Differential Forms of the

Conservation Equations

MASS CONSERVATION:

 It is sometimes convenient to express MC in

differential rather than integral form
Start with the integral form of mass conservation

dV V n dA 0
t CV
CS
now note that

CS

V n dA

CV

V dV
divergence

Divergence theorem

A n dS A dV
s

CS

CV

Gradient theorem

An dS A dV
s

CS

CV

 Assuming a fixed, non-deforming CV, the order

of differentiating and integration may be
switched

CV t V dV 0

Since this must be true for any and all CVs,

the integrand must be zero, or

V 0
t

 For steady flow, the differential form of the

mass conservation equation becomes
V 0 for steady flow
or

V V 0
if we also assume incompressible flow
V 0 for incompressible, steady flow

MOMENTUM EQUATION

ME Differential Form

VdV V Vrel n dS Pn dS dS fdV

t cv
CS
CS
CS
CV
Separate into three coordinate directions

udV u Vrel n dS

t cv
CS
P n nx dS
CS

n dS f n dV
x

CS

CV

vdV v Vrel n dS

t cv
CS
P n n y dS
CS

n dS f n dV
y

CS

CV

wdV w Vrel n dS

t cv
CS
P n nz dS
CS

n dS f n dV
z

CS

CV

 Assume an infinitesimal, fixed, non-deforming CV

First, write each term as volume integrals

u V n dS uV dV
s

CS

CV

Pns dS PdV
CS

CV

dS F

visc

CS

dV

CV

switching the order of differentiation and integration

and using the x-direction eqn.

cv t u uV P nx f nx Fvisc dV 0
dP

dx

 The only way the integral over the CV can be true for
any and all CVs is for the integrand to be equal to zero,
i.e.,

dP
nx 0
u uV f nx Fvisc
t
dx

dP
ny 0
v vV f ny Fvisc
t
dy

dP
nz 0
w wV f nz Fvisc
t
dz

Neglecting viscous and body forces Euler eqns

dP
u uV 0
t
dx

dP
v vV 0
t
dy

dP
w wV 0
t
dz

u uV u u V V u
t
t
t

u V
t
t

0, by cont.

V u

V u
t
also,

d
d
d
v w u
dy
dz
dx

V u u

Euler eqns

so, e.g., the x-dir Euler eqn is

u
u
u
u P
u
v w
0
t
y
z x
x

u
u
u
u P
u v w
0
t

v
v
v
v P
u v w
0
t
y
z y
x
w
w
w
w P

u
v
w
0
t
y
z z
x

ENERGY EQUATION

v2
v2
u gz dV h gz V n dA
t CV
2
2
CS

q dV q n dA f V dV W
s

CV

CS

sh

Wvisc.

CV

following the same procedure and applying continuity

and momentum yields

v2
v2
u gz u gz V
t
2
2

q PV f V Qvisc Wvisc

Qvisc is the proper form of the convection heat transfer term

there is no internal conduction term for the infinitesimal CV
Wvisc is the proper form of the shear work term

SOLVING THE EQUATIONS OF FLUID

MECHANICS

Solving Equations of Fluid Mechanics

Unknowns - 6

P , , T , u , v, w
Equations - 6

Momentum 3
Continuity (mass cons.) 1
Energy 1
Eqn of state 1