
(C)
471
502
(D)
459
512
37.
A die is thrown 7 times. The chance that an odd number turns up at least 4 times, is
(A)
1
4
(B)
1
2
(C)
1
8
(D)
3
.
4

38.
Fifteen coupons are numbered 1,2,........15, respectively. Seven coupons are selected at random
one at a time with replacement. The probability that the largest number appearing on a selected
coupon is 9, is
9
(A)
16
3
(C)
5
8
(B)
15
7
(D) .
15
39.
India plays two matches each with West Indies and Australia. In any match the probabilities of
India getting points 0, 1 and 2 are 0. 45, 0.05 and 0.50 respectively. Assuming that the outcomes
are independent, the probability of India getting at least 7 points is
(A) 0.8750
(B) 0.0875
(C) 0.0625
(D) 0.0250
40.
Two numbers are selected at random from 40 consecutive natural numbers. The probability that the
sum of the selected numbers is odd will be
(A)
14
29
(B)
20
39
19
1
(D)
.
39
2
41.
If all letters of the word MISSISSIPPI are rearranged then the probability that all S come together
will be
(C)
(A)
1
165
(C)
8
165
(B)
4
165
2
.
165
(D)
PROBABILITY
MATHEMATICS

42.
If the letter of the word SUCCESS are arranged, then the probability that similar letters occurs
together is
(A)
(C)
4
35
1
35
(B)
3
35
(D)
2
35

43.
If two persons p1 and p2 throw a dice, the probability that p1 throws a number higher than p2 throws
is
(A)
1
2
(B)
15
36
(C)
1
36
(D)
11
.
36
44.
The probability of having at least one tail in 4 throws with a coin is(A)
15
16
(B)
1
16
1
(D) 1
4
Bayes theorem
45.
The chances of defective screws in three boxes A, B, C are 1/5, 1/6, 1/7, respectively. A box is
selected at random and a screw drawn from it at random is found to be defective. Then the probability
that it came from box A is
(A) 16/29
(B) 1/15
(C) 27/59
(D) 42/107.
46.
If the letters of the word ATTEMPT are written down at random, the chance that all Ts are consecutive
is-
(C)
(A)
1
42
(B)
6
7
1
41
(D)
.
7
42
47.
4 gentlemen and 4 ladies take seats at random round a table. The probability that they are sitting
alternately is-
(C)
(A)
4
35
(B)
1
70
2
1
(D)
35
35
48.
From a group of 10 persons consisting of 5 lawyers, 3 doctors and 2 engineers, four persons are
selected at random. The probability that the selection contains at least one of each category is-
(C)
(A)
1
2
(C)
2
3
(B)
1
3
1
.
4
(D)
MATHEMATICS
PROBABILITY

49.
A and B draw two cards each, one after another, from a pack of well shuffled pack of 52 cards. The
probability that all the four cards drawn are of the same suit is(A)
44
85 49
(B)
11
85 49
(C)
13 24
17 25 49
(D)
11
.
17 49

50.
Three numbers are chosen at random without replacement from the set A = {x | 1 x 10, x
N}. The probability that the minimum of the chosen numbers is 3 and maximum is 7, is
(A)
1
12
(B)
1
15
(C)
1
40
(D)
39
.
40
LEVEL - III
51.
Three natural numbers are taken at random from the set A ={ x| 1 x 100, x N}. The probability
that the AM of the numbers taken is 75, is
77
(A)
C2
100
C3
(C)
100
74
52.
C72
C97
25
C2
C3
(B)
100
(D)
100
75
C2
.
C3
Let S be the universal set and n(X) = k. The probability of selecting two subsets A and B of the set
X such that B A is
(A)
1
2
(B)
1
2 1
k
1
1
(D)
k
3k
2
If ten objects are distributed at random among ten persons, the probability that at least one of
them will not get anything is
(C)
53.
(A)
54.
1010 10
1010
(B)
1010 10!
1010
10!
1010 1
(C)
(D)
.
1010
1010
10 different books and 2 different pens are given to 3 boys so that each gets equal number of
things. The probability that the same boy does not receive both the pens is
(A)
5
11
(B)
7
11
(C)
2
3
(D)
6
.
11
PROBABILITY
55.
MATHEMATICS
Two distinct numbers are selected at random from the first twelve natural numbers. The probability
that the sum will be divisible by 3 is
(A)
1
3
(B)
23
66
2
1
(D)
.
3
2
The probability of a number n showing in a throw of a dice marked 1 to 6 is proportional to n. Then
the probability of the number 3 showing in a throw is
(C)
56.
(A)
1
2
(B)
1
6
1
1
(D)
.
7
21
The probability that out of 10 persons, all born in April, at least two have the same birthday is
(C)
57.
30
(A)
C10
10
30
30
(B) 1
10
(C)
58.
30 30 C10
10
30
C10
30!
10
(D)
30
30!
If one ball is drawn at random from each of the three boxes containing 3 white and 1 black, 2 white
and 2 black, 1 white and 3 black balls then the probability that 2 white and 1 black ball will be
drawn is
(A)
13
32
(B)
1
4
1
3
(D)
32
16
Four numbers are nultiplied together. Then, the probability that the product will be divisible by 5 or
10 is
(C)
59.
60.
(A)
369
625
(B)
399
625
(C)
123
625
(D)
133
.
625
In a multiple choice question there are four alternative answers of which one or more than one is
correct. A candidate will get marks on the question only if he ticks the correct answer. The
candidate decides to tick answers at random. If he is allowed up to three chances to answer the
answer the question, then the probability that he will get marks on it is
(A) 1/3
(B) 2/3
(C) 1/5
(D) 2/15.
MATHEMATICS
PROBABILITY
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE

