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[1]
Qusable Estimated total usable heat generated by the heat pumps that obey the requirement
SPF > 1.15 * 1/
SPF
[2]
Where Wheating is the driving work needed by the heat pump. According to the symbols used in
Figure 1, Wheating can be calculated as:
Wheating = Es_fan/pump + EHW_hp
[3]
[4]
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[5]
[6]
Working on Eq. [6] provides the equation for the calculation of the energy coming from renewable
energy sources and provided by the heat pump working in heating mode:
ERES, heating = Qusable,heating
(1 - 1 / SPFheating)
[7]
One can notice that Eq. [7] is similar to Eq. [1], with the only distinction that the subscript
heating is added to the terms ERES, Qusable and SPF.
Verification of Eq. [1] for heat pumps working in cooling mode
Lets assume that the heat pump is reversible, and in summer time it works in cooling mode. The
reversible heat pump (in fact, a refrigeration/cooling machine) takes out of the building the energy
Qusable,cooling by means of Wcooling, and evacuates their sum to the environment.
First Law of Thermodynamics shows that:
Qusable,cooling + Wcooling = Eenvironment
[8]
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[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
Working on Eq. [12] provides the equation for the calculation of the energy evacuated to the
environment by the reversible heat pump working in cooling mode:
Eenvironment = Qusable,cooling (1 + 1/ SPFcooling ) = Erecovered
[13]
Conclusions:
1. The concept energy coming from renewable sources and captured by means of heat pumps
noted as ERES - is meaningful only when the heat pump works in heating mode. ERES is
indeed extracted from the environment by means of the driving energy W heating. We cannot
speak about ERES provided by a heat pump working in cooling mode, because it makes no
sense.
2. When the heat pump works in cooling mode, the energy evacuated to the environment
Eenvironment can be regarded as recovered energy and noted as Erecovered only if it is indeed
recovered and stored for further use. Air cooled chillers or water cooled chillers do not
qualify for this denomination. Only ground source cooled chillers do qualify.
3. The term Erecovered includes also the driving energy for cooling Wcooling, which can be electric
energy or thermal energy.
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4. The term Erecovered is addressed in the Energy Efficiency Directive and must be analyzed
within the National Energy Efficiency Action Plans.
In order to apply Eq. [1] at European level for statistical purposes, the EC issued the Decision
2013/114/EU in March 2013. According to this decision and as a default (i.e. if no better data from
actual measurements are available), Qusable shall be calculated as follows:
Qusable = HHP * Prated
[14]
Qusable
HHP
Prated:
Also default values for HHP and SPF are given in 2013/114/EU. These values are given for three
different climate zones (suggested climate condition areas: cold, average and warm), as shown in
figure 3. The implications of this new, harmonised approach will have to be seen over the next
years.
Germany
Statistics on geothermal heat pumps (ground source heat pumps, GSHP) in Germany have been
organised since the 1990s by the relevant industrial/professional associations, i.e. the German Heat
Pump Association (BWP) and the German Geothermal Association (GtV-BV). They were based on
sales numbers reported by the heat pump manufacturers to an independent notary who compiled
them in an anonymous way (in order not to allow the sales success of individual companies to be
traced back). The calculation of existing stock, installed capacity etc. was done by GtV-BV using
some estimation (percentage of older units being withdrawn, average heating output, etc.). In 2010,
BWP and GtV-BV made a joint effort to revise and align their respective numbers. In recent years,
a working group on renewable energy statistics (AGEE-stat) on behalf of the German Federal
Ministry for Environment (BMU) has endorsed these numbers and condensed them into the overall
statistics. With the rules of the Directive 2009/28/EC (RES-Directive) taking effect, the statistics on
heat pumps now are compiled by the Federal Statistical Office (StatBA), for the time being based
upon the same sources as before.
The total number of all heat pumps including non-geothermal systems reached about 460,000 in
2012, producing 7.2 TWh of renewable heat (BMU according to AGEE-stat 2013). Geothermal heat
pumps constitute the major portion of the total number of heat pumps used for space heating and
cooling. The number of geothermal systems reached 265,000 at the end of 2012, a considerable
increase compared to 244,000 geothermal heat pumps in 2011 (Fig. 4). Brine/water systems are the
most common installations with a share of about 85 % of the geothermal heat pumps (Ganz et al.,
2013).
