PART I

PREFACE
1. 1 Background
On Earth, the largest water bodies are at sea by 97% and the remaining 3% is
fresh water that we use to support our daily lives. Of the fresh water that is twothirds of its glaciers and the polar ice which serves to stabilize the global climate and
the only one that can be utilized thirds 7 billion people in the world.
Indonesia is an agricultural country where the development of agriculture a top
priority. Because Indonesia is one country that gives a high commitment to the
development of food security as a strategic component in national development. Act
7 of 1996 on Food stated that realization of food security is the duty of the
government and the community (Partowijoto, 2003).
Development of the agricultural sector today is directed towards an efficient and
resilient agriculture, given the need for agricultural products continues to increase in
line with population growth. Dry land farming is an activity that a lot of repetition
barriers cultivation. One inhibiting factor is the lack of water. Dry land is a parcel of
land that could be used for agriculture by using water as a limited and usually only
expect from rainfall. Further dry land with only 4-5 months of wet categorized quite
risk for the development of crops as well as for horticulture, although the land
potential for the development of animal husbandry. The success in increasing the
production of horticultural crops in Indonesia cannot be separated from the role of
irrigation is one of the important production factors.
Efforts to achieve production targets on the one hand, and the right technology
and low on the other hand have encouraged the use of excessive water without
considering the efficient use of available resources. Technology in the field of
irrigation is one of the determining factors in efforts to increase agricultural
production, especially in the dry land farming. Therefore, in line with the
development and progress in the field of irrigation, the irrigation technology which is
commonly done by farmers needs to be refined based on the latest research and
assessment.

1. 2 Formulation of the problem

1. What is the definition of irrigation?
2. What are the types of irrigation?
3. How does the application of irrigation?
1. 3 Purpose
1.
To know the history and understanding of Irrigation.
2.
To know the kinds of irrigation in Indonesia.
3.
To know the use of the application in the field on any types of applications.

PART II
CONTENTS
2. 1. Definition of Irrigation
Irrigation is an attempt by humans to irrigate agricultural land. In the modern
world, it's been a lot of irrigation models do humans. In ancient times, when the
water supply is abundant for a place close to rivers or springs, the irrigation is carried
out by flowing water into agricultural land. However, irrigation is also commonly
done by bringing water by using a container and then pour on the plants one by one.
For irrigation with a model like this in Indonesia commonly called flushing.
As previously disclosed, in the modern world, there are many ways you can do to
make irrigation and this has been going on since ancient Egypt.
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2. 2. Function and purpose of irrigation

In the outline, the purpose of irrigation can be classified into two (2) categories,
namely:
1. Immediate objective, namely irrigation has the objective to wet the soil related
to the capacity of water and air in the soil so as to achieve a condition in
accordance with the need for plant growth in the land.
2. Objectives Indirect, namely irrigation have goals that include: regulating the
temperature of the soil, the soil washes that contain toxins, transport of materials
through the flow of fertilizer to the water, raising the ground water level,
increasing the elevation of a region by flowing water and precipitate sludge

water-borne, and others

Some irrigation functions are include:
To supply the water needs of plants
To ensure the availability of water in case of drought
Lowering the temperature of the soil
Soften hard layer during soil tillage

Some irrigation purposes are include:

Irrigation aims to help farmers to cultivate the farm, especially for farmers in

rural areas who often lack water.

Increase food production, especially rice.
Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of utilization of irrigation water.
Increase cropping intensity.
Develop and empower rural communities in the construction of rural irrigation
networks.

2. 3.

Granting Irrigation Water

The provision of irrigation water can be done in two ways, namely:
Naturally:
1. Naturally the water supplied to the plant through the rain.
2. Other natural way, is through a puddle of water due to flooding of the river,
which would inundate an area during the rainy season, so the existing soil can

be ready to be planted in the dry season.

