1

DHITI HENGRASMEE
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN THAl ARCHITECTURE

t
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN THAl ARCHITECTURE
by

DRITI RENGRASMEE

Schoo1 of Architecture

M. Arch.

McGi11 University

April 1972

ABSTRACT

This thesis introduces a possible bassis for a contemporary

Thai Architecture derived from traditiona1 as we11 as Western
influences.
The study analyses the genera1ize factors in the Thai context
which shapes Architecture.

A p1ura1ity of values and forces must

be considered in the design of every building:

Cultural, Po1itica1,

Economie, C1imatic and Technica1.

The resu1ts of the ana1ysis of these values indicate a direction
toward the creation of buildings and urban spaces which are expressive
of modern living, but are re1ated to tradition.
Many prob1ems are re1ated to the inherent in the creation of a
new form of architecture, and adaptation to the industria1 age.
They offer new potentia1ities through the use of technica1 achievements of the West, without submitting entire1y to the Western attitude
and sacrificing traditiona1 values.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN THAl ARCHITECTURE

by
DHITI HENGRASMEE
B.ARCH.(CHULALONGKORN )

A thesis submitted to the Facu1ty of Graduate Studies and

Research in partial fu1fi11ment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Architecture

Schoo1 of Architecture
McGi11 University
April 1972

Montrea 1, Canada

(g)

Dhi ti Hcn[;rasmee

1973

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis represents a valuable research experience, which

has been made possible by the assistance rendered by many people
to whom the author now wishes ta express his gratutude.
Firstly, Professor Radoslav Zuk, the author's advisor, who
showed great understanding and encouragement, and provided guidance,
criticism and suggestions.
The author is thankful ta Mrs. Frances Pramekamol for reading
the prefinal draft.

Rer comments have led to many improvements,

and Miss Hilde Schroeder for final typing and correcting of grammatical
errors.
Finally, the author wishes ta make his acknowledgement to
Khonkaen University for allowing him study leave; to the Canadian
International Development Agency (C.I.D.A.) for its fellowship which
enabled him to carry out his work in this Country.
Ta those mentioned, to aIl my teachers, and the universities
as a token of gratitude, affection and esteem.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PART 1.

INTRODUCTION TO THAlLAND

TOPOGRAPHY

II

CLlMATE

III ECONOMY

IV

RELIGIOUS

POLITlCAL ASPECT

VI

PATTERN OF LIVING

PART 2.

12

CULTURAL FACTORS

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

II

LIVING SPACE -

13

14
(a) ELEMENTS AND LOCATION IN

1) RURAL AREA

III PLANNING -

20

2) URBAN AREA

(b) MOBILITY-MOVEMENT AND TRANSPORTATION

26

(a) BUILDINGS - 1) TRADITIONAL

35

2) CONTEMPORARY
(b) LOCATIONS - 1) RURAL AREA

36
47

2) URBAN AREA
(c) STYLE

1) TRADITIONAL

52

2) CONTEMPORARY
(cl)

PERCEPTION OF COLOUR
1) TRADITIONAL
2) CONTEMPORARY

57

'-]

PAGE
IV

SHAPES IN BUILDINGS

58
(a) INDIVIDUAL PATTERN

1) TEMPLE
2) ROYAL PALACE
3) RURAL AREA
(b) INTEGRATED PATTERN

1) RURAL AREA
2) URBAN AREA
( c) PATTERN VARIABLE ( COMMERCIAL

BUILDINGS)
1) FACTORY

2) NIGHTCLUB AND RESTAURANT

PART 3.

