Biotrans 08 ch5 - 01 PDF

Ch 5 Solute Transport in
Biological Systems
5.1
DESCRIPTION OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Objective today
Introduction of diffusion in capillary
1st Ficks law and diffusivity
2nd Ficks law
General mass transport equation with flow
Boundary flow
Turbulence
Laminar
5.1
DESCRIPTION OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Solute transport process

Solute transport occurs both
through bulk fluid motion, also known as convection,
and by solute diffusion due to the presence of solute
concentration gradients.
In biological as well as synthetic membrane systems, the
diffusion of a solute will also be affected by the presence of a
variety of heterogeneous structures.
e. g., solutes will need to diffuse through
porous structures, such as the capillary wall or
a polymeric membrane, around or through cells
within the extravascular space, and
through the interstitial fluid containing a variety of
macromolecules.
5.2
CAPILLARY PROPERTIES
This chapter concerns solute transport through the capillary wall as a
representative porous semipermeable membrane.
The content is also generally applicable to synthetic membranes that
are used in a variety of biomedical device applications.
1st we need to define the physical properties of a typical capillary.
These properties are summarized in Table 5.1.
Each capillary can only supply nutrients and remove waste products
from a very small volume of tissue that surrounds each capillary.
Because of
Small surface: capillaries are very small: D: 810 m and
L: lengths < 1 mm.
Short diffusion time: the residence time of blood in a capillary:
~ 12 sec
5.2
TABLE 5.1
Capillary Characteristics
5.2
Three types of capillaries

Continuous capillaries
found in the muscle, skin, lungs, fat, the nervous system, and in connective tissue.
The capillary lumen lies within a circumferential ring of several endothelial cells, as
shown in Fig. 3.2.
Fenestrated capillaries
have the pores that facilitate diffusion across the endothelial lining
are much more permeable to H2O and small solutes in comparison to continuous
capillaries.
The endothelium of these capillaries is perforated by numerous small holes
called fenestrae.
The fenestrae are sometimes covered by a thin membrane that provides
selectivity with regard to the size of solutes that are allowed to pass through.
found in tissues that are involved in the exchange of fluid or solutes such as
hormones.
e.g., within the kidney they are found in the glomerulus and allow for a high
filtration rate of plasma.
Discontinuous capillaries
have large endothelial cell gaps that readily allow the passage of proteins and even
red blood cells.
5.2
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/vascular.htm
5.3
CAPILLARY FLOW RATES
As learnt, some of the blood plasma that enters the capillary will be carried or
filtered across the capillary wall by the combined effect of the
hydrodynamic and
oncotic pressure differences that exist between the capillary and the
surrounding interstitial fluid.
This perfusion of plasma across the capillary wall is also known as plasmapheresis.
The total flow rate of this fluid across the capillary wall
Can be estimated by Starling equ. (3.4) developed in Chapter 3.
Equ 3.7 that the value of the hydraulic conductance, LP, is given by
(3.7)
S represents the circumferential surface area of a given capillary and

AP is the total cross-sectional area of the pores in the capillary wall
r radius in the capillary wall.
AP/S: the porosity of the capillary wall (or membrane) and is often given the
symbol .
5.3
Example 5.1
Calculate the convective flow rate of plasma across the capillary wall and
compare it with the total flow rate through the capillary.
Solution
Using the capillary properties provided in Table 5.1
plasma viscosity = 1.2 cP
hydraulic conductance, LP, can be shown as in Example 3.2 to be equal to
0.61 cm3 h1m2 mmHg1 (or 1.28 1012 m2 sec kg1).
We can then calculate the filtration rate as follows using Equ. 3.4:
Q
effective pressure drop
5.3
Example 5.1
We can compare this value of the plasma filtration flow rate across the
capillary wall to the total flow rate of blood entering the capillary, i.e., :
Q capillary >> Q filtration

We may assume that the blood flow, Qcapillary, is constant along the length
of the capillary.
5.4
SOLUTE DIFFUSION
In addition to the convective transport, solute can also diffuse down its
own concentration gradient.
From
this is also equivalent to stating that a solute diffuses from a region

of high i(high) to a region of lower i(low)
5.4.1
FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY
Consider the situation shown in Fig. 5.1.

The surface of a semi-infinite plate of length L contains a solute that
maintains a constant
C (y=0) =C0 along the surface of the plate
C (y>0, t=0) = 0
At t = 0, this surface is contacted with a quiescent fluid or a solid
material that initially does not contain solute:
V (t=0) = 0
As time progresses, solute diffuses from the surface of the plate into
the quiescent fluid or solid material
C (y>0, t>0) > 0
If the fluid has solute at a concentration of C, then the following
analysis still applies; however, the concentration that cause the
diffusion would need to be defined as C = C0 -C.
Fig. 5.1 shows a thin shell of thickness y.
The rate at which the solute enters and leaves this thin shell by
diffusion at y and y + y is proportional to the solute concentration
gradient at these locations.
Velocity profile in Couette flow

