Published on Feb 19, 2016

I made a batch of charcoal using the mound method then stored it in baskets
for later use. Charcoal is a fuel that burns hotter than the wood it's made from.
This is because the initial energy consuming steps of combustion have taken
place while making the charcoal driving off the volatile components of the
wood (such as water and sap). The result is a nearly pure carbon fuel that
burns hotter than wood without smoke and with less flame. Charcoal was
primarily a metallurgical fuel in ancient times but was sometimes used for
cooking too.
To make the charcoal the wood was broken up and stacked in to a mound with
the largest pieces in the center and smaller sticks and leaves on the out side.
The mound was coated in mud and a hole was left in the top while 8 smaller
air holes were made around the base of the mound. A fire was kindled in the
top of the mound using hot coals from the fire and the burning process began.
The fire burned down the inside of the mound against the updraft. I reason
that this is a better way to make charcoal as the rising flames have used up
the oxygen and prevent the charcoal already made above them from burning
while driving out even more volatiles .
I watched the air holes at the base of the mound and when the fire had burned
right up to each opening I plugged them with mud. Once all 8 holes had be
sealed the hole in the top of the mound was sealed with mud and the mound
left to cool.
The next day when the mound was cool to the touch (this can take about 2
days sometimes) I opened the mound. The resulting charcoal was good
quality. Some wood near the air entries had burned to ash though these were
only small twigs and leaves. This is the reason small brush is put on the out
side of the mound, to be burned preferentially to the larger wood on the inside
thus protecting the large pieces of charcoal.
The charcoal that was made was hard and shiny. When broken open it had the
ray structure of the wood preserved. When moving the hand through it the
charcoal sounded tinny, like coral on a beach being moved by waves. These
are signs of good quality. Bad charcoal is soft, breaks easily and has a muffled

sound.
I intend to use the charcoal to produce hotter fires than I'm able to with wood
alone. From my research, a natural draft furnace using wood (a kiln) can reach
a maximum of 1400 c degrees whereas a natural draft furnace using charcoal
can reach 1600 c degrees. Achieving high temperatures is necessary for
changing material to obtain better technology (e.g. smelting ore into metal).