POLITICAL FACTORS

60

TRADITIONAL VERSUS CONTEMPORARY SYSTEM

61

II

LOCATION OF BUILDINGS -

61

( a) POLICY OF DECENTRALIZATION

(b) THE IDEA OF UNIFORM DISTRICT

III

MOVEMENT AND TRANSPORTATION

62
(a) URBAN AREA

(b) BANGKOK AND NEARBY PROVINCES

IV

63

BUILDING ACCESS AND PLAN

(a) URBAN AREA

(b) THRnUGHOUT THAl LAND

V

BUILDING SPECIFICATIONS - THROUGHOUT THAlLAND

67

VI

BUILDING FABRIC - THROUGHOUT THAlLAND

70

PART 4.

ECONOMIC FACTORS

71
(a) MODERNIZED STRUCTURE

COMMERICAL AREA
(b) PROSPECT ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE

72

PAGE
II

ECONOMIZATION OF BUILDINGS

72

( a) RURAL AREA
(b) URBAN AREA

III

74

ECONOMICAL MOTIVATIONS

(a) STABILITY
(b) MOBILITY
(c) POPULATION

IV

GROUPING OF BUILDING TYPES

77

(a) RURAL AREA

(b) URBAN AREA
V

79

BUILDINGS ACCESS AND PLANS

(a) PLANNING
(b) DIRECTION
( c) PROCEDURE
( d) SHAPE
( e) DECORATIONS

VI

85

APPEARANCE OF BUILDINGS

(a) RURAL AREA

(b) URBAN AREA
PART 5.
l

CLlMATIC FACTORS

87

CLlMATIC FACTORS

88
(a) HEAT AND MOISTURE

(b) RAIN
( c) PREVAILING WIND

PAGE
II

ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS

88
(a)

ME CHANI CAL

(b)

NATURAL
1.

Orientation and Location

2.

Building Planning

3.

Movement and transportation

4.

Building Fabric:

4.

a)

Wall and Opening

b)

Roof

c)

Floor

d)

Foundation

The Example of Building

Skin for Climate Control.

PART 6.
l

II

TECHNICAL FACTORS

114

STYLES OF BUILDINGS

115
(a)

TRADITIONAL

(b)

CONTEMPORARY

DETAILS OF TRADITIONAL BUILDING FABRIC

117

(a)

BAMBOO IS COMPONENT STRUCTURE

(b)

HARDWOOD IS COMPONENT STRUCTURE

(c)

ORNAMENTATION OF STRUCTURE

III DETAILS OF CONTEMPORARY BUILDING FABRIC

(a)

WALL AND OPENING

(b)

ROOF

(c)

FLOOR

(d)

FOUNDATION

(e)

FINISHES

129

"-,

PAGE
IV

PART 7.

APPEARANCE OF MODERN BUILDING TECHNIQUES

(a)

GENERALITY

(b)

VISUAL EFFECT

145

BUILDING MATE RIALS

147

LOCATION OF MATERIALS

148

II

TRADITIONAL USE OF MATE RIALS IN BUILDING COMPONENTS

149

III

CONTEMPORARY USE OF MATERIALS IN BUILDING TYPES

153

IV

CONTEMPORARY USE OF MATERIALS IN BUILDING COMPONENTS

154

APPEARANCE OF MATERIALS

155

VI

(a)

USED IN TRADITIONAL BUILDING

(b)

USED IN CONTEMPORARY BUILDING

SUMMARY IN CONTEMPORARY USE OF MATERIALS

PART 8.

CONCLUSION

PART 9.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

156
157
159

LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS

PART 1.

INTRODUCTION TO THAlLAND

FIGURE

PAGE

1-

MAP OF THAlLAND

2.

THAI'S LIFE

PART 2.
2.1.

