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Department
Literature overview
How might citizenship improve the labour market
integration of immigrants?
Increased labour market access
Reduced administrative costs
Signaling
Department
Literature overview
Early research indeed reveals a positive relationship
between citizenship and labour market integration.
Naturalized migrants perform better on the labour
market than their non-naturalized counterparts.
Department
Literature overview
Issues of causality and self-selection.
Comparison between the labour market
performance before and after the moment of
naturalization.
Department
Literature overview
So is there no citizenship premium [only selection]?
Empirical ambiguity
Department
Anticipating citizenship
The traditional mechanisms underlying the
citizenship premium focus almost exclusively on
factors other than migrants themselves.
Migrants are rational actors who make calculated
decisions.
Department
Anticipating citizenship
Citizenship acquisition does not simply happen, but
stems from a conscious, meaningful decision.
The decision to naturalize is part of a more
fundamental life course decision to stay and build up
a life in the host country.
Department
10%
0%
15-17 year
18-24 year
25-34 year
35-44 year
Naturalized
Department
45-54 year
55-64 year
65-74 year
> 74 year
Not naturalized
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
No partner
Department
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10
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
First quartile
Second quartile
Naturalized
Department
Thrid quartile
Fourth quartile
Not naturalized
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Anticipating citizenship
The envisioned life course of migrants who intend to
naturalize provides a stronger incentive to invest in
host-country specific knowledge and skills, than for
migrants who have no such intention.
Migrants who choose to naturalize should integrate
faster than their counterparts from that decision
onward, in anticipation of the oppertunities that
citizenship wil offer.
This anticipation effect occurs prior to the moment
of naturalization.
Department
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Anticipating citizenship
Therefore, the employability of immigrants should
also increase before the moment of naturalization.
Department
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Anticipating citizenship
Citizenship policies are formulated in accordance to
this notion.
Department
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Data
Focus on the Netherlands: Longitudinal register data from
Statistics Netherlands based on:
Municipal Population Registers
Dutch Social Statistical Database
Information from the tax authorities
Register data allows for great mass (N = 125 560) and high
level of detail (Observations = 935 326).
Focus on first generation immigrants from migration cohorts
1996-2002, tracked over a period of approximately 10 years.
Department
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Data
Dependent variable: having paid employment (dichotomous).
Employed: migrants who are employed or self employed.
Not employed: migrants who are seeking employment or are
inactive on the labour market by choice (i.e. housewives or
migrants demotivated by negative experiences).
Excluded: migrants who are inactive on the labour market,
such as students, retirees, the disabled etc.
Focus on migrants between 20 and 50 years old at the
moment of migration.
Department
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Data
Naturalization measured categorically:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
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Methods
Logistic fixed-effects regression.
Random-intercept.
Control for time-invariant heterogeneity between
individuals.
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Conclusion
Migrants who acquire citizenship of the destination country
have a higher chance of having paid employment.
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Conclusion
Furthermore, there are interesting differences between
men and women.
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