LEVEL - I
1.
Cards are drawn one by one without replacement untill two aces are drawn. Let P(m) be the
probability that the event occurs in exactly m trials, then P(m) must be zero at
(A) m = 2
(B) m = 50
(C) m = 51
(D) m = 52
2.
A number is chosen at random from the set of integer 1, 2, 3, . . . n. Let A and B be the events that
the number drawn is divisible by 2 and 3 respectively. Then
(A) A and B are always independent
(B) A and B are independent if n = 6k
(C) A and B are dependent if n = 10
(D) A and B are independent if n= 6k + 2
3.
Let p be the probability the in a pack of playing cards two kings are adjacent and q be the
probability that no two kings are together, then
(A) p = q
(B) p < q
(D) q
(C) p + q = 1
4.
48 47 46
52 51 50
Which of the following statements are true?

(A) The probability that birthday of twelve people will fall in 12 calender months =
12!
126
(B) The probability that birthday of six people will fall in exactly two calender months is
12
C2
612
(C) The probability that birthday of six people will fall is exactly two calender months is
12
C2
12
6
365
(D) The probability that birthday of n (n 365) people are different is
5.
Pn
365 n
A bag contains N tickets numbered 1, 2, 3, . . ., N. If r tickets are drawn one by one with
replacement then the probability that all different numbers are drawn is
N
(A)
Cr
Pr
(B)
Pr
Nr
(D)
(C)
N N 1 N 2 . . . N r 1
Nr
1
r!
PROBABILITY
6.
MATHEMATICS
Which of the following statements are true for two events A and B of the same sample space?
(A) P A B 0 , if A and B are independent
(B) P A B 0 , if A and B are mutually exclusive.
(C) P A B P A P B 1
(D) P A B P B / A
7.
A die is thrown twice. Let X1 and X2 be the outcomes of these trials respectively. Consider the
following events
A1 = {X1 is divisible by 2, X2 is divisible by 3}
A2 = {X1 is divisible by 3, X2 is divisible by 2}
A3 = {X1 is divisible by X2}
A4 = {X2 is divisible by X1}
A5 = {X1 + X2 is divisible by 2}
A6 = {X1 + X2 is divisible by 3}. Then
(A) A1 and A2 are independent
(B) A1 and A5 are independent
(C) A3 and A4 are independent
(D) A3 and A6 are independent
8.
If M and N are any two events, the probablility that exactly one of them occur is
(A) P M P N 2P M N
(C) P M P N P M N
9.
10.
11.
(B) P M P N P M N
Let 0 P A 1, 0 P B 1 and P A B P A P B P A P B , then

(A) P B / A P B P A
(B) P A B P A P B
(C) P A B P A P B
(D) P A / B P A
Let P(n) be the probability of getting n heads when a coins is tossed m times, if P(4), P(5), P(6)
are in A.P., then the possible values of m could be
(A) 10
(B) 11
(C) 7
(D) 14
A five-digit number is written down at random. The probability that the number is divisible by 5 and
no two consecutive digits are identical, is
(A)
1
5
(B)
1 9
.
5 10
12.
(D) P M N P M N
3
3
(C)
(D)
.
5
5
Each of the n bags contains a white and b black balls. One ball is transferred from 1st bag to the
second bag then one ball is transferred from second bag to the third bag and so on. Let pn be the
probability that ball trnasferred from nth bag is white, then
(A) p1
a
ab
(B) p2
a
ab
(C) p3
a
ab
(D) p4
a
.
ab
MATHEMATICS
13.
In a single cast with two dice the odds against drawing 7 is