In artificial:
When water use is to include engineering work on a scale that is large
enough, then it is called artificial irrigation (Artificial Irrigation).
The artificial Irrigation (Artificial Irrigation) can generally be divided into
two (2) sections:
1. Irrigation Pump (Lift Irrigation), where water is removed from the water
source low to higher ground, either mechanically or manually.

2. Irrigation Flow (Flow Irrigation), where the water flowed into agricultural
land by gravity from the source of water withdrawal.
2. 4. Types of Irrigation
a. Irrigation in general
Surface irrigation
Surface irrigation is the water flow over
the surface with a water level of about 10-15
cm above ground level. Surface irrigation is
an irrigation system that tapped directly at
the river water through dam building and
through the building taking the free (free
intake) then drained irrigation water using gravity through a channel aid to the
agricultural land. Here known as the primary channel, secondary, and tertiary.
The setting is done with the water sluice.

Local Irrigation
Spraying is usually used water spray or
sprinkle. Water sprayed would look like fog,
so the plants get water from the top, the leaves
will be soaked first, then dripped into the
roots.

Traditional irrigation
labor required individually a plenty. In addition, it is also a waste of
manpower to be carrying a bucket.

Irrigation Water Pumps

Water drawn from wells in and raised by
the water pump, then passed through a variety of
ways, for example by pipes or channels. In the
dry season irrigation may continue to irrigate the
fields.

b. Special Irrigation
There are several types of irrigation created specifically tailored to the
circumstances of a region. Some examples of cases of application of specific
types of irrigation are include :
4

Post-tidal irrigation in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua

By utilizing tidal water in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua are known the
so-called Post-Letter Irrigation (Tidal Irrigation). Technology applied here
are: the use of agricultural land in the lowlands and swamps, where the water
is obtained from tidal river where at high tide the water is used. Here in two
weeks gained 4 to 5 times on the tide. This technology has been known since
the XIX century. At that time, settlers on the island of Sumatra utilize swamp
as coconut groves. In Indonesia there are 5.6 million hectares of the 34
hectares that is suitable to be developed. This can be attributed to the
experience of Japan in the region Chikugo River for the Kyushu region,

where there is known to Ao-Shunsui irrigation systems are similar.

Irrigation dry land or drip irrigation
On dry land, the water is very scarce and its use must be efficient. The
amount of irrigation water supplied is determined based on crop needs, the
ability of soil holds water, as well as irrigation facilities are available. There
are several systems of irrigation for dry land, namely:
drip irrigation,
sprinkler irrigation,
open ditch irrigation, and
subsurface irrigation.
For efficient use of water, drip irrigation is one alternative. For example
drip irrigation system is in pepper. Availability of irrigation water is very
important. One of the efforts to find a potential source of irrigation water is
by detection of subsurface water (groundwater) by mapping the
characteristics of underground water. This method can provide information
on the distribution, volume and depth of water sources to develop irrigation
supplements.

c.

Irrigation in Foreign Countries

Experience of agricultural irrigation system in Niigata Japan

Agricultural irrigation systems belonging to Mr. Nobutoshi Ikezu in
Niigata Prefecture. Here we see the existence of adequate water supply
management in agricultural management. About 3 kilometres from where the
artifacts large river water discharge sufficient and not excessive. Increased
river water into a reservoir of water using a powerful pump. Water flowed
from the shelters using water pipes underground diameter of 30 cm to the
5

farm in the vicinity. On any land owners are opening a water irrigation. The
water division of the rotating day later, which means a day off, the day
closed. Use in accordance with the needs of the local rice fields that can be
set using the levers that can be opened and closed manually. From the door of
the water discharge flowed into fields via pipelines that are under the surface
of the fields. If in our country in general, the water flowed through the
surface of the rice. As for adjusting the height of water is done by raising and
lowering the cover water discharge door manually. Drainage of rice entering
irrigation canals made of concrete so that water easily return to a small river,
with no wasted seep into the underground. Prevention of water seepage done
very efficiently.