For the situation shown in Fig. 4.2,
vy = 0
steady state there is no flow in the y direction
vz, = 0
because the plates are very large in the z direction (no wall
and corner effect) in comparison to the distance h that
separates them
5.4.1
FIG. 5.1
Solute concentration in the vicinity of a flat plate of
constant surface concentration.
Similar to the situation shown in Fig. 4.2 for Couette flow
5.4.1
The diffusion rate of this solute can therefore be described by Fick's

first law:
C : concentration of the solute and typical units are moles per liter.
JS: solute diffusion rate (units: moles /s)
S: The surface area normal to the y-direction of solute diffusion
D: solute diffusivity or the diffusion coefficient.
generally depends on the
size of the solute and the
physical properties of the fluid or
material in which the solute is diffusing.
Since the solute is assumed to be diffusing through a
homogeneous medium, this solute diffusivity is sometimes
referred to as the bulk diffusivity.
5.4.1
Diffusivity
Fig. 5.2 presents diffusivity data for a variety of solutes in dilute
aqueous solutions at 37C as a function of solute molecular weight
(MW).
The solid line through the data is the result of a linear least squares
regression.
The following empirical equation is based on the data in Fig. 5.2,
A useful relationship for estimating the diffusivity of a solute in water

at 37C, knowing only the MW of the solute:
5.4.1
FIG. 5.2
Solute diffusivity in water at 37C.
(Based on data from Renkin, E.M. and Curry, F.E., Membrane Transport in Biology, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1979.)
5.4.1
Diffusivity
The diffusivity of solutes in dilute solutions can also be estimated from
the Stokes-Einstein equation (Bird et al. 2002):
R: ideal gas constant (8.314 J mol1 K1),

T: temperature in K,
a: solute radius,
NA: Avogadro's number (6.023 1023 mol1),
: solution viscosity.
This equation at best is only accurate to about 20% .
If the diffusivity of a solute is known, Equ. 5.4 may be used to
obtain an estimate of the molecular radius (a) of the solute.
5.4.1
Diffusivity
Combining Equ (5.3) and (5.4) give a rough estimation of a relation
between a and MW, i.e. a(MW)
If the diffusivity and size of the solute are not known, the solute size
can first be estimated from Equ. 5.5.
This equation assumes that the solute of a given MW is

a sphere
with a density ( 1 g cm3) equal to that of the solute in the solid
phase
5.4.1
Diffusivity
Example 5.2
Estimate the diffusivity of a spherically shaped protein with a MW of
36,000 in water at 37C.
Solution
From Fig. 5.2, we see that for a solute of this size, D = 8 107 cm2
sec1.
From Equ. 5.3, we find that D = 8.12 107 cm2 sec1.
The Stokes-Einstein equation (Equ. 5.4) can also be used,
but radius a of this molecule is needed
a can be estimated using Equ. 5.5
5.4.1
Diffusivity
Then from Equ. 5.4
Note that
D obtained from the Stokes-Einstein equation is about 40% larger
than that estimated from the actual data shown in Fig. 5.2.
Possible reason:
Very large molecules like proteins can be solvated or hydrated,
making the radius of the actual solute-solvent complex larger
than the radius estimated from the solute MW alone using Equ.
5.5.
5.4.1
Proteins can be solvated or hydrated
http://bimanbagchi.com/hydration.html
5.4.2
FICK'S SECOND LAW
Unsteady mass transport

Mass conservation equation Equ. 1.8
Accumulation (Rate of increase in mass)

= in out + generation consumption
Rate of increase in mass = (rate of mass flowed in
- rate of mass flowed out)
+ (rate of mass diffused in
- rate of mass diffused out)
+ mass production
mass consumption
(1.8)
5.4.1
FIG. 5.1 a
S = x z
5.4.1
For derivation of equ. (5.7)

No flow
S = x z
x
5.4.2
FICK'S SECOND LAW
Unsteady mass transport without convection
Consider Fig 5.1
There can be two cases in general
Constant c0
Changing c0
Both are und=steady process
c
Fick's 1st law:
c2
Consider a surface
Fick's 2nd law:
c1
Consider a control volume
c
cout
c
cin
Changing c0
Constant c0
Fig 5.1b
c0
5.4.2
FICK'S SECOND LAW
Unsteady mass transport without flow (convection)
unsteady solute balance across the shell of thickness, y, in Fig 5.1,
using Equ. 1.8 as our guide, that
S y: control volume
C
the accumulation of solute mass within S y.

S y
t
the net rate at which solute enters or leaves the control volume by
diffusion, according to Fick's first law.
as y 0, we obtain the following result, which is known as Fick's 2nd law:
Solution of Equ. 5.7 for the situation shown in Fig. 5.1 requires IC and BC for
the solute within the fluid or solid material region:
Passive scalar transport equation

Scalar fluxes with flow (convection)
Molecular diffusion flux
Convective flux
Mass
j conv Scu
y+y
y+y
o Di: diffusivity
o This figure
shows flux per
area
vici
Di
ci
y

General mass conservation equation
Rate of increase in mass = (rate of mass flowed in
- rate of mass flowed out)
+ mass production
mass consumption
Rate of mass flowed in along y direction includes
Molecular diffusion flows in
dC
jD , y
DS
Convective flux (out) in along y direction
jconv , y
dy
cSVy
Rate of mass flowed out along y direction includes

Molecular diffusion flow out in y direction
jD , y
y y
dC
DS
dy
y y
Convective flux (out) in y direction
jconv , y
y y
cSVy
y y
Equ. 1.8a

General mass conservation equation without source and sink
Total mass flow rate in y-direction
jD , y y jconv, y y jD , y
y y
jconv, y
dC
dC
DS
y cSV y y ( DS
dy
dy
y y
y y
) cSVy
dC
dC
Dxz
y cxzV y y ( Dxz
dy
dy
y y
y y
) cxzVy
y y

x and z direction have the similar description
Mass production = 0
Mass consumption = 0
Rate of mass change in the control volume due to 3-D flow and
molecular diffusion
V
C
C
xyz
t
t
C
xyz
t
dC
DS
y cV y
dy
dC
( DS
dy
y y
) cV y
y y
Corresponding component in x diection

corresponding component in zdectio

Divide xyz and assume xyz
dC
( DS
dy
(cV y
cV y
y y
dC
y ( DS
dy
) / y V y c
d 2C
y y )) / y DS
dy 2
Vy c
x and z direction have the similar description

