Reporting in Science 10

The Electromagnetic
Spectrum

Group 4
Sianna Mirajune Lumbania
Vincent Al Beethoven Felisilda
Aldrow Philip Ubag
Jay Nichole T. Nuevo
Joyce Ann Andrin

Radio waves
By: Sianna Lumbania

Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic
spectrum longer than infrared light.
Frequency - from 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz
Wavelength - ranging from 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 100 kilometers (62 mi).

Discovery of radio waves

Heinrich Hertz proved the existence of radio waves in the late 1880s. He used a
spark gap attached to an induction coil and a separate spark gap on a receiving
antenna. When waves created by the sparks of the coil transmitter were picked up
by the receiving antenna, sparks would jump its gap as well. Hertz showed in his
experiments that these signals possessed all the properties of electromagnetic
waves.

Applications of radio waves

Like all other electromagnetic waves, they travel at the speed of light. Naturally
occurring radio waves are made by lightning, or by astronomical objects.
The radio "receives" these electromagnetic radio waves and converts them to
mechanical vibrations in the speaker to create the sound waves you can hear.

RADIO EMISSIONS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

RADIO TELESCOPES
FIXED AND MOBILE RADIO COMMUNICATION
BROADCASTING
COMMUNICATION SATELLITES

The prime purpose of radio is to convey information from one place to

another through the intervening media (i.e., air, space, non-conducting
materials) without wires. Besides being used for transmitting sound
and television signals, radio is used for the transmission of data in coded
form. In the form of radar it is used also for sending out signals and
picking up their reflections from objects in their path.

Gamma Rays
By: Sianna Lumbania

Gamma radiation (sometimes called gamma ray), denoted by the lower-case Greek
letter gamma (), is extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation and therefore consists of
high-energy photons.
Frequency 1020 1025 Hz
Wavelength ranging between 10-5 nm to 0.1 nm

Discovery of Gamma Rays

Paul Villard, a French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma radiation in 1900 while
studying radiation emitted by radium. In 1903, Ernest Rutherford named this
radiation gamma rays. Rutherford had previously discovered two other types
of radioactive decay, which he named alpha and beta rays.

Applications of Gamma rays

Gamma rays are ionizing radiation which can kill living cells. They are used to treat
malignant tumours in radiotherapy. For treatment deep within the body, high energy
photons are sent to reach the target tumour without affecting the surrounding tissue.
Scientists can use gamma rays to determine the elements on other planets. The Mercury
Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) Gamma-Ray
Spectrometer (GRS) can measure gamma rays emitted by the nuclei of atoms on planet
Mercury's surface that are struck by cosmic rays
When struck by cosmic rays, chemical elements in soils and rocks emit uniquely
identifiable signatures of energy in the form of gamma rays. These data can help
scientists look for geologically important elements such as hydrogen, magnesium, silicon,
oxygen, iron, titanium, sodium, and calcium.
Gamma Knife Surgery Gamma-knife is a 'knife' surgery that uses a gamma- ray to cut or
destroy tissue, because it actually does not use real knives then called knifeless surgery. It
is known that the gamma-ray is used in radiation treatment (radiotherapy) to destroy
cancer and other disorders.
The Process of Gamma Knife Surgery 201 radioactive beam were focused on the target
(cancer cells to be removed) to the brain to be treated through a metal helmet. Each beam
has a small effect on brain cells in its path, but it has a fairly large dose of radiation to the
target location where all beams were met.

Visible Light
By: Joyce Andrin
Visible light is a form of electromagnetic (EM) radiation.
Generally, visible light is defined as the wavelengths that are visible to most human
eyes.
Visible light falls in the range of the EM spectrum between infrared (IR) and
ultraviolet (UV).

Frequencies of about 4 1014 to 8 1014 Hz

Wavelengths of about 740 nm or 2.9 105 inches, to 380 nm (1.5
105 inches).

All electromagnetic radiation is light, but we can only see a small portion of this
radiationthe portion we call visible light. Cone-shaped cells in our eyes act as
receivers tuned to the wavelengths in this narrow band of the spectrum. Other
portions of the spectrum have wavelengths too large or too small and energetic for
the biological limitations of our perception.
As the full spectrum of visible light travels through a prism, the wavelengths
separate into the colors of the rainbow because each color is a different
wavelength. Violet has the shortest wavelength, at around 380 nanometers, and red
has the longest wavelength, at around 700 nanometers.

Applicationss of Visible Light

Mobile connectivity
By pointing a visible light at another device you can create a very high speed data
link with inherent security. This overcomes the problems of having to pair or
connect and provides a much higher data rate than Bluetooth or WiFi.
Location based services
Each visible light information source can be uniquely identified, so the location of
any VLC device can be identified quickly and accurately.
Defence & security
The ability to send data quickly and in a secure way is the key to many
applications. The fact that the visible light cannot be detected on the other side of
a wall had great security advantages.

X-Ray
By: Jay Nuevo
X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most Xrays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding
to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz(31016 Hz to 31019 Hz)
and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV.
There is no consensus for a definition distinguishing between X-rays and gamma
rays. One common practice is to distinguish between the two types of radiation
based on their source: X-rays are emitted by electrons, while gamma rays are
emitted by the atomic nucleus. Are commonly used in Hospitals and Airports.