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Geothermal heat pumps still constitute the major portion of the total number of heat pump systems
used for space heating and cooling, however, sales figures of ground source heat pumps have
decreased in the last five years (Fig. 5).
Market figures of the German Heat Pump Association (BWP 2013) show that the share of air
coupled systems in total heat pump sales increases continuously, while that of geothermal systems
goes down. From a peak of about 85 % of geothermal heat pumps in 1998 the decrease is
accelerating steadily, reaching a low of only 37 % in 2012. According to BWP, the reasons for the
decreasing interest in ground source heat pumps are various:
- high cost for drilling, partly arising from imposed official requirements for geothermal
boreholes
- lower cost for installation for air source units and low prices of imported air-source heat pumps
- lack of appropriate support measures and incentives (cf. chapter 4.2),
- complicated approval practices
500
450
air
water
400
brine
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Figure 4: Development of the heat pump market in Germany since 2000 (BMU according to
AGEE-stat 2013)
35000
30000
brine/water
(ground)
34450
31890
water/water 28600
(water)
26810
25000
24500
24400
22000
20000
15000
10000
13250
9250
7350
5000
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Figure 5: Annual number of new ground source heat pumps (data from BWP 2013; from
2010 on, the distinction between water and brine heat pumps was no longer made by BWP)
Page 5 / 15
According to the Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-stat), the heating capacity
of the stock number of 244,000 geothermal heat pumps amounted to about 3,000 MW t in 2011 and
reached 3,200 MWt in 2012 by 265,000 units. Assuming an average COP of 4 to 4.5 (GZB 2010,
Miara et al. 2011), the geothermal contribution of the heating capacity can be estimated with about
2,250 MWt in 2011 and 2,400 MWt in 2012.
Using an average runtime of 1950 full load hours, the total heat produced by geothermal heat
pumps can be estimated with 5 TWh in 2011 and 5.5 TWh in 2012. The renewable share of the
produced heat amounted to 3,870 GWh in 2011 and 4,170 GWh (357 ktoe) in 2012, as to the
methodology used by BWP, GtV-BV and AGEE-stat in the past.
For EU statistical purposes, the renewable (geothermal) contribution to the heating capacity from
now on should be calculated according to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC Renewable Energy,
Annex VII, by using the equation [1].
In Germany, DIN 4710 states a number of climatic zones for design of heat and cooling systems.
However, for application of 2013/114/EU, the overall map as shown in figure 3 seems to be
applicable. For Germany, located in the average climate zone therein, the default values for H HP
and SPF given in 2013/114/EU are as follows: HHP is considered as 2070 h/year (a rather high
value), and SPF for Ground-Water and Water-Water heat pumps as 3.5 (this value is more on the
low side for Germany). Then the full calculation is:
Qusable = 3200 MW * 2070 h/yr = 6624 GWh/yr
[15]
(so following this rule, Qusable will be estimated considerably higher than the value of 5500 GWh/yr
calculated by AGEE-stat).
ERES = 6624 GWh/yr * (1 1 / 3.5) = 4731 GWh/yr
[16]
The pure geothermal contribution from ground source heat pump systems in Germany thus can be
estimated to be 4.73 TWhth (406 ktoe) in 2012, according to the new EU calculation rule.
A first check with the data for Germany revealed that using the default values in Decision
2013/114/EU seems to result in a higher amount of renewable energy produced..
It is also possible to calculate the amount of CO2-emmissions saved by using ground source heat
pumps instead of natural gas burners, still the most popular heat source in Germany (fig. 6). Using
the emission factors of 0.25 g/kWh for natural gas and 0.6 g/kWh for the electricity in Germany,
and assuming the (low) average SPF of 3.5 as given by Eurostat, the total emission reductions
would amount to about 590 Kt in 2012, or ca 38 % compared to the same heat provided by natural
gas.