Sum together
y y
) / y
(V y c)
y

Scalar fluxes and constitutive properties
we get convective-diffusion equation
c
( uc ) D 2 c
t
non-dimensional form
c *
1 *2 *
*
* *
(
u
c
)
c
*
t
Pe
C* = c/C;
t * = t/(l/U)
x* = x/l; y* = y/l; z* = z/l;
Peclet number Pe = Ul/D
* /(1 / l )
/(1 / l )
2
Physical meaning: convection flux/diffusion flux

Note there are many Pe as there are many Re
Pe >> 1 negligible molecular diffusion
Pe << 1 important molecular diffusion
The transport phenomena strongly depend on flow and flow field u (x,y.z.t)

To solve c distribution in the convective-diffusion equation
c
( uc ) D 2 c
t
We need to solve u first
Solution of u depends if the flow is laminar or turbulence
Laminar is easier
But turbulence is not easy to solve
Statistic method
Turbulence model
We will study velocity field first

Then concentration
4.15
BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY
Turbulence (brief introduction)

It is difficult to give a clear definition of turbulence
But we can understand turbulence by studying its features
Turbulence features
fast diffusion
random motion
high dissipation rate
continuous flow
multiscale eddies
3-D and
high Re
large coherent structures
Turbulence
Fast diffusion
Because vortices and eddies
Much faster than that in laminar
Turbulence
Random motion
Temporal velocity at a point is random
Turbulence
High dissipation rate
Large flow resist or pressure drop
Turbulence
Multiscale eddies
There are many different size of eddies
Can be quantitatively measured by power spectrum density
Turbulence
3-D
In all 3 direction, there are difference
4.15
Boundary layer
V changes from 0 at wall to the free stream value over a narrow region
near the surface: boundary layer (BL).
A revolutionary concept in 1904 published by Prandtl
Generally, it is due to the effect of
Describing the flow of a fluid near a surface is extremely important in a
wide variety of engineering problems.
It is the this BL that affects the rates of
Momentum
mass transfer and
heat transfer between the surface and the fluid.
Analysis of simple flow in BL provide a great deal of insight into how
the flow of the fluid affects the transport of mass and energy
leading to the rational development of correlations to describe
transport in more complex geometries and flow systems.
We will use these correlations for mass transfer
Turbulence
Study methodology
Statistics view
Random process
Use mature statistics
Coherent structures
Turbulent flows are not purely random
but also have quasi periodic structures, i.e. large vortices
Numerical simulation
Direct numerical simulation
Large eddy simulation
A particular theory in flow dynamics is boundary layer
4.15
Boundary layer
V changes from 0 at wall to the free stream value over a narrow region
near the surface: boundary layer (BL).
A revolutionary concept in 1904 published by Prandtl
Generally, it is due to the effect of
Describing the flow of a fluid near a surface is extremely important in a
wide variety of engineering problems.
It is this BL that affects the rates of
u
Momentum
mass transfer and
x
heat transfer between the surface and the fluid.
Analysis of simple flow in BL provide a great deal of insight into how
the flow of the fluid affects the transport of mass and energy
leading to the rational development of correlations to describe
transport in more complex geometries and flow systems.
We will use these correlations for mass transfer
4.15.1
FLOW NEAR A WALL THAT IS SET IN MOTION
FIGURE 4.13 Flow of a fluid near a flat plate that is set in motion.
4.15.1
Momentum transport and velocity profile without convection

A semi-infinite quantity of a viscous fluid is contacted from below by a
flat, horizontal plate.
For t < 0, the plate and the fluid are not moving V (t<0) = 0
At t = 0, the plate is set in motion with a constant velocity (V) to the
right, as shown in Fig. 4.13.
There are no dP/dx or gravitational forces acting on the fluid (different
from Hagen-Poiseuille flow in a tube)
so the motion of the fluid is solely due to the momentum
transferred from the plate to the fluid.
The flow is also laminar, no mixing of fluid elements in the y
direction.
vy 0.
Since we have no holes in the plate, vy = 0
vz 0.
Since the fluid and the plate are assumed to be infinite in the z There is
mixing in y
direction, vz = 0.
direction
The only component of the fluid velocity is vx(y).
4.15.1 FLOW NEAR A WALL THAT IS SET IN MOTION

t > 0, momentum is transferred further into the fluid.
This creates a velocity profile in the y direction.
We can arbitrarily define the BL thickness () for this problem as
the distance perpendicular to the plate surface where the fluid has
just been set in motion, and
this distance is defined as that point where the local velocity is
equal to 1% of V0, i.e. vx = 0.1 V0
Goal: to determine the
vx profile vx(y,t)
(t).
(Do vx and (t) depend on x? Why)
The concept of a shell balance can be used to analyze this problem.
An important technique for developing mathematical models to
describe the transport of such quantities as V, C, and T.
Approach is conceptually easy to use and is based on the
application of the generalized balance equation (Equ 1.8) to a
given finite volume of interest.
4.15.1
Consider a small volume element of the fluid x y W