Discovery of X-Rays
X-rays were first observed and documented in 1895 by German scientist
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. He discovered that firing streams of x-rays
through arms and hands created detailed images of the bones inside. When
you get an x-ray taken, x-ray sensitive film is put on one side of your body,
and x-rays are shot through you. Because bones are dense and absorb more
x-rays than skin does, shadows of the bones are left on the x-ray film while
the skin appears transparent.

Applications of X-Rays
Most applications of X rays are based on their ability to pass through matter.
This ability varies with different substances; e.g., wood and flesh are easily
penetrated, but denser substances such as lead and bone are more opaque.
The penetrating power of X rays also depends on their energy. The more
penetrating X rays, known as hard X rays, are of higher frequency and are
thus more energetic, while the less penetrating X rays, called soft X rays,
have lower energies. X rays that have passed through a body provide a visual
image of its interior structure when they strike a photographic plate or a
fluorescent screen; the darkness of the shadows produced on the plate or
screen depends on the relative opacity of different parts of the body.
Photographs made with X rays are known as radiographs or skiagraphs.
Radiography has applications in both medicine and industry, where it is
valuable for diagnosis and nondestructive testing of products for defects.

Fluoroscopy is based on the same techniques, with the photographic plate

replaced by a fluorescent screen its advantages over radiography in time and
cost are balanced by some loss in sharpness of the image. X rays are also
used with computers in CAT (computerized axial tomography) scans to
produce cross-sectional images of the inside of the body.

Ultraviolet
By: Adrow Philip Ubag
Ultraviolet (UV) light is an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from
400 nm (750 THz) to 10 nm (30 PHz), shorter than that of visible light but longer
than X-rays. Though usually invisible, under some conditions children and young
adults can see ultraviolet down to wavelengths of about 310 nm, and people
with aphakia (missing lens) can also see some UV wavelengths.
Near-UV is visible to some insects and birds. UV radiation is present in sunlight, and
also produced by electric arcs and specialized lights such as mercury-vapor
lamps, tanning lamps, and black lights. Although lacking the energy to ionize atoms,
long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation can cause chemical reactions, and causes
many substances to glow or fluoresce.

Applications of Visible Light

Sterilisation and disinfection; UVB also helps us when we hang washing outside to dry, as some
of the bacteria present in the washing are inactivated by exposure to UVB. This helps to protect
us from infection and is another reason to dry washing outside rather than in an energy-hungry
dryer.
Photographic film responds to ultraviolet radiation but the glass lenses of cameras
usually block radiation shorter than 350 nm. Slightly yellow UV-blocking filters are
often used for outdoor photography to prevent unwanted bluing and overexposure
by UV light.

Electrical and electronics industry - Corona discharge on electrical apparatus can be detected by
its ultraviolet emissions. Corona causes degradation of electrical insulation and emission of
ozone and nitrogen oxide.
Fluorescent dye uses
Colorless fluorescent dyes that emit blue light under UV are added as optical brighteners to paper
and fabrics. The blue light emitted by these agents counteracts yellow tints that may be present,
and causes the colors and whites to appear whiter or more brightly colored.

UV fluorescent dyes that glow in the primary colors are used in paints, papers and textiles either
to enhance color under daylight illumination, or to provide special effects when lit with UV
lamps. Blacklight paints that contain dyes that glow under UV are used in a number of art and
esthetic applications.

Infrared
By: Vincent Felisilda
Infrared (IR) is invisible radiant energy, electromagnetic radiation with
longer wavelengths than those of visible light, extending from the nominal red edge
of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (frequency 430 THz) to 1 mm
(300 GHz) (although people can see infrared up to at least 1050 nm in
experiments). Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room
temperature is infrared.
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Nightvision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to
be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses
sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such
as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets.

Discovery of Infrared
In 1800, William Herschel conducted an experiment measuring the difference
in temperature between the colors in the visible spectrum. He placed
thermometers within each color of the visible spectrum. The results showed
an increase in temperature from blue to red. When he noticed an even
warmer temperature measurement just beyond the red end of the visible
spectrum, Herschel had discovered infrared light!

Applications of Infrared
A remote control uses light waves just beyond the visible spectrum of light
infrared light wavesto change channels on your TV.
Infrared lamps heat lamps often emit both visible and infrared energy at
wavelengths between 500nm to 3000nm in length. They can be used to heat

bathrooms or keep food warm. Heat lamps can also keep small animals and
reptiles warm or even to keep eggs warm so they can hatch.

Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see

Microwaves
By: Vincent Felisilda
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging
from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz (100 cm) and
300 GHz (0.1 cm). This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimeter
waves), and various sources use different boundaries.
Microwaves cause water and fat molecules to vibrate, which makes the
substances hot. So we can use microwaves to cook many types of food.

Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation, as are radio waves, ultraviolet radiation, Xrays and gamma-rays. Microwaves have a range of applications, including communications,
radar and, perhaps best known by most people, cooking.
Electromagnetic radiation is transmitted in waves or particles at different wavelengths and
frequencies. This broad range of wavelengths is known as the electromagnetic spectrum (EM
spectrum). The spectrum is generally divided into seven regions in order of decreasing
wavelength and increasing energy and frequency. The common designations are radio waves,
microwaves, infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), X-rays and gamma-rays. Microwaves
fall in the range of the EM spectrum between radio and infrared light.