Experience irrigation oil palm plantation

The availability of water is one of the major limiting factor for the
production of palm oil. Drought causes a decrease in the rate of
photosynthesis and assimilate distribution disrupted, have a negative impact
on both vegetative stage of plant growth and the generative phase. In the
vegetative phase of drought on plant oil palm is characterized by the
condition of the spear leaf does not open and the inhibition of growth of
midrib. In the case of more severe water shortages caused damage plant
tissue is reflected by the leaf buds and midrib are easily broken. In the
generative phase of drought led to a decline in crop production due to
inhibition of flower formation, the increasing number of male flowers,
fertilization disturbed, deciduous young fruit, small fruit shape and fruit oil
yield is low.
Irrigation management of oil palm plantations, namely: making bath
divider, construction gauges debit manually in the path of the river, making
the irrigation network in the field to improve service area irrigated
supplementary for oil palm plantations covering an area of approximately 1
ha, field experiment to study the effect of irrigation supplementary ( volume
and time of administration) of the vegetative growth of palm oil and the
impact of the increase in base flow (base flow) on the performance of palm
oil in the dry season, the identification of the location of development and
makes for 4 pieces Dam Ditch and trench upscalling dam development in the
watershed.
6

d. Utilization of Water for The Raw Water

Raw water source plays a very important in the drinking water industry. The
raw water is the beginning of a process in the provision and processing of clean
water. Now the so-called raw water. Based on ISO 6773: 2008 concerning the
specification unit package water treatment plant and ISO 6774: 2008 on
Procedures for the planning unit package water treatment plant in the Terms and
Definitions called Raw Water is: "The water comes from surface water sources,
soil and water basins or rainwater. comply with certain quality standards as raw
water for drinking water".
Raw water source can come from rivers, lakes, wells in the water, springs
and can also be made by means of stemming the waste water or sea water.
Evaluation and selection of adequate water resources should be based on the
following conditions:
1. The quality and quantity of water needed
2. Climatic conditions
3. The level of difficulty in the construction of the intake
4. The level of operator safety
5. Availability of the minimum cost of operations and maintenance for IPA
6. The possibility of contamination of water sources in the future
7. The possibility to increase the intake in the future
In small quantities, underground water, including water that is collected by
seepage, can be considered as a source of water. Underground water quality is
generally good for the surface water and in some places that have winter can
take advantage of snow as a water source. This could save operational and
maintenance costs due to the general quality of underground water is excellent
as raw water. Especially for underground water course taken by drilling through
licensing. This is to prevent exploitation on a large scale. As a result of ekplotasi
on a large scale could lead to a vacancy water under the ground because of the
imbalance between incoming water with the water taken, leading to the
foundation of the building above it could be down or settlement as happened in
several buildings in Jakarta, also could lead to sea water intrusion entering the
groundwater seeping replaces, as a result of water becomes salty and unfit for
use as in north Jakarta.
Mentioned above that not all raw water can be processed, and therefore a
provision as raw water quality standards that can be processed. In ISO 6773:

2008 Technical Requirements section raw water quality that can be processed by
the Drinking Water Treatment Plant (IPA) are:
1. Turbidity, maximum 600 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) or 400 mg / l
SiO2
2. The content of the original color (appearent color) does not exceed 100 Pt
Co and color while following the turbidity of raw water.
3. Other elements eligible raw raw water according PP 82 of 2000 on Water
Quality Management and Water Pollution Control.
4. In the case of certain areas of the river water has color content, iron and
organic material or exceed the above requirements but low turbidity (<50
NTU) then used IPA system DAF (Dissolved Air Flotation) or other system
that can be accounted for.

