1- smokestack or funnel;;

2 stern;;
3 propeller and ruder;;
4 portside (left, starboard, right
5 anchor;;
6 bulbous bow ;;
7 bow ;;
8 deck ;;
9 superstructure

At sea, speed may be measured relative to either the seabed (ground reference
speed) or to the water flowing past the hull (water reference speed).
METHODS OF SPEED LOGGING
1. Pressure Tube Log
2. Electromagnetic Log
3. Doppler speed log
1. Pressure Tube Log
Tube A a static pressure intake tube
Tube B Pitot tube (extends below the vessels hull to a depth d
PITOTS LAW:
p = Kv2
With the vessel stationary: static pressure from tube A to the top diaphragm and tube B cancels.
As the vessel moves, water forced in tube B produces a combine pressure in the lower half of the
chamber that is equal to both the dynamic and static pressures.
The greater the speed of the vessel through the water, the more the diaphragm will move and the
greater will be the speed indicated
2. Electromagnetic Log
Uses Michael Faradays principle of measuring the flow of a fluid past a sensor by means of
electromagnetic induction
The operation relies upon the principle that any conductor which is moved across a magnetic field
will have induced into it a small emf
=As the vessel moves, the seawater (conductor) flowing through the magnetic field has a small emf
induced into it. The amount of emf is dependent upon the rate of cutting the magnetic lines of force,
is detected by two small electrodes set
=As the vessel moves, the seawater (conductor) flowing through the magnetic field has a small emf
induced into it. The amount of emf is dependent upon the rate of cutting the magnetic lines of force,
is detected by two small electrodes set
3. Doppler speed log
@b:

1 =d ;
fr 1=ft
@c:

( cvc )

d=vT ;

T=

1
ft

observed frequency as a source moves towards an observer

 2=+d ;
fr 2=ft

( c+c v )

observed frequency as the source moves away from an observer

If an observer is moving towards a stationary source:

fr=ft +
fr=ft

( c +vc )

If an observer is moving away from a source:

fr=ft
fr=ft

( cvc )

If both the observer and the source are moving towards each other, the received
frequency is:

The Doppler shift is:

SPEED MEASUREMENT USING DOPPLER EFFECT

The phenomenon of Doppler frequency shift is often used to measure the speed of a moving
object carrying a transmitter.
Modern speed logs use this principle to measure the vessels speed, with respect to the
seabed, with an accuracy approaching 0.1%
If a sonar beam is transmitted ahead of a vessel, the reflected energy wave will have suffered
a frequency shift, the amount of which depends upon:
the transmitted frequency
the velocity of the sonar energy wave
the velocity of the transmitter (the ship)
The wave is transmitted towards the seabed, not vertically as with echo sounding, but ahead
at an angle of 60to the horizontal.
This angle has been found to be the optimum angle of incidence with the seabed, which will
reflect a signal of sufficient strength to be received by the transducer.
The angle between the horizontal plane and the transmission must now be applied to the
Doppler formula:

A stationary source emits a sound wave of 5000 Hz. An object approaches to this source with
a velocity of 3.5 m/s. What is the frequency of the wave reflected on the object?
f' = [(v + v0)/v]f = [(343 m/s+ 3.5 m/s)/(343 m/s)]5000 Hz = 5051 Hz.
F= [(343 m/s)/(343 m/s - 3.5 m/s)]5051 Hz = 5103 Hz