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Di-.

\Ianagenai implications
Ethics in data collection
Ethics and the researcher
Ethical behavior of respondents

220
220

Summary
Discussion questions

222
222

Chapter 9 Experimental designs

The lab experiment
Control
Manipulation of the independent variable
Controlling the contaminating exogenous or "nuisance" variables
Internal validity of lab experiments
External validity or generalizablhty of lab experiments
The field experiment
External validity
Trade-off between internal and external validlty
Factors affecting the validity of experiments
History effects
Maturation effects

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228
229

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235

235

235
236

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Selection bias effects

238

Mortality effects

138

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Instrumentation effects
Identifying threats to validity
Internal validity in case studies
Review of factors affecting internal and external validitlTypes of experimental design and validity
Quasi-experimental designs
True experimental designs
Simulation
Ethical issues in experimental design research
Managerial i mpl ications
Summary

139
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285
285
286
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Sampli:l= -:- ::,- >>-.u1iural research

Issues .-: precisron and confidence in determining
sirmple size
Precision

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287

287
288

Confi.dence

Sample data, precision, and confidence in estimation

Tiade-off between confidence and precision
Sample data and hlpothesis testing
Determlning the sample size
Importance of sampling design and sample stze

Efficiencf in sampling
Sampling as related to qualitative studies
Managerial implications

289
290
29L
293
296
297
297

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298
298
299

Chapter l1 Quantitatir-e data anaivsis

Getting the data read,v for analysis
Coding and data entr1,
Editing data
Data transformation
Getting a feel for the data

303

l''l

Frequencies
Measures of central tendency and dispersion
Relationships between variables
Excelsior Enterprises - descriptive statistics part
Testing goodness of data

313

Summary
Discussion questions

Reliability
Validity
Excelsior Enterprises
Summary
Discussion questions

306
306

Er:,

308
310
311

descriptive statistics part 2

3L6
319
322
321
324
327
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sIt'HIN03

CONTENTS

Content analysis
Narrative analysis
Summary
Discussion questions

385

Chapter 1.1 The research report

The report
The written report
The purpose ol the written reporl
The audience for the written report
Characteristics of a well-written report
Contents of the research report
Integral parts of the report
Oral presentation
Deciding on the content
Visual aids

389

The presenter
The presentation

Handling questions

386
386
387
Um:

390
390

dale
Ston
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39r
394
395
396
397
402
+03
403
404
+04
404
405
105
+07

Summary
Discussion questions
Appendix
Report 1: Sample of a report involving a descriptive study
Report 2: Sample of a report where an idea has to be "sold"
Report 3: Sample of a report offering alternative solutions and
explaining the pros and cons of each alternative
Report 4: Example of an abridged basic research report

4L5
+L8

A final note to students

423

Statistical tables

425

Glossary

435

Bibliography

449

Index

457

107
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55

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