1
6
(C) 5 : 1
1
12
(D) 1 : 5.
(A)
14.
15.
PROBABILITY
(B)
7 white balls and 3 black balls are placed in a row at random. The probability that no two black
balls are adjacent is
(A)
1
2
(B)
7
15
(C)
2
15
(D)
1
.
3
Given that x 0, 1 and y 0, 1 . Let A be the event of (x, y) satisfying y 2 x and B be the event
of (x, y) satisfying x 2 y . Then
1
3
(C) A, B are mutually exclusive
(A) P A B
16.
17.
18.
(B) A, B are exhaustive

(D) A, B are independent.
10 apples are distributed at random among 6 persons. The probability that at least one of them will
receive none is
14
C4
C5
(A)
6
143
(B)
15
(C)
137
143
(D)
135
.
143
4 gentlemen and 4 ladies take seats at random round a table. The probability that they are sitting
alternately is
(A)
4
35
(B)
1
70
(C)
2
35
(D)
1
35
Let x = 33n. The index n is given a positive integral value at random. The probability that the value
of x will have 3 in the units place is
(A)
1
4
(B)
1
2
1
2
(D)
.
3
3
Three dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability of getting a sum of 15 is
(C)
19.
(A)
1
72
(B)
5
36
(C)
5
72
(D)
5
.
108
PROBABILITY
20.
If E and F are the complementary events of the events E and F respectively then
(B) P E / F P E / F 1
(D) P E / F P E / F 1
(A) P E / F P E / F 1
(C) P E / F P E / F 1
21.
MATHEMATICS
LEVEL - II
Three dice are thrown. The probability of getting a sum which is a perfect square is
(A)
2
5
(B)
9
20
17
1
(D)
.
108
4
The probability of getting a sum of 12 in four throws of an ordinary dice is
(C)
22.
(A)
1 5

66
24.
25..
26.
5
(C)
(D) .
6
Three different numbers are selected at random from the set A = {1, 2, 3, , 10}. The probability
that the product of two of the numbers is equal to the third is
1 5

36 6
23.
5
(B)
6
(A)
3
4
(B)
1
40
(C)
1
8
(D)
1
.
4
If A and B are two events such that P A B
1
3
3
and P A B then
8
8
4
(A) P A P B
11
8
(B) P A P B
3
8
(C) P A P B
7
8
(D) P A P B
1
.
8
There are 7 seats in a row. Three persons take seats at random. The probability that the middle
seat is always occupied and no two persons are consecutive is
(A)
9
70
(B)
9
35
(C)
4
35
(D)
2
.
35
A second-order determinant is written down at random using the numbers 1, 1 as elements. The
probability that the value of the determinant is nonzero is
(A)
1
2
(C)
5
8
(B)
3
8
1
(D)
.
3
MATHEMATICS
27.
If E and F are two events with P(E) P(F) > 0 then

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
28.
occurrence of E occurrence of F
occurrence of F occurrence of E
nonoccurrence of E nonoccurrence of F
none of the above implications hold.
If two events A and B are such that P A c 0.3 , P(B) = 0.4 and P ABc 0.5 , then
29.
30.
PROBABILITY
P B / A BC is
(A) less than 0.3
(B) 1/4
(C) 1/6
(D) 1/7.
Numbers 1, 2, 3, , 100 are written down on each of the cards A, B and C. One number is
selected at random from each of the cards. The probability that the numbers so selected can be
the measures (in cm) of three sides of right-angled triangles no two of which are similar, is
(A)
4
1003
(B)
3
503
(C)
3!
1003
(D)
1 3
.
100 50
The probabilities that a student passes in mathematics, physics and chemistry are m, p and c
respectively. Of these subjects, a student has a 75% chance of passing in at least one, a 50%
chance of passing in at least two, and a 40% chance of passing in exactly two subjects. Which
of the following relations are true?
(A) p m c
(C) pmc
19
20
(B) p m c
1
10
(D) pmc
27
20
1
4
LEVEL - III
31.
32.
(A) A, B are independent
1
5
1
, P A B and P A . Then
3
6
2
(B) A, B are mutually exclusive
(C) P(A) = P(B)
(D) P B P A .
Let A and B be two events such that P A B
The probability that exactly one of the independent events A and B occurs is equal to
(A) P A P B 2P A B
(C) P A P B 2P A B
33.
35.
(B) P A P B P A B
(D) P A P B P A B .
If A and B are independent events such that 0 < P(A) < 1, 0 < P(B) < 1 then
(A) A, B are mutually exclusive
(B) A and B are independent
(C)
34.
A, B are independent
(D) P A / B P A / B 1 .
For any two events A and B