CULTURAL FACTORS

TRADITIONAL RURAL-URBAN HOUSES: LOWER GLASS,

17

FARMER,GARDENER,WATERSIDE,FLOATING
2.2

CONTEMPORARY URBAN-RURAL HOUSES:HOUSES OF MIDDLE

18

CLASS PEOPLE
2.3

CONTEMPORARYURBAN-HOUSES:HOUSES OF UPPER CLASS PEOPLE

19

2.4

ELEMENTS AND LOCATIONS

20

2.5

LIVING SPACE PLANNING

21

2.6

CONTEMPORARY USE OF LIVING SPACE

22

2.7

THE CHARACTERISTIC OF DISTANCES FOR COMMUNITY FACILITIE S 28

2.8

THE SITUATION OF HIGHWAYS TRANSPORTATION AT PRESENT

29

2.9

MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION IN THE . ,PAST AND PRESENT

30

2.10

LOCAL TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS

31

2.11

URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS

32

2.12

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT AND TRAFFIC

33

2.13

CONFUSING CHAOS OF SHOPPING STREETS

34

2.14

BASIC PLANNING OF TEMPLE

38

2.15

DIAGRAMATIC DRAWING OF BUILDING MOVEMENT AND PLANS

39

2.16

TRADITIONAL BUILDING PLANNING;OFFICES,SCHOOLS

40

FIGURE

PAGE

2.17

ABSTRACT DRAWING OF CONTEMPORARY PLANNING BUILDINGS

41

2.18

DETAILS OF CONTEMPORARY PLANNING

44

2.19

TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY SETTING (RURAL AREA)

48

2.20

TRADITIONAL ZONING LOT

49

2.21

ORGANIC QUALITY

50

2.22

CONTEMPORARY BUILDING SETTING

51

2.23

TYPICAL HOUSE PLANNING (THAl RURAL HOUSE)

54

2.24

SIMPLIFIED VERSION OF TRADITIONAL LINE AND MOTIF

55

2.25

PAGODA FORMS

56

2.26

PERCEPTION OF COL OUR

57

PART 3.

POLITICAL FACTORS

3.1

BANGKOK GROWS AS DYNAMIC ORGANISM

65

3.2

THE POLICY OF DECENTRALIZATION

65

3.3

LOCATION OF RESIDENTIAL AREA IN MIDTOWN

65

3.4

GOVERNMENTAL BUILDING

66

3.5

BUILDING SPECIFICATIONS

68

3.6

GOVERNMENTAL HOUSING PLANS

68

3.7

ZONNING LOT

69

PART 4.
4.1

ECONOMIC FACTORS

I[AGRAMATIC DRAWING OF ORIENTATION AND LOCATION

73

ACCORDING TO THE ECONOMIC FACTORS

4.2

DIAGRAMATIC DRAWING OF MOVEMENT AND TRANSPORTATION IN

78

RELATION TO BUILDINGS
4.3

DIAGRAMATIC DRAWING OF GROUPING OF BUILDING TYPESACCORDING TO ECONOMIC FACTORS

81

FIGURE
4.4

PAGE
DIAGRAMATIC DRAWING OF BUILD.rNG ACCESS ACCORDING

82

TO ECONOMIC FACTORS
4.5

TYPICAL HOUSE PLANNING (CONTEMPORARY)

83

4.6

THE INFILLING BUILDING

84

4.7

NEW METHOD OF TRADING DEMAND LARGE WINDOW SIZE

84

4.8

FOUNDATION ON PILES

84

4.9

INTERCOURT OF ENGINEERING BUILDING,KHONKAEN UNIVERSITY 85

4.10

STUDENT CAFETERIA, KHONKAEN UNIVERSITY

4.U

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, KHONKAEN UNIVERS ITY 85

PART 5.

