CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

According to Louis Premkumar, a professor of pharmacology at

Southern Illinois University School of Medicine and author of Fascinating
Facts about phytonutrients in Spices and Healthy Food citrus fruit is one of
many natural food rich in flavonoids. In recent years, scientists have turned
to various flavonoids to explain some of the health benefits associated with
diets rich in fruits and vegetables, according to the Linus Puling Institute.
Like other phytonutrients, flavonoids are powerful antioxidants with antiinflammatory and immune system benefits. Diets rich in flavonoid-containing
foods

are

sometimes

associated

with

cancer, neurodegenerative

and

cardiovascular disease prevention. However, it is not yet clear whether the

flavonoids themselves are responsible. According to the Global Healing
Center, flavonoids are part of the polyphenol class of phytonutrients.
Polyphenols have historically been used in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine,
and they are associated with skin protection, brain function, blood sugar and
blood pressure regulation, in addition antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
activity. Archives of Internal Medicine (1995) a 25 year study looked at men
across seven countries and found out that flavonoid consumption was
significantly associated with longevity. The researchers suggested flavonoid
consumption could account for 25 percent of the observed difference in
mortality rates from coronary heart disease and cancer.

CHAPTER 3

PROCEDURES:
1. Create a dalandan extract solution with varied concentration.
2. Inject the dalandan extract solution to the lab rats. Inject different
levels of concentrations on each lab rat.
3. Dip the tip of the tails of the lab rats in hot water to test the
effectiveness of the solution.
4. Time how long before the lab rats retract their tails.
5. Compare the results of the experiment and then make a conclusion.
MATERIALS:
Injection
Hot Water
Lab Rats
Dalandan extract solution with varied concentrations

METHODOLOGY:
In order to find out if dalandan extract solution will help in
relieving the pain inflicted to the lab rats, the researcher injected a
dalandan extract solution on four different lab rats. The dalandan
extract solutions were created with different concentrations from
twenty five percent to one hundred percent.

The researcher used the 25% solution for lab rat A, 50% for lab
rat B, 75% for lab rat C, and 100% for lab rat D. The researcher
timed how long it took before the lab rats retracted their tails due
the loss of the effect of the solution. After that the researcher
compared the time of each lab rat to determine which concentration
is the most effective one.
The researcher also analyzed and gathered the data needed for
the research. The data will be used to come to a conclusion at the
end of the research and provide recommendations for future
researches.