Pi

Pi

()
2011.02.19

(
)()

Pi

Pi

(Dimensional Analysis)

(dimensional homogeneity)(simple pendulum)

( T ) (sec)
T ([])
( l
(cm) ) L
( g )
g L T 2

 Pi

l / g
1/ 2

l
g

(1)

1945
(G.I.Tayler)
( E E M L2 T 2 )
(shock wave)
( R R L )
( t t T )
( M L3 )
R E x y t z

L E t M
x

x y

2 x 3 y

2 x z

(2)

(2) ( x 1/ 5 y 1/ 5 z 2 / 5 )
R C E1 / 5 1 / 5t 2 / 5 E R 5 / t 2

(3)

C 1
t 0.006 R 80 1.2kg/m 3

E 805 1.2 / 0.0062 kg m 2 /sec2

11014 joul

(4)

TNT 4106
TNT
(3)
(3)

Pi

 Pi

Pi (The Buckingham Pi Theorem)

(Lord Rayleigh1842~1919)(1877)
(E.Buckingham) 1914

Pi

Pi
n (physical variables q1 , q2 , , qn )
n F (q1 , q2 , , qn ) 0
n k (fundamental
dimension) n k
( q1 , q2 , , qk )(primary variable)
(n k ) ( qk 1 , qk 2 , , qn )

(dimensionless quantity)
Pi

i , (i 1,2, , n k )

i q1a1 q2a2 qkak qk i

Pi 1 , 2 ,, nk n

F (q1 , q2 , , qn ) 0 1 , 2 , , nk 0

(aerodynamic force, Faero )

( v )
( l 2R R )( )(viscosity coefficient) (
(shear stress)(velocity gradient))

( )()

 Pi

Faero f v, l , , , F v, l , , , , Faero 0

n 6 ( v l Faero )

Faero [ M ][ L][T ]2
v [ L][T ]1
l [L]
[M ][ L]3
[ M ][ L]1[T ]1
[T ]1
( M
L T ) k 3 Pi
( k 3 )( n k 6 3 3 )

1 2
3 F v, l , , , , Faero 0 1 , 2 , 3 0

Faero
[1 ] [ ]a [v]b [l ]c [ Faero ] [ M ]a1[ L]3abc1[T ]b2

(5)

1
a 1 0

3a b c 1 0

b2 0

( 6)

Faero
v2 l 2

(7 )

a 1 b 2 c 2
1 1v 2l 2 Faero

( l 2 )( A )
1 / 2
1 C R
CR

Faero
1
v2 A
2

(8)

 Pi

1
Faero CR A v 2
2

(9)

C R (aerodynamic force coefficient)

2 3

[ 2 ] [ ]a [v]b [l ]c [ ] [ M ]a1[ L]3abc1[T ]b1

(10 )

2
a 1 0

3a b c 1 0

b 1 0

(11)

a 1 b 1 c 1

v l

(12 )

2 (Reynolds
number Re )
Re

v l

(13)

[ 3 ] [ ]a [v]b [l ]c [ ] [ M ]a [ L]3abc [T ]b1

(14)

3
a0

3a b c 0
b 1 0

(15)

l
v

(16)

a 0 b 1 c 1
3

3 2
(spin parameter S )

 Pi

R
v

(17)

Pi
CR , Re, S 0

(18)

C R Re S
CR CR Re, S

(19)

( vair )
(mach number)
M

v
vair

(20)

Pi
Pi
n (q1 , q2 , , qn ) n

k L1 , L2 ,, Lk (k n)

q L L
1i

2i

Lk ; i 1,2, n
ki

(21)

n k
( q1 , q2 , , qk ) (n k )
( qk 1 , qk 2 , , qn )
i q1a1 q2a2 qkak qk i i 1,2,, n k i 1

(21)
(dimensional matrix)
11 12

22

A 21

k1 k 2

1n

2n

kn

(22)

 Pi

k n k n
(square matrix)(column)(row)
(rank) k rank(A) k (
() Pi
n k
k ) A k
1i

2i
i

ki

(23)

i cij j ; k i n

(24)

i 1,2,, k i i k

j 1

(q1 , q2 , , qn )

q q
a1

a2

qn 1
an

(25)

(21) (25)

11 12

21 22

k1 k 2

1n a1

2 n a2
0


kn an

(26)

(23) (26)
n

ai i ai i ai i 0
i 1

i 1

(27)

i k 1

i k i (24)

i 1

j k 1

ai c ji a j i 0

(28)

ai c ji a j ; i 1,2,, k

(29)

j k 1

 Pi

(26)
n c a
j1 j
a1 j

k 1

n
ak c a
jk j

j
k 1
a

k 1 a
k 1

a
n

an

(30)

ak 1 , ak 2 ,, an (n k ) a i
ak 1 , ak 2 ,, an (n k )
(n k ) (30)
(25) ( qk 1 , qk 2 , , qn )

i q1a1 q2a2 qkak qk i i 1,2,, n k ak 1 1, ak 2 an 0

(26) ( (30) )
a1 ck 1,1

ak ck 1,k

ak 1 1
a 0

k 2

n 0
ck 1,1

1 q1

ck 1, 2

q2

ck 1,k

qk

(31)

qk 1

Pi
n F (q1 , q2 , , qn ) 0 1 , 2 , , nk 0
(unit)
(dimension)

F (q1 , q2 , , qn ) 0
G (q1 ,, qk , 1 ,, nk ) 0
8

 Pi

Li Li G (q1 ,, qk , 1 ,, nk ) 0
( i )
(21) Li Li i Li ( i
) q i qi 11i k ki qi

1 , 2 ,, k

qi 1

i 1,2,, k

G (q1 ,, qk , 1 ,, nk ) G (1,,1, 1 ,, nk ) 0

1 , 2 , , nk 0

1 , 2 ,, k

qi 11i k ki qi 1
1i ln 1 ki ln k ln qi 0

(31)

i 1,2,, k (31)
11 21

12 22

1k 2 k

k1 ln 1
ln q1

k 2 ln 2
ln q2

ln q
kk ln k
k

(32)

(32) ij k k k

(32) ln 1 ,, ln k

1 , 2 ,, k qi 1 ( i 1,2,, k ) G (1,,1, 1 ,, nk ) 0
Pi
1 , 2 , , nk 0
Pi

1. ()33 3 pp.13-27(2009).
2. John D. Anderson, Jr.
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics(Third Edition), McGraw Hill
(2001).
3. J. David LoganApplied Mathematics(Third Edition)Wiley(2006).
4. Gareth Williams
Linear Algebra with Application(Fifth Edition)Jones and Bartlett
(2005).