W: is the width of the plate in the z direction (normal to the page)
and is assumed to be very large.
Recall that
Momentum = (mass) (velocity)
we can write the momentum per unit volume of the fluid as vx.
The rate of accumulation of momentum within this volume element of
the fluid is equal to
is constant (incompressible)
This term has units of force and is also equal to the sum of the forces
acting on the volume element of the fluid.
The only forces acting on this volume element of fluid are the shear
forces acting on the surfaces at y and y + y, i.e.
yx|y and yx|y+ y
These terms also, respectively, represent the flux of x momentum in
the y direction at y and y + y, respectively.
4.15.1
FIGURE 4.13 Flow of a fluid near a flat plate that is set in motion.
4.15.1
We now use momentum balance equation to establish equation for

velocity field
General momentum balance equation in a control volume
Rate of increase momentum = (rate of momentum flowed in rate
of momentum flowed out) + external force loaded on the fluid
In this special case
Rate of increase momentum =
Rate of momentum flowed in y direction is 0 ( vy = 0)
Rate of momentum flowed in z direction is 0 ( vz = 0)
Rate of momentum flowed in and out in x direction is the same
Uniform in x direction
The only external force loaded on the fluid = yx|y - yx|y+ y
4.15.1
The momentum shell balance on the volume element can be

written as
Eliminating x and W, and then dividing by y and taking the limit as

y 0, :
Valid for any fluid

Newtonian or
non-Newtonian.
Can equ. (4.42) be used for turbulence? Why?
4.15.1
For the special case of the Newtonian fluid, we can use Equ. 4.2 for
yx and obtain
v is the kinematic viscosity and is defined as /.

or v is seen as a constant here
This is a partial differential equation
One IC and two BCs are required for solution
The initial condition (IC) and boundary conditions (BC) are
Equ. 4.44 can easily be solved using the Laplace transform technique.
4.15.1
Laplace transform of a function

f(t) is defined by
Tables of Laplace transforms can be found in a variety of calculus

textbooks and mathematical handbooks.
Table 4.5 summarizes some of the more commonly used Laplace
transforms.
Table 4.5 summarizes some of the more commonly used Laplace transforms.
4.15.1
Solution of equ. 4.43

Taking the Laplace transform of Equ. 4.43 results in the following
equation:
denotes the Laplace transform of the velocity.

From the IC (Equ 4.44), we have that
vx(t = 0) = 0, and
From the BCs, the transformed BCs become
Equ. 4.46 can then be written as a linear homogeneous 2nd order

differential equation
with a2 = s/v.
4.15.1
Equ. 4.48 can be solved with method and has the following general
solution:
The constants C1 and C2 can then be found from the transformed BCs
given by Equ. 4.47.
Using these BCs, we find that C1 = 0 and C2 = V/s.
solution in the Laplace transform space is
Inverting Equ. 4.50, we find the function vx(t)

From Table 4.5, we use transform pair 25 and then find that the
inverse of Equ. 4.50 provides the following solution for vx(t):
4.15.1
Derivation
From ID 1 and assume c2 =0
4.15.1
Derivation
From ID 1 and assume c2 =0, c1 = 1/V
At y =0
At y =
4.15.1
Solution of the linear homogeneous 2nd order differential equation
4.15.1
Derivation
4.15.1
The above solution is in terms of a new function called the

error function abbreviated as erf and the
complementary error function, as erfc
The error function is defined by the following equation:
Note: integral of ex2 cannot be integrated analytically.

Since this integral is quite common in the solution of many engineering
problems,
this function has been tabulated in mathematical handbooks and
mathematical software and
can be treated as a known function
4.15.1
Error function
4.15.1
(y,t)
Defined as that distance y from the surface of the plate where the
velocity has decreased to vx/V =1%
From 4.51)
The complementary error function of
provides a value of
vx/V = 0.01.
we can define the boundary layer thickness, (y,t), as
(y,t) = yv/V=0.01 = 1.821*2 (t)1/2
The value of meaning:

the distance to which momentum from the moving plate has
penetrated into the fluid at time t.
4.15.1
(y,t)
Rewrite equ 4.53:
t = 2/(16 ) t ~ 2/
Approximate euq.
u/t ~ u/L2
t ~ L2/
Above relation indicate the time is

Proportional to L2
If L <<
Diffusion
Mixing
4.15.1
Example 4.5
Calculate the boundary layer thickness 1 sec after the plate has started
to move. Assume the fluid is water for which v = 1 106 m2 sec1.
Solution
Using Equ. 4.53, (y,t) can be calculated
4.15.2
LAMINAR FLOW OF A FLUID ALONG A FLAT PLATE
Objective: derive velocity profile in laminar BL

Steady laminar flow of a fluid along a flat plate Fig. 4.14
The plate is assumed to be semi-infinite and
the fluid approaches the plate at a uniform velocity, V.
Since vx (y=0) = 0 a BL is formed, where, vx increases from 0 to V.
Here, we will obtain an approximate solution, which is very close to
the exact solution.
Details on exact solutions to the boundary layer equations can be
found in Schlichting (1979), an excellent classical book!
Is vy = constant within the BL?
V
y
FIG. 4.14 Laminar boundary layer flow of a fluid over a flat plate.
Momentum integral equation for boundary layer
Q2
Q2
Q1
Q1
http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~jsche
tz/fluidnature/unit02/unit2b.html
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/595/
4.15.2
Mass balance
Consider the shell volume located
From x to x + x and
from y = 0 to y = (x)
Width is W.
1st perform a steady state (d/dt = 0) mass balance on this shell volume,
which is given by
The 1st two terms provide the net rate (i.e., In-Out) at which mass is
being added to the shell volume.
The 3rd term accounts for the loss of mass from the shell volume at the
top of the boundary layer
due to flow in the y direction, i.e. vy 0.
due to BL
due to resistance
4.15.2
Eliminating W and ,
dividing by x,
then taking the limit as x 0,
provides the following equation for vy description within the BL
Relation between vy and vx
4.15.2
Momentum balance
Similarly we have steady x-momentum balance on the shell volume as
two terms: the net rate at which x-momentum is being added to

the shell volume.
3rd term: rate at which x-momentum at the top of the BL is being
lost due to the flow of fluid out of the BL in the y direction.
4th term: loss of momentum as a result of the shear stress
generated by the fluid at the surface of the plate.
All items mean per time
1st
4.15.2
After
eliminating W and
dividing by x and
taking the limit as x 0, from Equ. 4.56
http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~jsche
tz/fluidnature/unit02/unit2b.html
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/595/
Wake flow
4.15.2
Now use Equ. 4.55 to eliminate vy in the previous equation and equ.
4.57 becomes
For a Newtonian fluid, we can use Equ. 4.2 once again and obtain Equ.
4.59:
This is well-known von Karman momentum balance equation