85

CLIMATIC FACTORS

5.1

SKETCHES OF BUILDING SHAPE WITH DIRECTORAL ORIENTATIONS

90

5.2

SUGGESTED SUN ORIENTATION FOR ROOMS

91

5.3

DIAGRAM OF BUILDING ORIENTATION FOR COMFORT

91

5.4

BASIC FORM AND BUILDING SHAPES

94

5.5

GROUPING OF BUILDING

94

5.6

PLANNING SOLUTIONS ON LOCATION

95

5.7

PLANNING SOLUTIONS OF BUILDING LOT

96

5.8

AIR FLOW PATTERN MODIFICATION WITH LANDSCAPPING

97

5.9

CLIMATIC FACTORS INFLUENCED ON TRANSPORTATION AND

99

MOVEMENT
5.10

METRODS OF SUN PRETECTION FOR WALLS AND OPENINGS

102

5.U

METHOD TO COOL TRE WALL

103

5.12

AIR FLOW WITHIN BUILDING

104

5.13

CROSS VENTILATION

105

FIGURE

PAGE

5.14

TYPICAL ROOF STYLES

107

5.15

METHOD OF SUN PROECTION BY AIR GAPS UNDER THE

108

ROOFS AND VENTILATION OF ROOFS

5.16

WIND EFFECT BY OVERHANG

109

5.17

TERMITES PROTECTION

112

5.18

THE EXAMPLES OF BUILDING SKIN FOR CLIMATIC CONTROL

113

PART 6.

TECHNlCAL FACTORS

6.0

STYLES OF BUILDING

115

6.1

EXAMPLES OF BUILDING TYPES

116

6.2

HILL TRIBE'S, FARM'S HOUSE

6.3

TRADITIONAL HOUSE

119

6.4

THE ORIGINAL FORM OF SOLID CONSTRUCTION

120

6.5

ROOF DECORATION

121

6.6

STRUCTURES AS ORNAMENT

123

6.7

WALL

125

6.8

WALL SURFACING

126

6.9

THE APPEARANCE OF WALL SURFACING

127

6.10

OPENING

128

6.11

ROOFING TECHNIQUES

130

6.12

FLOORING TECHNIQUES

139

6.13

CARPENTRY JOINTS

140

6.14

FOUNDATION

143

6.15

APPEARANCE OF MODERN BUILDING TECHNIQUES,GENERALITY

145

6.16

VISUAL EFFECT ON MODERN TECHNIQUES

146

(IN REMOTE AREA)

118

FIGURE

PAGE
PART 7.

BUILDING MATERIALS

7.

LOCATION OF MATERIALS

148

7.0

TRADITIONAL USE OF MATERIALS IN BUILDING COMPONENTS

149

7.1

TEMPLE, TEMPLE' S COMPLEX

150

7.2

VILLAGER HOUSE (FARMER, GARDENER)

151

7.3

HOUSE OF PROSPEROUS FAMILY

152

7.3 III

THE CONTEMPORARY USE OF MATERIALS IN BUILDING TYPES

153

7..3 IV

CONTEMPORARY USE OF MATERIALS IN BUILDING COMPONENTS

154

7.4

THE APPEARANCES OF MATERIALS IN CONTEMPORARY BUILDING.

155

PART 1.

INTRODUCTION TO THAlLAND

l .

TOPOGRAPHY

II

CLIMATE

III

ECONOMY (OCCUPATIONS):

IV

RELIGIOUS:

POLITICS

VI

REGIONS:

Farmers

2)

Forestry

3)

Government

4)

Fishing

BUDDHISM - WAY OF THOUGHTS

CENTRAL
NORTHEAST
NORTH
SOUTH
SOUTHEAST

VII

1)

PATTERN OF LIVING

B U R
L A

o s

1='""16

Map of Thailand

MALAYA

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1
4

INTRODUCTION TO THAILAND
ENVIRONMENT AND PHILOSOPHY REFLECTS THEIR WAY OF LIVING STYLE
l

TOPOGRAPHY

Thailand an area of about 200,00 miles (5lS,000 square km.)

in the heart of Southeast Asia.
from latitude 9 0 40' north to 21
of 97 0 and 106 0 east longitude.

The Indochina
0

Peninsular stretches

north and between the meridians

It thus falls entirely within the

tropica 1 zone.
The country is bounded on the northeast by Laos, on the northwest by Burma, on the southeast by Cambodia, and the south by the
Gulf of Thailand and Malaya.