CO2-emissions reduced through GSHP (Kt CO 2/a)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Figure 6: Annual reduction of CO2-emissions due to GSHP in Germany (calculated after data
from BWP 2013, see text)
Page 6 / 15
2.2.
Greece
Conversion factors to
primary energy
Greece
Romania
Greece
Romania
Natural gas
1,05
1,10
0,196
0,202
Heating oil
1,10
Electrical energy
2,90
Biomass
1,00
0,264
2,50
0,989
0,701
---
Figure 7. The climatic zones of Greece according to the Greek legislative framework
It is worth noting that the prospects for the development of applications of GSHPs in Greece are
significant. Today (2013) there are around 1200 GSHP systems installed in Greece with an
estimated overall capacity of around 100 MWth, corresponding to 61 MWth open loop, 30 MWth
Page 7 / 15
vertical closed loop and 9 MWth horizontal closed loop (Andritsos et al 2013), as shown in Figure
8. Based on these figures and considering the action plan for GSHPs market development in Greece
drafted by CRES in the framework of the GEOPOWER project (CRES, 2012), it is reasonable to
assume that a target of 30.000 GSHP systems installed corresponding to 330 MWth total capacity is
feasible for the year 2020.
In Greece, several financial incentive schemes are in place supporting shallow geothermal
applications. It is emphasized that there is a national program in the framework of energy upgrade
of existing homes, which is called Saving at Home and from this program the installations of
GSHPs in the buildings can be subsidized. Furthermore there are several other programs providing
subsidies of up to 100% of the value (from 30%) under the National Strategic Reference
Framework (NSRF) such as: Green Schools, Energy Upgrading of Tertiary Sector buildings,
such as hotels Bioclimatic upgrades in public buildings, Building the future etc.
Due to the dual mode of operation of GSHPs (heating and cooling) from the ATES and BTES
systems, these applications are a sound technology in Greece. It is worth noted that there are more
private buildings than public buildings in Greece, which are nZEB and with SPF values around 6.
Table 2: Installed GSHP systems in Greece and EU at present and prediction for 2020.
Country
Installed
GSHPs for
the year
2013
The Market of
GSHPs from
2013 to 2020
Installed
GSHPs for the
year 2020
Installed
MW(th) for the
year 2020
Greece
1.200
28.800
30.000
330
Total number of 27
Countries in EU*
1.213.300
1.172.800
2.386.100
29.500
Romania
In Romania, according to Directive 2010/31/EC transposed into national legislation by Law No.
159/2013 on the energy performance of buildings, with effect from July 2013, all buildings to be
sold or rented, all new buildings and all the old buildings that are seriously renovated and owned by
public authorities or frequented by the public are subject to energy audit and energy certification.
This provision is valid also for serious renovations of the old blocks of flats and old single family
dwellings built in the period 1950-1990 that belong to individuals and that are seriously renovated,
with financial support from the State, according to Law 238/2013.
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The energy certification of buildings is done by energy auditors for buildings they are
independent specialists, authorized by the ministry (MDRAP-Ministry of Regional Development
and Public Administration). They have the duty to energy audit and to issue a certificate of energy
performance of the analysed building. The energy performance of buildings, in accordance with
Directive 2010/31/EC and Law 159/2013, shall be established by declaring the buildings energy
class based on the calculation of several synthetic indicators such as:
1. Specific annual consumption of primary energy from non-renewable sources of energy;
2. Specific annual emission of greenhouse gases equivalent CO2;
3. Specific annual consumption of renewable energy produced on or near the building.
The performance certificate of the building, in case of major intervention, records the energetic state
of the building before and after major intervention, and it is sent to MDRAP. MDRAP has the task
of processing and centralize the primary statistical data nationwide.
From climatic point of view, Romania is divided into five climatic zones, with respect to the
outdoor design temperature for heating purposes.
From the point of view of using the GSHPs for heating and/or cooling, Romania can be divided into
two geothermal zones:
-
Zone I that needs both heating in winter time and cooling in summer time, and
The Qusable factor H is the annual number of operation hours of the heat pump/pumps for heating at
rated capacity Prated_H; Pdesign_H [kW].