It forms the basis for obtaining an approximate solution to the
boundary layer flow over a flat plate.
4.15.2
To obtain an approximate solution, we need to

o Approximate the shape of the velocity profile within the boundary
layer, i.e., vx(x,y)
o Know BCs.
In equ. 4.59, differential has already vx2
The simplest function that reasonably approximates the shape of
the velocity profile is a simple cubic equation:
Need 4 BCs, which are:
4.15.2
1st BC: no slip BC, which requires that the vx(y) of the fluid at the
surface of the plate be the same as the V of the plate that,
o In this case, vx(y=0) = 0.
4th BC: expresses that the stress at the surface of the plate only
depends on x and not on y, i.e. (x, y=0) = dvx/dy |y=0(x)
o (x, y=0) = (x)
2nd and 3rd BC: state that beyond BL, i.e. y > ,
vx(y) is constant and
vx(y) = V.
The velocity profile of equ. 4.60 has to satisfy the BCs in equ 4.61
When the above BCs are imposed on Equ. 4.60,
the following expression is obtained for vx(y) within the BL
4.15.2
Thickness of BL
Equ. 4.62 indicates that vx depends on unknown (x)
However, we can
o insert Equ. 4.62 into the von Karman momentum balance equation
(Equ. 4.59)
o after some simplification we obtain
BC
with BC: x = 0, = 0.
o Integration of Equ. 4.63 results in the following expression for the
BL thickness, (x):
4.15.2
Equ. 4.64 shows that

Re 2 < Re 1
(x) grows in proportion to x1/2
Re 2
1/2
(x) is inversely proportional to V
(x)
Re 1
Compare Equ. 4.64 and Equ. 4.53):
They are simila
x
Here momentum transfer time t = x/V, i.e. convection time from x = 0 to x
Rearrange Equ. 4.64 into the following form:
Rex = Vx/ is defined as the local value (i.e., at location x) of the

Reynolds number.
4.15.2
Meaning of Re
Re is a very important dimensionless number in the field of fluid
mechanics.
Physically, Re represents the ratio of the inertial forces (V VL2 =
V2L2) acting on the fluid to the viscous forces ((V/L) L2 = VL) acting
on the fluid,
L : a characteristic dimension
V: velocity
Critical Re for transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on
the geometry of the flow being considered.
e.g, for BL flow over the flat plate, experiments show that the flow
is laminar provided Rex <300,000
whereas flow in a cylindrical tube the flow is laminar if ReD <~2100
and can transition to turbulent flow at ReD >~4000.
In this case, the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the
cylindrical tube (D).
4.15.2
Displacement thickness
We have
Q1 vx dy V ( * )
0
displacement
Physical meaning
vx
v
dy dy x dy 1 x dy
0
0 V
0
V
V
A concept meaning that the BL represents a deficit in mass flow compared

to inviscid flow with slip at the wall.
A distance by which the wall would have to be displaced in the inviscid
case to provide the same total mass flow as the viscous case.
4.15.2
Momentum thickness
M
We have
vx 2 dy V 2 ( * *)
2
v
(1 x2 )dy
0
V
Momentum thickness = **- * (Note vx/V < (vx/V)2)
2
v
vx
v
v
**
*
(1 2 ) (1 x )dy x (1 x )dy
0
0 V
V
V
V
Physical meaning
**
as the loss of momentum flux per unit width divided by V2 due to the BL
In general (~ 13% ) < * (~ 34% ) <

Real fluid
M2
Ideal fluid
M2
M1
M1
**
4.15.2
Drag force
Power needs to be considered in design of biomedical devices resist
The approximate solution vx(y) within BL for laminar flow on a flat plate:
combination of Equ. 4.62 and 4.64
Differentiate Equ. 4.66 at y =0, drag force exerted by the fluid on both
sides of the plate.
F
length L and
width W
yx dxdz
4.15.2
Drag force
Fx of the exact solution as well as the experimental data is about 3%
greater than that predicted by the above approximate solution
The constant in Equ. 4.67
being 1.328 for the exact solution.
Hence, we see that this approximate solution to the flat plate
boundary layer problem is quite good.
We can also calculate the power needed to overcome the drag force.
power is defined as
P = force velocity
after multiplying Equ. 4.67 by V, the power is given by
4.15.2
Friction factor f of drag force

defined as the ratio of the shear stress at the wall and the kinetic
energy per volume of the fluid based on the free stream velocity.
From (4.62)
The local value of f is then given by
Average f: combine equs. (4.69) and (4.64),

integrating the above equation as
ReL = VL/.
4.15.2
Friction factor of drag force

f meaning: the force acting on both sides of the plate (i.e., Fx) is given
by the product of the
kinetic energy per volume of the fluid ((1/2)V2)
the area of the flat plate (2 LW)
friction factor (f), and is given by
the same as that given by Equ. 4.67.