(A) P A B P A P B 1
(B) P A B P A P B
(C) P A B P A P B P A B
(D) P A B P A P B P A B
A coin is tossed repeatedly. A and B call alternately for winning a prize of Rs. 30 One who calls
correctly first wins the prize. A starts the cell. Then the expectation of
(A) A is Rs 10
(B) B is Rs 10
(C) A is Rs 20
(D) B is Rs 20.
PROBABILITY
MATHEMATICS
COMPREHENSION TYPE
Passage - I:
The probability of happening of an event in one trial being known, then the probability of its happening
exactly x times in n trials is given by nCx qn-x . px where
p = probability of happening the event
q = probability of not happening the event = 1- p.
Now nCx qn-x px is (x + 1)th term in the expansion of (q + p)n whose expansion gives the happening
of the event 0, 1, 2, .... n times respectively.
1.
2.
3.
In four throws with a pair of dice, the chance of throwing doublets atleast twice is
(A)
19
144
(B)
125
144
(C)
17
144
(D)
18
.
144
A man takes a forward step with probability (.8) and backward step with probability (.2). What is
the probability that at the end of 9 steps he is exactly three steps away from starting point
(A)
69888
58
(B)
5377
58
(C)
5378
58
(D)
5376
58
Unbiassed coin is tossed 6 times. The probability of getting utmost 4 heads is

(A)
7
64
(B)
57
64
(C)
21
32
(D)
11
32
Passage - II:
A commander of an army battalion is punishing two of his soldiers X and Y. He arranged a duel
between them. The rules of the duel are that they are to pick up their guns and shoot at each other
simultaneously.
If one or both hit, then the duel is over. If both shot miss then they repeat the process. Suppose
that the results of the shots are independent and that each shot of X will hit Y with probability 0.4
and each shot of Y will hit X with probability 0.2. Now answer the following questions.
4.
The probability that the duel ends after first round is
(A) 11/25
(B) 12/25
(C) 13/25
(D) 2/5
5.
The probability that X is not hit, is

(A) 3/25
(B) 7/25
(C) 5/13
(D) 8/13
MATHEMATICS
6.
PROBABILITY
The probability that both the soldiers are hit, is

(A) 5/13
(B) 2/13
(C) 8/13
(D) 1/13
Passage - III:
.
Let E1, E2, E3 , .. En be a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive events and A be an event,
A
P(E j ).P
A
E
F
j for j = 1, 2, n, where P ,
and P E j
then P(A) = P(E i ).P

i 1
G
Ei
P(A)
A
n
denotes the probability of occurring the event F given that G has already occurred. There are two
bags of red and yellow colours. Red bag contains 4 fair coins and 3 biased coins and yellow bag
contains 5 fair coins and 7 biased coins. Biased coin has tail on both sides. Two coins are
transferred from red bag to yellow bag and then a coin is taken from yellow bag and tossed.
7.
8.
9.
Probability that both coins, transferred from red bag to yellow bag, were fair, is
(A) 1/7
(B) 3/7
(C) 4/7
(D) 2/7
Probability that both coins, transferred from red bag to yellow bag, were of mixed type, is
(A) 3/7
(B) 4/7
(C) 2/7
(D) 1/7
If both coins transferred from red bag to yellow bag were biased, then the probability that tossing
of coin results in head, is
(A) 23/28
(B) 9/28
(C) 5/28
(D) 19/28
PROBABILITY
MATHEMATICS
MATRIX MATCH TYPE

1.
A is a set containing n elements. A subset P of A is chosen at random. The set A is reconstructed

by replacing the elements of the subset P. A subset Q of A is again chosen at random. The
probability that
List - I
List-II
(A) P Q
(p) n(3n 1)/4n
(B) P Q is a singleton
(q) (3/4)n
(C) P Q contains 2 elements
(r)
(D) |P| = |Q|
n2
n n 1 / 2 4n
(s) 3
2n
Cn/4n
where |X| = number of elements in X

2.
A player tosses a coin and is to score one point for every head and two points for every tail turned
up. He is to play unitl his score reaches or passes n. Pn is the chance of obtaining exactly a score
of n, then
Column I
Column II
(A)
P1 equals to
(p)
5/8
(B)
P2 equals to
(q)
1/2
(C)
P3 equals to
(r)
3/4
(D)
P4 equals to
(s)
11/16
3.
Two dice are thrown. Let A be the event that sum of the points on the two dice is odd and B be the
event that atleast one 3 is there, then match the following
Column I
Column II
(A)
P(AB)
(p)
12/36
(B)
P(AB)
(q)
6/36
(C)
P(A B)
(r)
23/36
(D)
P(B)
(s)
11/36
MATHEMATICS
PROBABILITY
ASSERTION - REASONING TYPE

1.
Let A and B be two independent events of a random experiment.

Statement1 : P A B = P A
P(B) .
Statement2 : P A B = 1 P(A) P(B).