Raw water characteristics

Water supply, in addition to the quantity, quality must meet the
applicable standards. In the case of water, it was common practice that in
determining the quality and characteristics associated with a certain water
quality standards (water quality standards) .To obtain a real picture of the
characteristics of the raw water, it is often necessary measurements of the
properties of water or so-called quality parameters water, which is diverse.
Formulations set forth in the standard numbers of course requires a critical
assessment in determining the properties of each water quality parameters.
Water quality standards are the quality standards set by the physical
properties, chemical, radioactive and bacteriological which showed the water
quality requirements. Indonesian Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001
about Water Quality Management and Control of Water Pollution, Water
according to its usefulness classified into:
Class I : Water that designation can be used for drinking water or other
uses
that require the same water quality with the utility.
Class II : Water that designation can be used for infrastructure / facilities
water recreation, freshwater fish farming, Livestock, water to
irrigate crops or other uses that require the same water quality
with
the utility.
Class III : Water that can be used for the allocation of freshwater fish
farming,
animal husbandry, water to irrigate crops or other uses that
require
8

the same water quality with the utility.

PART III
CONCLUSION
Irrigation is an attempt by humans to irrigate agricultural land. In the modern world,
it's been a lot of irrigation models do humans. In ancient times, when the water supply is
abundant for a place close to rivers or springs, the irrigation is carried out by flowing water
into agricultural land. However, irrigation is also commonly done by bringing water by
using a container and then pour on the plants one by one
The purpose of irrigation can be classified into two (2) categories, namely:
1. Immediate objective, namely irrigation has the objective to wet the soil related to the
capacity of water and air in the soil so as to achieve a condition in accordance with the
need for plant growth in the land.
2. Objectives Indirect, namely irrigation have goals that include: regulating the
temperature of the soil, the soil washes that contain toxins, transport of materials
through the flow of fertilizer to the water, raising the ground water level, increasing
the elevation of a region by flowing water and precipitate sludge water-borne, and

others
Some irrigation functions are include:
To supply the water needs of plants
To ensure the availability of water in case of drought
Lowering the temperature of the soil
Soften hard layer during soil tillage

Some irrigation purposes are include:

Irrigation aims to help farmers to cultivate the farm, especially for farmers in rural

areas who often lack water.

Increase food production, especially rice.
Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of utilization of irrigation water.
Increase cropping intensity.
Develop and empower rural communities in the construction of rural irrigation
networks.
types of irrigation is generally used are Surface Irrigation, Local Irrigation, Traditional

Irrigation, Irrigation Water Pumps, and Dry Land Irrigation.

The following are two examples of the application of irrigation :

Experience of agricultural irrigation system in Niigata Japan

Agricultural irrigation systems belonging to Mr. Nobutoshi Ikezu in Niigata
Prefecture. Here we see the existence of adequate water supply management in
agricultural management. About 3 kilometres from where the artifacts large river
10

water discharge sufficient and not excessive. Increased river water into a reservoir of
water using a powerful pump. Water flowed from the shelters using water pipes
underground diameter of 30 cm to the farm in the vicinity. On any land owners are
opening a water irrigation. The water division of the rotating day later, which means a
day off, the day closed. Use in accordance with the needs of the local rice fields that
can be set using the levers that can be opened and closed manually. From the door of
the water discharge flowed into fields via pipelines that are under the surface of the
fields. Drainage of rice entering irrigation canals made of concrete so that water easily
return to a small river, with no wasted seep into the underground. Prevention of water
seepage done very efficiently.

Experience irrigation oil palm plantation

Irrigation management of oil palm plantations, namely: making bath divider,
construction gauges debit manually in the path of the river, making the irrigation
network in the field to improve service area irrigated supplementary for oil palm
plantations covering an area of approximately 1 ha, field experiment to study the
effect of irrigation supplementary ( volume and time of administration) of the
vegetative growth of palm oil and the impact of the increase in base flow (base flow)
on the performance of palm oil in the dry season, the identification of the location of
development and makes for 4 pieces Dam Ditch and trench upscalling dam
development in the watershed.

11