As shown by Equ.s 4.70 and 4.71
f is a convenient method for finding the force acting on a surface as
a result of fluid motion.
When the flow is across or over an object, f is also known as the drag
coefficient CD (f = CD)
since it allows for the calculation of the drag force exerted on
the object by the flowing fluid
5.4.2
FICK'S SECOND LAW
Unsteady mass transport in quiescent fluid
unsteady solute balance across the shell of thickness, y, in Fig 5.1,
we can then write, using Equ. 1.8 as our guide, that
S y: control volume
the accumulation of solute mass within S y.

C
S y
the net rate at which solute enters the control volume by diffusion,
according to Fick's first law.
as y 0, we obtain the following result, which is known as Fick's 2nd law:
Solution of Equ. 5.7 for the situation shown in Fig. 5.1 requires IC and BC for
the solute within the fluid or solid material region:
5.4.1
FIG. 5.1
S = x z
5.4.3
SOLUTION FOR THE CONCENTRATION PROFILE FOR DIFFUSION FROM A FLAT

PLATE INTO A QUIESCENT FLUID
Derivation
5.4.3

Mass transport equation

Unsteady process:
Need Ficks 2nd law
Similar to momentum transport due to viscous diffusion from a moving flat
plate to a quiescent fluid
5.4.3

Similarity between momentum and mass transport

o Momentum transport due to viscous diffusion from a moving flat plate to a
quiescent fluid
o Mass transport due to diffusion from a flat plate to a quiescent fluid
for all y > 0

for all t > 0
for all t > 0

we get convective-diffusion equation
c
( uc ) D 2 c
t
non-dimensional form
c *
1 *2 *
*
* *
(
u
c
)
c
*
t
Pe
C* = c/C;
t * = t/(l/U)
x* = x/l; y* = y/l; z* = z/l;
Peclet number Pe = Ul/D
* /(1 / l )
/(1 / l )
2
Physical meaning: convection flux/diffusion flux

Note there are many Pe as there are many Re
Pe >> 1 negligible molecular diffusion
Pe << 1 important molecular diffusion
The transport phenomena strongly depend on flow and flow field u (x,y.z.t)
5.4.3

Solution of C profile
Equ. 5.7 and 5.8 are analogous to Equs 4.43 and 4.44 for the flat plate
that is set in motion within a semi-infinite fluid that Vx(y, t=0) = 0
A unsteady process
Similarly, here we can replace
vx with C, and
V with C0,
with D in Equ. 4.51.
result for C profile
within the quiescent fluid
or solid material at any location y and time t:
Similar to momentum transport solution
One of the reason why we study momentum transfer first in detail
5.4.3

BL of C
C BL thickness, c, as that distance where C has decreased to 1% of C0,
the value at the surface of the plate.
Recall from Chapter 4 that the complementary error function of
vx/V =0.01
provides a value of C/C0 that is equal to 0.01.
Here for C/C0 = 0.01
BL pf vx
Hence, we can define the concentration BL thickness, c(t), as
The value of c can also be interpreted as the distance to which the

solute from the plate has penetrated (or mass transferred) into the
fluid at time t.
5.4.3

Example 5.3
Calculate the concentration boundary layer thickness 1 sec after the
plate has made contact with the fluid. Assume that the fluid is water
and that the solute diffusivity is D = 1 105 cm2 sec1.
Solution
Using Equ 5.10, (y,t) can calculated as
5.4.4
DEFINITION OF THE SOLUTE FLUX
The flux of solute diffusing at any location y is defined as

the moles of solute per unit time per unit area normal to the
direction of diffusion, i.e.,
js = Js/S.
The flux at the surface of the plate in Fig. 5.1 is
For the situation in Fig. 5.1, differentiating Equ. 5.9 with respect to y
at y = 0
Equ. 5.12 js at the surface of the plate is inversely proportional to

the square root of the contact time of the plate with the fluid.
Why?
How many variable in equ. 5.12?
5.4.5
DEFINITION OF THE MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
Solution of mass transfer problems is oftentimes facilitated by

defining the mass transfer coefficient, km.
as the proportionality constant that relates the
molar flux of the solute (js) at surface to the overall
concentration driving force, i.e.,
js = km(CHighCLow).
js = km(CHighCLow) LDm/LDm = (kmL /Dm)Dm(CHighCLow) /L
= ShDm{CHighCLow) /L
km is useful for both
with convection
without convection
5.4.5
km is often given in terms of the dimensionless group, known as the

Sherwood number (Sh).
The ratio of the transport rate of the solute by convection to that by
diffusion
Defined as Sh = kmL/Dm = ratio of solute transport rate of the
convection/diffusion
Dm: diffusivity
L: a characteristic length.
e.g., for convective mass transfer within a cylindrical tube, L is
the tube diameter D.
Another way to understand Sh = kmL/Dm= km(CHighClow)/(Dm(CHighClow)/L)
Another way to understand km
kmCHighClow) = js = Dm dC/dy ~ Dm C/ y ~ Dm(CHighClow)/Lc =
(Dm/Lc)(CHighClow)
Km ~ Dm/Lc km /( Dm/Lc) = Sh
5.4.5
General, Equ. 5.13, defines km in terms of the flux of solute at the

surface of an object, using Fick's 1st law:
For the problem in Fig. 5.1, CHigh = C0 and CLow = 0.

