The end of apartheid in South Africa: The South African activist and

former president Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) helped bring an end to

apartheid and has been a global advocate for human rights. A member of the
African National Congress party beginning in the 1940s, he was a leader of
both peaceful protests and armed resistance against the white minoritys
oppressive regime in a racially divided South Africa. a formal system of racial
classification and segregationapartheidthat restricted nonwhites basic
rights and barred them from government while maintaining white minority
rule. 1956, Mandela and 155 other activists were arrested and went on
trial for treason. All of the defendants were acquitted in 1961, but in the
meantime tensions within the ANC escalated, with a militant faction
splitting off in 1959 to form the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). In 1961,
Nelson Mandela co-founded and became the first leader of Umkhonto we
Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), also known as MK. arrested and subsequently
sentenced to five years in prison for leaving the country and inciting
a 1961 workers strike. confinement Mandela earned a bachelor of law
degree from the University of London and served as a mentor to his fellow
prisoners, encouraging them to seek better treatment through nonviolent
resistance. Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): French chemist crucial breakthrough
experimenting with bacteria, debunked the concept of spontaneous
generation. Many illnesses and infection have roots in microorganism,
sterilization came into play and he cured rabies, devised ways to control silk
worm disease and chicken cholera. With the Pasteur institute, he had cuttingedge research for work on virulent diseases. Pasteurization (heated to destroy
microorganism)
Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): With
Johannes Kepler, developed the heliocentric theory. Probed the planets and
the starts applying mathematics to his observations, becoming more and
more convinced. Heretical truth that the Copernican universe had the sun in
the center. Approaching the natural order and questioning what might be the
truth of matter was indeed revolutionary. Brilliant astronomer,
mathematician, physicist. Elucidated crucial thoughts in the field of physics
and devised the telescope. In spite of being a devout Catholic, rejected
inherent beliefs of the Catholic doctrine. Forced to publicly recant his
conclusions.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(Mark Twain): Huck distrusts the morals

and precepts of the society that treats him as an outcast and fails to protect
him from abuse. This apprehension about society, and his growing
relationship with Jim, lead Huck to question many of the teachings that he
has received, especially regarding race and slavery. Huck bases these
decisions on his experiences, his own sense of logic, and what his developing
conscience tells him
The Great Gatsby by F Scott Fitzgerald: Nick Carraway (The novels
narrator, Nick is a young man from Minnesota who, after being educated at
Yale and fighting in World War I), Jay Gatsby, Daisy Buchanan, Tom, Jordan
Baker, Myrtle, Decline of American Dream

One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest (Ken Kesey): Randle McMurphy,
Nurse Ratched, Kesey uses mechanical imagery to represent modern society
and biological imagery to represent nature. By means of mechanisms and
machines, society gains control of and suppresses individuality and natural
impulses. The hospital, representative of society at large, is decidedly
unnatural. Chief Bromden - The narrator of One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest.
while developing his perceptual abilities and regaining a sense of himself as
an individual.
Candide: Voltaires words attacked the church and the state with equal
fervor, and earned him widespread repute. Published in 1759, Candide is
considered Voltaires signature work, and it is here that he levels his sharpest
criticism against nobility, philosophy, the church, and cruelty. Voltaire (a story
of a simpleton in love with a woman who pursues her all around the globe; he
is robbed by a Dutch pirate, and ridiculed in his proposal for marriage to Miss
Cunegonde by her brother [for being a pauper]. His is a scrupulous fellow,
though harshly treated by the vigorous world.)
The Metamorphosis (Franz Kafka) 1915: After Gregors metamorphosis,
his family members struggle with feelings of both sympathy and revulsion
toward him. Grete and the mother in particular feel a great deal of sympathy
for Gregor after his change, apparently because they suspect some aspect of
his humanity remains despite his appearance. Perhaps the greatest
consequence of Gregors metamorphosis is the psychological distance it
creates between Gregor and those around him. Gregors change makes him
literally and emotionally separate from his family membersindeed, from
humanity in generaland he even refers to it as his imprisonment. Gregor
reflects on his life as a traveling salesman, noting how superficial and
transitory his relationships have become as a result of his constant traveling.
Catcher in the Rye (J. D. Salinger): Holden Caulfield (expelled from Pency
Prep), Ackley, Stradlater, Jane Gallagher, Phoebe (Sister) Mr. Antolini, Mr.
Spencer
The Stranger: Albert Camus, Mersault. Marie Cardona, Raymond
The Jungle (Upton Sinclair): Upton Sinclair (IS NOT INTENDED TO SHOW
THE HORRORS OF THE MEATPACKING INDUSTRY, it is meant to show the
adversity faced by immigrant workers and factory workers during the early
20th century, as well as the corruption of politics, the intertwining political
connection, monopolies, vertical - horizontal integration of companies) Jurgis
Rudkus, Ona, Phil Connor, shown through resilient mother Teta