2.
A fair die is rolled once.

Statement1 : The probability of getting a composite number is
1
.
3
Statement2 : There are three possibilities for the obtained number (i) the number is a prime
number (ii) the number is a composite number (iii) the number is 1, and hence probability of
each possibility is
3.
4.
1
.
3
Let A and B are two events such that P(A) =
Statement1 :
3
4
P A B .
15
5
Statement2 :
2
A 9
P .
5
B 10
3
2
and P(B) = , then
5
3
Consider the system of equations ax + by = 0, cx + dy = 0, where a, b, c, d {0, 1}

Statement1: The probability that the system of equations has a unique solution is 3/8 and
Statement2: The probability that the system of equations has a solution is 1.
5.
Statement1 : If two events E1 and E2 are independent then E1 and E2 are also independent.
Statement2 : P(E1 E2 ) P(E1 E2 ) = 1 P(E1 E2) = 1 P(E1).P(E2)
PROBABILITY
MATHEMATICS
SUBJECTIVE TYPE
1.
If m different cards are placed at random and independently into n boxes lying in a straight line
(n > m), find the probability that the cards go into m adjacent boxes.
2.
Out of 21 tickets consecutively numbered, three are drawn at random. Find the probability that the
numbers on them are in A.P.
3.
A has 3 shares in a lottery containing 3 prizes and 9 blanks. B has 2 shares in a lottery containing
2 prizes and 6 blanks. Compare their chances of success.
4.
A coin is tossed m + n times (m > n). Show that the probability of at least m consecutive heads
come up is
n2
.
2m 1
5.
There are four six faced dice such that each of two dice bears the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and
the other two dice are ordinary dice bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. If all the four dice are
thrown, find the probability that the total of numbers coming up on all the dice is 10.
6.
A die is thrown 7 times. What is the probability that an odd number turns up (i) exactly 4 times (ii)
atleast 4 times.
7.
If m things are distributed among a men and b women, show that the probability that the number
m
1 b a b a
of things received by men is odd, is
2
b a m
8.
An artillery target may be either at point A with probability
8
1
or at point B with probability . We
e
9
9
have 21 shells each of which can be fixed either at point A or B. Each shell may hit the target
independently of the other shell with probability
1
. How many shells must be fired at point A to hit
2
the target with maximum probability?
9.
Let p be the probability that a man aged x years will die within a year. Let A1, A2, . . . , An be n men
each aged x years. Find the probability that out of these n men A1 will die with in a year and is first
to die.
10.
Each of three bags A, B, C contains white balls and black balls. A has a1 white & b1 black, B has
a2 white & b2 black and C has a3 white & b3 black balls. A ball is drawn from a bag and found to be
white. What are the probabilities that the ball is from bag A, B and C.
11.
The probability that at least one of A and B occurs is 0.6. If A and B occur simultaneously with
probability 0.3, then find the value of P( A ) P ( B) .
12.
There are n students in a class and probability that exactly

out of n pass the examination is
MATHEMATICS
directly proportional to
.
13.
(i)
(ii)
0 n .
Find out the probability that a student selected at random was passed the examination
If a selected student has been found to pass the examination then find out the probability
that he is the only student to have passed the examination.
Let A and B be two independent witnesses in a case. The probability that A will speak the truth is
x and the probability that B will speak the truth is y. A and B agree in a certain statement. Show
that the probability that the statement is true is
14.
PROBABILITY
xy
1 x y 2xy .
Find the minimum number of tosses of a pair of dice, so that the probability of getting the sum of
the numbers on the dice equal to 7 on atleast one toss, is greater than 0.95.
(Given log102 = 0.3010, log103= 0.4771).
15.
Two teams A and B play a tournment. The first one to win (n + 1) games, win the series. The
probability that A wins a game is p and that B wins a game is q (no ties). Find the probability that
n
A wins the series. Hence or otherwise prove that
n r Cr . 2 n r 1 .
r 0
16.
Suppose the probability for A to win a game against B is 0.4. If A has an option of playing either a
" best of 3 games " or a " best of 5 games " match against B, which option should he choose so
that the probability of his winning the match is higher ? (No game ends in a draw).
17.
Suppose that it is 9 to 7 against a person A who is now 35 years of age living till he is 65 and
3 to 2 against a person B now 45 living till he is 75, then find the chance that one atleast of
these persons will be alive 30 years hence.
18.
If a pair of fair dice is rolled 5 times, then find out the probability that 3 times we get sum more than
9.
19.
In a certain town, 40% of the people have brown hair, 25% have brown eyes and 15% have both
brown hair and brown eyes. If a person selected at random from the town, having brown hair, then
find the probability that he also has brown eyes.
20.
Four cards are chosen at random one by one, without replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52
playing cards. Show that the probability that all the chosen cards are aces, is
1
270725 .
21.
Cards are drawn one by one (without replacement) at random from a well shuffled full pack of 52
playing cards until two aces are obtained for the first time. If N is the number of cards required to
be drawn, then find P(N = n).
22.
A bag contains 10 fair coins and 25 coins having heads on both sides. A coin is selected at
random and tossed. If it gives head, then find out the probability that it was a fair coin.
PROBABILITY
MATHEMATICS
PREVIOUS YEARS IIT QUESTIONS