Comparing Equ. 5.13 with Equ. 5.10, km is given by
From equ. (5.12)
From Equ 5.14, km D/C ,

For the unsteady diffusion problem shown in Fig. 5.1, km
is not constant, but
decreases as C increases over time.
5.4.5
Example 5.6:
Find the Km and Sh of mass transfer from the surface of a sphere into an infinite
surrounding quiescent fluid
Assume that the concentration of solute at the surface of a sphere is
given by C0.
Spheres radius: R
r
R
r + r
C0
5.4.5
Example 5.6:
Km and Sh of mass transfer from the surface of a sphere into an infinite
Solution
Again thin shell volume in fluid: for sphere generally thickness r extending
from r to r + r.
Note
A model including km and Sh is needed
Start from
r
Need to find partial differential of C

r < or = R, all C is a constant
r > R, C decreases with r
C may not be 0
C0 is related to solubility
C0
r + r
5.4.5

surrounding quiescent fluid (diffusion only)
Based on
Perform a steady state solute balance (dC/dt =0) on this shell volume using
Fick's 1st law
dC/dt =0
1st term: the rate at which solute enters the control volume by diffusion
and
2nd term: the rate at which solute leaves by diffusion.
Dividing by r and taking the limit as r 0, for the solute
concentration (C) in the fluid surrounding the sphere:
5.4.5

Integrate twice
C1 and C2 can be determined from BCs. Here
C2 = C and
C1 = R (C C0).
profile in the fluid surrounding the sphere is given by
From
the solute flux at the surface of the sphere can be written as
5.4.5

However, from the previous equation for C(r), i.e.
it is easily shown that
Based on definition of km, and substituted it into
we get
km = Dm/R.
Rearrange Sherwood number
Sh = kmdsphere/Dm = 2
based on the sphere diameter (dsphere = 2 R) as the characteristic
length
5.4.5
Example 5.7: Application for km and Sh of a drug

A drug has an equilibrium solubility in water of 0.0025 g cm3.
The diffusivity Dm of the drug in water is 0.9 105 cm2 sec1.
One gram of the drug is made into particles that are 0.1 cm in diameter and
these particles have a density of 1.27 g cm3.
These particles are then vigorously mixed in a stirred vessel containing 1 L
of water.
After mixing for 15 min, the drug concentration in the solution is 0.03 g L1.
Question:
Estimate the value of the mass transfer coefficient km (centimeters per
second) for the drug under these conditions.
Also, find the Sherwood number (Sh).
5.4.5
Solution
C of the drug at the surface of the particles is equal to the equilibrium
solubility of the drug in water, which is equal to 2.5 g L1,
CHigh is the C on the surface in
C of the drug dissolved in the solution

starts (t= 0) at 0 g L1 and
after t= 15 min, increases to 0.03 g L1.
Let CLow in Equ. 5.13 be given by the average of these values or 0.015 g L1
Clow = (C |t = 0 + C |t = 15 min)/2 = (0+0.03)/2 = 0.015 g/L
The total amount of drug that was dissolved over the 15 min period is equal
to 0.03 g L1 1 L = 0.03 g.
The average dissolution rate rdrug is therefore 0.03 g of drug in 15 min or
3.33 105 g sec1.
5.4.5
Solution
Total particle number in the solution Nparticle
Each particle surface Sparticle
Total particle surface: Nparticle * Sparticle
The dissolution rate of the drug rdrug is then given by Equ. 5.13,
where the solute flux, js, is multiplied by the total surface area of all the
drug particles to give the drug dissolution rate (rdrug):
The total area available for mass transfer is equal to (Nparticle)*(Sparticle).

The area of a single drug particle is given by 4 R2, where R is the
particle radius.
Hence, we find that Sparticle = 0.0314 cm2.
5.4.5
Solution
Nparticle can be found by dividing the mass of drug placed into the solution,
by the drug density and then dividing this result by the volume of a given
particle Nparticle = (m/)/(v of single particle)
1 g of drug is equivalent to 1504 particles.
With these parameters found, the previous equation can be solved for
km:
Sh
In this case, Sh > 2 (see Example 5.6, where Sh = 2),

indicating that solute transport from the drug particles in this example is a
result of
convection and
diffusion
5.4.6
MASS TRANSFER IN LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW OVER A FLAT PLATE
Equation of concentration boundary layer (CBL)

Fig. 5.3: shows the laminar flow of a fluid across a semi-infinite flat plate of
length L.
The surface of the plate maintains a constant concentration of a solute (C0)
and the concentration of solute in the fluid is given by C.
Unlike the situation shown in Fig. 5.1, here the solute diffuses from the
surface of the plate and is then swept away by the flowing fluid.
solute is transported away from the flat plate by a combination of
Diffusion
Convection
Assume that the bulk of the fluid is free of solute except in the region
adjacent to the flat plate, which is defined as the CBL
If the fluid approaching the plate has a solute concentration of C, then the
following analysis still applies;
however, the C will need to be defined as C = CC.
5.4.6
FIGURE 5.3 Laminar boundary layer flow in the vicinity of a flat plate of
Velocity
Questions:
Is this a steady process?
What parameter will determine
c
Which BL is thicker for a given x?
Concentration
5.4.6
In Section 4.15.2: u(y) is within the BL along the length of the plate.
Here, extend u(y) to determine C(y) of the solute in CBL that is also formed
along the surface of the flat plate.
Consider the shell volume shown in Fig. 5.3:
width W
located from x to x + x and
from y = 0 to y = c(x),
where c is C BL thickness.
Steady state solute (mass) balance on this shell volume, which is given by
1st and 2nd terms: net rate at which solute is being added to the shell
volume by flow (convection) of the fluid in the x-direction.
3rd term: loss of solute from the top of the shell volume as a result of
flow in the y-direction.
4th term: the rate at which solute is diffusing away from the surface of
the flat plate.
5.4.6
After
eliminating the plate width, W, and
dividing by x,
taking the limit as x 0,

Using Fick's first law, we can insert Equ. 5.11 on the left-hand side of Equ.
5.16 for
and obtain
Solution of Equ. 5.17 requires that we know how vx and C depend on x and y
in their respective BLs.
From Equ. 4.62 vx(x, y)
5.4.6
In a similar fashion propose that C(y) profile in the CBL is approximately

described by
BCs of equ. (5.18):
1ST BC: C is constant along the surface of the flat plate.