The Qusable factorAC is the annual number of operation hours of the heat pump/pumps for cooling at
rated capacity Prated_AC; Pdesign_AC [kW].
Table 3. Qusable factor H and Qusable factorAC for representative cities across Romania
City
Qusable factor H
Qusable factor AC
[h/yr]
[h/yr]
Bucuresti
2.129
1.767
Timisoara
1.894
1.900
Craiova
1.900
1.815
Galati
1.815
2.296
Constanta
1.664
2.302
1.881
2.019
Cluj Napoca
2.332
1.340
[18]
67.504 kWh/yr
[19]
76.654 kWhpe/yr
[20]
(for conversion factors 1,1 kWhpe/kWhnatural gas and 2,5 kWhpe/kWh for electricity, in the European
Union)
Greenhouse gas emissions equivalent
[21]
(for the specific factors of Romania: 0,202 kgCO2/kWh for natural gas and 0,701 kgCO2/kWh for
electricity measured at the final consumer).
Based on these data, the energy auditor has determined that the actual size of the energy required to
cover the annual heat loss of the building and domestic hot water preparation, which needs to be
generated by the new technical system is:
Qusable = 48.967 kWh/yr
[22]
5.134 kWh/yr
[23]
43.833 kWh/yr.
[24]
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If we take into account the provisions of European Commission Decision of 1 March 2013,
knowing the value of Qusable, we can find the thermal capacity of the geothermal heat pump/pumps
to be installed with the formula:
Prated=Qusable/Hhp [kW] where:
[25]
Hhp=Qusable factor H=2.129 kWh/kW [h/yr]
[26]
Usually the professional catalogs of the heat pump suppliers mention the COP values as function of
the EWT (Entering Water Temperature) and LWT (Leaving Water Temperature). For the case
considered, one can make an assessment of SPFH1 values close to reality, on time intervals, in
conjunction with outside air temperature on which depend the values of thermal losses of the
building. If on the first three time intervals of the year, one considers that SPF H1 = 4 4.4 and for
the rest of the year SPFH1 = 5 5.5 (the building's water equipments being on low temperature:
LVT = 35C), the electricity consumption of the heat pump/pumps can be calculated on each
interval, which leads to find the value of the annual electricity consumption
EHW_hp = 12.576 kwh/yr
[27]
[28]
SPFH1 = 3,9
[29]
If we consider, however, that the geothermal heating plant consumes more electricity than the value
"EHW_hp", one must perform a statistical evaluation of the entire E driving value of the system needed
to determine its energy label (S = 100 Qusable/CCEdriving.) in accordance with the requirements of
Commissions Delegated Regulation (EU) No 811/2013 of the European Commission with effect
from 2015:
Edriving = ES_fan/pump + EHW_hp + Ebt_pump + EHW_bu + EB_fan/pump
[30]
For a carefully designed and well-operated facility, the report:
(ES_fan/pump + Ebt_pump + EHW_bu + EB_fan/pump)/EHW_hp
[31]
[32]
consumption
for
heating
the
building
and
preparing
[34]
where CC = 2.5 according to EC Decision of March 1, 2013 and Directive 2012/27/CE for the first
reporting stage. After 2020, each EU country, according to NREAP achievements of obligations
assumed on the electricity from E-RES will determine the value of the factor CC.
Therefore, the current value of Eq. (34) is:
33.013 kWhpe/yr
[35]
9.257 kgCO2/yr
[36]
With these values, thus determined, one can calculate the specific indicators (for the surface
SC=336m) required by the Building Energy Performance Certificate, as per the model presented in
Figure 11.
Since the conditions specified in the law (Law no. 238/2013) are satisfied, meaning:
- the annual specific heat consumption for heating is lower than 100 kWhep/m.yr;
- the renewable energy production on location (with the value of 108 kWh/m.yr) is higher
than the non-renewable energy consumption (98kWh/m.yr);
- the specific index of emission equivalent CO2 is by 37% lower than the initial;
the investment will be promoted with the financial support of the state and the building will be
declared energy efficient.