The whole country consists of appro-

ximately 35 million people.

II

CLIMATE
Since Thailand is located completely within the tropics and is

part of the monsoon zone it is swept alternatively by the warm moist

winds moving from the Indian ocean towards central Asia to the North,
as weIl as by the cooler and drier winds coming down from the Asian
highlands on their way back to the ocean.
three distinct seasons:

(1)
0

Winter:
0

average temperature is l5 C to 19 C.

This rythmic pattern produces

from November to February,

Summer: from March to April,

o
0
the temperature is higher rising upto 39.S C (103.9 F)

and Rainy:

from May to September, abundant rain falls over the whole country.
The significance of

th~

climatic pattern derives a relation to the

pattern of living which is agriculture.

III

ECONOMIC (OCCUPATION)
The overwhelming majority of the population throughout history

has existed like this.

The traditional life cycle has been shaped

to great extent by rice cultivation adjusted to the prevailing conditions of soil and climate.

Due to these factors, the Thai people are

the greatest rice producing society's in the world.

They plant their

rice at the beginning of the Rainy season because forceful rains cause
flooding which resulting in the production of the best crop for the
society's economic foundation.

Thus the historie Thai commitment to

rice cultivation fosters a traditional cycle: sowing-harvesting,resting-sowing-harvesting, again, interwoven by various holidays and
festivities which to a large part involve Buddhist blessings for the
crops, and animistic propagation of spirits.
Although fishing, and forestry are included as a living style,
agriculture predominantly involves up to 85% of the population, and
is organized and owned by small families.

The Thai have developed

their views of a good life, by their values and attitude of living

this simple pattern.

As well, economic survival is more easy because

of less pressures of population which is most evident in other Asian

countries.
In the Urban society, (although a small minority) presently
C

carry on commerial

industry.

IV

RELIGIOUS - BUDDHISM (BASIC PHILOSOPHY)

Buddhism's origin is from the austere southern school of

Ceylon with two trends of thought:

Hinayana, and Theravada.

The

philosophy proclaims the same; virtue, gentleness and suppression

of too many desires with the exception of customs praticed.
is the state religion Theravada predominantly
practice it.

Buddhism

and 96% of the people

However, the Thai Government in every period of history

have bestowed upon the people freedom to profess any faith, and welcomed missionary's of any denomination to preach their ideas.
The effect of religion, and piety, in Thai countryside is
very great, and plays an important role in every day lif . Early
risers will see yellow saffron robed monks on the streets asking
for food with a bowl in their hands filled by the community.

The

basic philosophy denotes by letting others receive meric is returned.

This custom is carried out because the monks cannot earn or ask for
money, only receive donations for their religious discretion.

The

temple (where the monk resides) is the general responsibility of

being maintained by the villargers, but governed by the teachings
of the monks which direct the community towards peace and harmony.
During the Rainy Season (Buddhist Lent), young men regardless of their
social status are expected to spend a minimum of three months as a
monk.

This moral and religious training reflects soft-spoken manner,

thoughtful and demure people in both business and at home.

V POLITICAL ASPECTS (REFLECTING SIMPLICITY BE CAUSE OF THE NATURE

OF THE PEOPLE)
Thailand has never been colonized, specifically not by their
nearby European neighbours.

In the political development of Burma,

and the Philippines, they both were colonized (in that order) by
British and American.
There are three(3) basic aspects of Thailand's politics:
(1)

SIMPLICITY:

Located in a compact area, it has no complex ration-

alized caste or feudal system, therefore ethnically homogenous.

(2)

STABILITY:

For almost two centuries it has not been disrupted

by the intrusion of foreign rules, wars of liberation, or any wages

of civil strife prevalent in most cultures.
(3)

POLITICS FUNCTION EASILY, YET IT IS SOPHISTICATED AND MAINTAINS

SUCCESS:

The government rules a substantial population and has

maintained peace, and other conditions conducive to human livelihood.