1.
Let 0 < P(A) < 1, 0 < P(B) < 1 and P( A B) P ( A ) P ( B) P ( A ).P( B) , then
(B) P( A c Bc ) P ( A c ) P ( Bc )
(A) P(B/A) = P(B) - P(A)
2.
3.
(C) P(( A B) c ) P (A c ) P ( Bc )
(D) P(A/B) = P(A)
[IIT - 95]
The probability of India wining a test match against West Indies is 1/2. Assuming independence
from match the probability that in a 5 match series India's second win occurs at the third test is
(A) 1/8
(B) 1/4
(C) 1/2
(D) 1/3
[IIT - 95]
For the three events A, B and C, P(exactly one of the events A or B occurs) = P(exactly
one of the events B or C occurs) = P(exactly one of the events C or A occurs) = p and
P(all the three events occur simultaneously ) = p2, where 0 < p < 1/2. Then the probability
of at least one of three events A, B and C occurring is
3p 2p 2
(A)
2
(C)
4.
p 3p 2
2
If P(B) =
(A) 1/12
(C) 1/15
5.
p 3p 2
(B)
4
(D)
3p 2p 2
4
[IIT - 97]
3
1
1
, P( A B C ) and P( A B C ) , then P( B C) is
4
3
3
(B) 1/6
(D) 1/9
[IIT - 2003]
Two number is selected randomly from the set S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}without replacement one by one.
The probability that minimum of the two numbers is less than 4 is
(A)
1
15
(B)
14
15
(C)
1
5
(D)
4
5
[IIT - 2003]
6.
If three distinct numbers are chosen randomly from the first 100 natural numbers, then the
probability that all three are divisible by both 2 and 3 is
(A) 4/25
(B) 4/35
(C) 4/33
(D) 4/1155
[IIT - 2004]
7.
A six faced fair die is thrown until 1 comes, then the probability that 1 comes in even number of
trials is
[IIT - 2005]
(A) 5/11
(B) 5/6
(C) 6/11
(D) 1/6
8.
An experiment has 10 equally likely outcomes. Let A and B be two non-empty events of the
experiment. If A consists of 4 outcomes, the number of outcomes that B must have so that A and
B are independent, is
(A) 2, 4 or 8
(B) 3, 6 or 9
(C) 4 or 8
(D) 5 or 10
[IIT 2008]
MATHEMATICS
9.
Let be a complex cube root of unity with 1. A fair die is thrown three times. If r1 , r2 and r3 are
the numbers obtained on the die, then the probability that r1 r2 r3 = 0 is
10.
PROBABILITY
(A)
1
18
(B)
1
9
(C)
2
9
(D)
1
36
[IIT 2010]
4
1
and respectively, is received by station A
5
5
and then transmitted to station B. The probability of each station receiving the signal correctly is
A signal which can be green or red with probability
3
. If the signal received at station B is green, then the probability that the original signal was
4
green is
[IIT 2010]
(A)
3
5
20
23
SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
(C)
11.
(B)
6
7
(D)
9
20
In a test an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the answer to a multiple choice question
with four choices. The probability that he make a guess is
answer is
1
and the probability that he copies the
3
1
1
. The probability that his answer is correct given that he copied it, is . Find the
6
8
probability that he knew the answer to the question given that he correctly answered it.[IIT - 91]
12.
Numbers are selected at random, one at a time, f rom the two digit numbers
00, 01, 02, ............ ,99 with replacement. An event E occurs if and only if the product of the two
digits of a selected number is 18. If four numbers are selected, find the probability that the
event E occurs at least 3 times.
[IIT - 93]
13.
An unbiased coin is tossed. If the result is a head, a pair of unbiased dice is rolled and the
number obtained by adding the numbers on the two faces is noted. If the result is a tail, a card
from a well shuffled pack of eleven cards numbered 2, 3, 4,.........,12 is picked and the number
on the card is noted. What is the probability that the noted number is either 7 or 8. [IIT - 94]
14.