On completion of the intervention, during the signing of the reception documents for the building,
the energy auditor for buildings will provide the energy performance certificate to the Reception
Commission of the local public administration. Further on, this energy performance certificate
due to the responsability of the local public administration, will be transmitted in maximum 30 days
to the competent ministry (MDRAP) for financial support.
Page 12 / 15
[38]
[39]
Water is circulated In the geothermal system, not a glycol based mix having a higher
viscosity;
The circulation pumps are variable speed type and the water flows rates are correlated
with the thermal load of the building by a BMS, SCADA or DDC system;
3. PEC is the better as the Qusable is lower, that means the building is better insulated.
Page 13 / 15
3.PEC is the better as the CC value is lower. Romania, through an ambitious program to promote
wind energy in the region of Dobrogea, very generous in terms wind, has realized by 2013 half of
NREAP task of ERES. Unfortunately, due to the influence of "green certificates", the electricity price
increased to final consumer (population and industry), which determined the government to slow
down the program until 2018. A ERES share of 23% (data from 2013) in the energy label of energy
production in Romania may modify, in our opinion, the CC value from 2.5 kWh pe/kWh to about 1.9
kWhpe/kWh at the end of the first reporting period.
3. General conclusions
The European legislation framework with regard to the use of energy from renewable sources needs
to clarify the calculation method of the energy recovered by the reversible heat pumps working in
cooling mode as a large area of the European continent experiences climatic conditions requiring
air conditioning.
Member states especially the newly admitted members must make efforts to build up reliable
data bases, which should be able to provide comprehensive information about the heat pump
systems installed in each country.
It is presumed that the record of the contribution of heat pumps with regard to the energy captured
from renewable sources and to the recovered energy will be done by statistical methods, using a
harmonized European method based on reliable data bases.
4. References
AGEE-Stat (2013): Development of renewable energy sources in Germany 2011 - graphics and
tables. - Bundesministerium fr Umwelt Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU) according to
AGEE stat, Berlin, http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de
BWP (2013): Press release on sales figures 2012, with basic sales figures, Bundesverband
Wrmepumpe e.V., (German Heat Pump Association), Berlin, http://www.waermepumpe.de
EU (2009): Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the
promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing
Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC, 2009/28/EC, OJEU L140 pp. 16-62
EU (2010): Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy
performance of buildings, 2010/31/EU, OJEU L153, pp. 13-35
EU (2012): Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy
efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC
and 2006/32/EC, 2012/27/EU, OJEU L315, pp. 1-56
EU (2013): Commission Decision of 1 March 2013 establishing the guidelines for Member States
on calculating renewable energy from heat pumps from different heat pump technologies pursuant
to Article 5 of Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, 2013/114/EU,
OJEU L62, pp. 27-35
Ganz, B., Schellschmidt, R., Schulz, R. & Sanner, B. (2013): Geothermal Energy Use in Germany.
- Proc. EGC 2013, paper CUR-13, 16 p., Pisa
Andritsos N, Arvanitis A, Dalabakis P, Karytsas C, Mendrinos D, Papachristou M, (2013):
Geothermal Energy Use, Country Update for Greece, European Geothermal Congress 2013 Pisa,
Italy, 3-7 June.
CRES (2012): GSHP market development in Greece Action Plan, 29 p., page 25.
EGEG (2012): Geothermal market report 2012, 2nd edition, December 2012, 56 p., page 29.
EGEC (2013): EGEC market report 2013/2014, 3rd edition, December 2013, 72 p., page 43.
Page 14 / 15
Gazette of Hellenic Republic 407B/9.04.2010. Decree number D6/B/oik. 5825 Adoption of the
Rules of the Energy Performance of Buildings
Gazette of Hellenic Republic 85A/4.06.2010. Law 3851 on Accelerating Development of
Renewable Energy to address climate change and other provisions on Ministry of Environment,
Energy and Climate Change jurisdiction.
Geotrainet Training Manual for Designers of Shallow Geothermal Systems delivrable of the
IEE/07/581/S12.499061 Project Geo-Education for a sustainable geothermal heating and cooling
market
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