2nd and 3rd BCs: beyond CBL, the solute is not present.
we then can eliminate the last term in Equ. 5.17.
Hence, Equ. 5.17 becomes
4th BC: the flux of solute along the surface of the plate is only a function of x
5.4.6
Imposing these BCs on Equ. 5.18, C(y) within the CBL in terms of the
concentration boundary layer thickness, c(x)
C(x,y)
3 y 1 y
1
C
2 x 2 x
0
C
(5.21)
c(x) at this time is still unknown

We now can substitute Equs 4.62 and 5.21 into Equ. 5.20.
Define ratio of the BL thicknesses

= (C(x)/(x)),
Assume is a constant.
The algebra is a bit overwhelming, but one can obtain the following
differential equation for the thickness CBL:
BC: at x = 0, C = 0
Solution of Equ. 5.22 is
5.4.6
Recall from Equ 4.64 that (x) is given by
Dividing Equ 5.23 by Equ. 4.64 and simplifying results in the following
equation for = (C(x)/(x)):
Sc = /Dm = /Dm is a dimensionless number known as the Schmidt

number.
In general,
can be calculated for a given Sc through Equ. 5.24
(x) can be calculated from equ. (4.64)
C(x) can be calculated by (x)
5.4.6
Effect of Schmidt number Sc

ratio of momentum diffusion ( = /) to mass diffusion (Dm)
Sc= /Dm
For solutes diffusing through liquids, generally SC >> 1
from Equ. 5.24, we have that

< 1 or
> C.
for liquids, the CBL lies within the velocity or
momentum (x).
Diffusing through gases, SC ~ 1
1 or
C.
Diffusing through materials like liquid metals, SC <<1
> 1 or
C > .
C
x
5.4.6
For most mass transfer problems of interest to biomedical engineers, Sc >> 1

From Equ. 5.24 << 1
C(x) < < (x)
Based on Equ. 5.24, if << 1
Combining equ. 5.25 with equ 4.64
important result:
C(x) depends only on
Rex
Sc
5.4.6
Mass transfer coefficient km

Here, CHigh = C0 and CLow = 0.
Using Equs 5.11 and 5.13,
km becomes
Substituting Equ. 5.21 into Equ. 5.27

and replacing C(x) with Equ. 5.26,
C(x,y)
3
y
y

1
C
2 x 2 x
0
C
(5.21)
we obtain the following expression for the local mass transfer coefficient:
Shx : local Sherwood number at location x, and ratio of the transport rate of
solute by convection to that by diffusion.
5.4.6
As the fluid progresses down the length of the plate,

C(x) increases and
km (a local value) decreases in inverse proportion to x1/2.
For a plate of length L, the average mass transfer coefficient is given by
Substituting Equ. 5.28 into Equ. 5.29

length averaged mass transfer coefficient
Rex < 300,000 (only for laminar)
For flow over one side of a flat plate of length L and width W, the amount of
solute transported can then be written as follows
CHigh : concentration of the solute at the surface of the plate and
CLow : concentration of the solute in the fluid outside the boundary layer

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Ch 5 Solute Transport in

DESCRIPTION OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

DESCRIPTION OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Solute transport process

Three types of capillaries

CAPILLARY FLOW RATES

S represents the circumferential surface area of a given capillary and

CAPILLARY FLOW RATES

CAPILLARY FLOW RATES

Q capillary >> Q filtration

this is also equivalent to stating that a solute diffuses from a region

FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY

Consider the situation shown in Fig. 5.1.

Velocity profile in Couette flow

FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY

FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY

The diffusion rate of this solute can therefore be described by Fick's

FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY

A useful relationship for estimating the diffusivity of a solute in water

FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY

Solute diffusivity in water at 37C.

FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY

R: ideal gas constant (8.314 J mol1 K1),

FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY

This equation assumes that the solute of a given MW is

FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY

FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY

FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY

Proteins can be solvated or hydrated

FICK'S SECOND LAW

Unsteady mass transport

Accumulation (Rate of increase in mass)

FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY

FICK'S FIRST LAW AND DIFFUSIVITY

For derivation of equ. (5.7)

the accumulation of solute mass within S y.

Passive scalar transport equation

Passive scalar transport equation

Convective flux (out) in along y direction

Rate of mass flowed out along y direction includes

Convective flux (out) in y direction

Passive scalar transport equation

Passive scalar transport equation

Corresponding component in x diection

Passive scalar transport equation

x and z direction have the similar description

Passive scalar transport equation

Physical meaning: convection flux/diffusion flux

Passive scalar transport equation

We will study velocity field first

BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY

Turbulence (brief introduction)

BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY

BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY

FLOW NEAR A WALL THAT IS SET IN MOTION

FLOW NEAR A WALL THAT IS SET IN MOTION

Momentum transport and velocity profile without convection

4.15.1 FLOW NEAR A WALL THAT IS SET IN MOTION

FLOW NEAR A WALL THAT IS SET IN MOTION

Consider a small volume element of the fluid x y W

FLOW NEAR A WALL THAT IS SET IN MOTION

FLOW NEAR A WALL THAT IS SET IN MOTION