In how many ways 3 girls and 9 boys can be seated in two vans, each having numbered seats, 3 in
the front and 4 at the back ? How many seating arrangements are possible if 3 girls should
sit together in a back row on adjacent seats ? Now, if all the seating arrangements are equally
likely, what is the probability of 3 girls sitting together in a back row on adjacent seats ? [IIT-96]
15.
3 players A, B and C toss a coin cyclically in that order (that is A, B, C, A, B, C, A, B,........) till a
head shows. Let p be the probability that the coin shows a head. Let , and be respectively
the probabilities that A, B and C gets the first head. Prove that (1 p) . Determine , and
(in terms of p).
[IIT - 98]
PROBABILITY
16.
MATHEMATICS
A coin has probability 'p' of showing head when tossed. It is tossed 'n' times. Let Pn denote the
probability that no two (or more) consecutive heads occur. Prove that p1 = 1, p2 = 1 - p2 and
pn = (1 - p)pn - 1 + p(1 - p)pn - 2 , for all
n 3.
[IIT - 2000]
17.
An urn contains 'm' white and 'n' black balls. A ball is drawn at random and is put back into the urn
along with K additional balls of the same colour as that of the ball drawn. A ball is again drawn at
random. What is the probability that the ball drawn now is white?
[IIT - 2001]
18.
An unbiased die, with faces numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 is thrown n times and the list of n numbers
showing up is noted. What is the probability that among the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 only three
numbers appear in the list.
[IIT - 2001]
19.
A box contains N coins, m of which are fair and the rest are biased. The probability of getting a
head when a fair coin is tossed is 1/2, while it is 2/3 when a biased coin is tossed. A coin is drawn
from the box at random and is tossed twice. The first time it shows head and the second time it
shows tail. What is the probability that the coin drawn is fair ?
[IIT - 2002]
20.
For a student to qualify, he must pass at least two out of three exams. The probability that he will
pass the 1st exam is p. It he fails in one of the exams then the probability of his passing in the next
exam is
21.
p
otherwise it remains the same. Find the probability that he will qualify.. [IIT - 2003]
2
A is targeting to B, B and C are targeting to A. Probability of hitting the target by A, B and C are
2 1
1
, and respectively. If A is hit then find the probability that B hits the target and C does not.
3 2
3
[IIT - 2003]
22.
There are 18 balls, 12 red and 6 white. Six balls are drawn one by one without replacement. If at
least 4 are white, find the probability that next two draw will result in one red and one white ball.
[IIT - 2004]
23.
A person goes to office either by car, scooter, bus or train, the probability of which being
and
1 3 2
, ,
7 7 7
1
2 1
respectively. Probability that he reach office late, if he takes car, scooter, bus or train is , ,
7
9 9
4
1
and
respectively. Given that he reached office in time, then what is the probability that he
9
9
travelled by a car?
[IIT - 2005]
COMPREHENSIVE TYPE
I.
There are n urns numbered1, 2,, ....., n each containing (n + 1) balls. Urn i contains i white balls
and (n + 1 i) red balls, i = 1,2, .....n. An urn is selected and a ball is drawn at random from it. Let
Ui denote the event that urn numbered i is selected and let W denote the event that a white ball is
drawn from the selected urn. Further, suppose that E denotes the event that an even numbered urn
is selected
[IIT 2006]
24.
P(W) equals
If P(Ui) i, i = 1,2,....., n, then lim
n
(A)
2
3
(B)
1
2
(C)
1
3
(D) 1
MATHEMATICS
25.
26.
PROBABILITY
If P(Ui) = c, i = 1, 2,.....,n, where c is a constant, then P(Un/W) equals

(A)
i
n 1
(B)
2
n 1
(C)
n
n 1
(D) 1
If n is even and E denotes the event of choosing even numbered urn P U i
, i 1, 2,...., n
n
then the value of P W / E is

(A)
n2
2n 1
(B)
n2
2 n 1
(D)
1
n 1
n2
(C) 2 n 1

II.
27.
28.
29.
A fair die is tossed repeatedly until a six is obtained. Let X denote the number of tosses required.
The probability that X = 3 equals
[IIT 2009]
(A)
25
216
(B)
25
36
(C)
5
36
(D)
125
216
The probability that X 3 equals

(A)
125
216
(B)
25
36
(C)
5
36
(D)
25
216
The conditional probability that X 6 given X > 3 equals

(A)
125
216
(B)
25
216
(C)
5
36
(D)
25
36
ASSERTION REASON TYPE

30.
Let H1, H2, .... , Hn be mutually exclusive and exhaustive events with P(Hi) > 0, i = 1, 2, ...., n. Let
E be any other event with 0 < P(E) < 1.
[IIT 2007]
STATEMENT- 1 : P(Hi |E) > P(E | Hi) . P(Hi) for i = 1, 2, ... , n.
n
STATEMENT 2 :
P(H ) 1 .
i
i 1
(A) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is True, Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(C) Statement -1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement -1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
PROBABILITY
ANSWERS & KEYS

1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
29.
31
33.
35.
37.
39.
41.
43.
45.
47.
49.
51.
53.
55.
57.
59.
(D)
(A)
(A)
(D)
(B)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(B)
(D)
(C)
(C)
(B)
(B)
(C)
(C)
(D)
(A)
(D)
(A)
(A)
(A)
(B)
(B)
(A)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(B)
(D)
(D)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(A)
(C)
(A)
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
2. (C)
4. (A)
6. (A)
8. (B)
10. (C)
12. (B)
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE

2. (B)
4. (D)
6. (A)
8. (D)
10. (A)
12. (A)
14. (D)
16. (B)
18. (A)
20. (B)
22. (D)
24. (C)
26. (C)
28. (A)
30. (D)
32 (B)
34. (B)
36. (D)
38. (C)
40. (B)
42. (D)
44. (A)
46. (C)
48. (A)
50. (C)
52. (B)
54. (A)
56. (C)
58. (A)
60. (C)
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE
1.
3.
5.
(C, D)
(B, D)
(B, C)
2.
4.
6.
(B, C, D)
(A, C, D)
(B, D)
MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.
29.
31.
33.
35.
(A)
(C, D)
(C)
(C)
(A)
(D)
(D)
(D)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(D)
(A)
(B, C, D)
(B, C)
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
30.
32.
34.
(A, D)
(C, D)
(A, B, C, D)
(B)
(C)
(A)
(A, D)
(A)
(A, C)
(A)
(A, B)
(B, C)
(A, C)
(A, C)
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
(A)
(B)
(D)
(D)
(C)
1.
3.
MATRIX MATCH TYPE

(A-q), (B-p), (C-s), (D-r)
2. (A-q), (B-r), (C-p), (D-s)
(A-r), (B-q), (C-p), (D-s)
1.
3.
5.
(C)
(A)
(C)
COMPREHENSION TYPE
2. (A)
4.
(C)
6.
8.
(B)
(B)
ASSERTION - REASONING TYPE

2. (C)
4. (B)
SUBJECTIVE TYPE
1.
n m 1 m!
n
3.
952 :715
6.
1
2
12
9.
1
n
1 1 p
2.
10
133
5.
125
1296
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
10.
From Bag A =
Pk
11.
p1
p2
p3
, From Bag B =
, From Bag C =
p1 p 2 p3
p1 p 2 p3
p1 p 2 p3 where
ak
a k b k , where k = 1,2,3
1.1
3 n 1
12.
(i)
; (ii)
2 2n 1
n n 1
14.
17
15.
n nr
r n
C n .q .p .p where p q 1
r 0
16.
17.
A must choose the first offer i.e., best of three games.

53/80
18.
250
65
19.
3
8
21.
22.
MATHEMATICS
n 1 52 n 51 n
50 49 17 13
1
6
PREVIOUS YEARS IIT QUESTIONS
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
(D)
(A)
(D)
(A)
(C)
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
11.
24
29
12.
13.
193
= 0.2436
792
(B)
(A)
(D)
(D)
(C)
97
25
14. (i) 7(13!); (ii) 12!; (iii) 12!/7.13! = 1/91
15.
1 p p , 1 p p
,
3
3
3
1 1 p
1 1 p
1 1 p
p
MATHEMATICS
16. 24/29
18.
6C3 3n 3 2n 3
6n
20. 2p 2 p3
10 C1 2 C1
22.
23.
25.
27.
29.
12
7/49
(B)
(A)
(D)
C2
12
PROBABILITY
17.
m
mn
19.
9m
m 8N
21.
1
2
C 2 6C 4 11 C1 1C1 12 C1 6C5
12
18
= 12
18
C6
C2
C6
C2 6
24.
26.
28.
30.
1
C4 C1 6 C5 12 C0 6 C6
12
(A)
(B)
(B)
(B)
HINTS & SOLUTIONS

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Multiple choice Questions with One Correct Answer

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