In recent history, a number of external challenges were made but with
no success.
There are four common uses in Thai political vocabulary:
(1)

THE KING: or Monarchy, is a symbol of political conservation.

(2)

BUDDHISM:
-------

is a symbol of cultural conservation and unity.

It

binds the highest and lowest in what is seen as a just, and a natural
status of rights.
(3)

THAl NATIONALISM:

is assimalative by culture.

Politically, it is

not revolutionary but conservative often taking the form of appeals for
peace and tranquility for the sake of the nation.

(4)

DEMOCRACY: Democratie or "free-going" people, being simple

minded they practice the way they like and enjoy a prosperous live.
In summary, due to the adaption of their climate, the Thai
people have developed certain values, attitudes and tradition as
follows:
(1)

A belief that agriculture, specifically rice cultivation, is

the most worthwhile and ennobled form of labour.

Conversely, a

historie distate for commercial activity, and disinterest in permanent urban (contemporary) living.
(2)

A sense of self-reliance, personal dignity and economic inde-

pendence.
(3)

An agricultural sense of the time, and a behavioural discipline

which is very different from that required by modern commercial pursuits.

(4)

A psychological and cultural sense of weIl being which has con-

tributed to the patterns of behaviour designated by most foreigners

as "happy go lucky".
(5)

A basic faith in the virtue of their way of live and country.

(6)

A basic political apathy to revoIt, since few demands have had

to be made on the government other than for occasional protection,

and simple local administrative facilations of their pursuits.
(6)

Respect is submitted to wisdom, including: seniority, as they

have experience with life and to monks and novices which reflect their
manner.

VI

REGIONS

For convenience of description, Thailand may be divided into

five physiographic regions.

(1)

NORTHERN FOLDED MOUNTAINS

are somewhat cooler, including the

area drained by the upper reaches of the Chao Phraya tributaries covering
65,000 square miles.

Deep narrow alluvial valleys encompass this range.

There are many limestone hills surrounded by long north-south mountain

ridges which have thick forests yielding many types of valuable woods
such as teak, and hardwood.

The average height of these peaks in the

mountain ridges are approximately 1600 meters.

(2)

THE NORTHEAST OR KHORAT PLATEAU

country.

is the largest region of the

It's area and population are about 1/3 of the whole country,

approximately 70,000 square miles with population of 15 million) Poor

soil, and inconsistent spurts of rain raise just a little more rice
than needed for local consumption.
raising livestock.

The rest of the land is devoted to

It is still sparsely populated due to the fact of

jungle and sandy soil, with sandstone being the most apparent material.

(3)

THE CENTRAL PLAIN OR CHAO PHRAYA BASIN

heart of the nation.

the central plain.
in the rainy season.

is the economic and political

Bangkok-Dhonburi domina tes 50,000 square miles of

Chao Phraya is generally low, and is heavily flooded
This is very useful for rice cultivating and

therefore attributes to the largest, and most fertile plain of the

country.

la

(4)

THE SOUTHEAST:

is flanked on the east by a range of hills

forming part of the Frontier between Cambodia and Thailand.

The

area has many distributaries flowing in a southeasterly direction.

These streams have built up small alluvial basins and deltas utilized
for growing.

The higher ground and weIl drained by slopes and planta-

tions such as rubber, sugar cane, cassava, and pineapple are made.
(5)

THE SOUTH:

and area of 20,000 square miles characterized by

the narrow southern Peninsula is the source of most of the country's

tin and rubber.

It's long shorelines arch around the Gulf of Thailand

strung with fishing villages and balmy seaside resorts, the result of
Thai moving down the Malay Pennisula during the l6th to l8th century.
Contrary to other regions, the people are constituted in groups of
Moslem Malay, and Chinese and Thai Buddhists.
As the climate ascertains simple-life styles, homes are similar
in all regions.

(1)

Region

Population

Degree of Wealth

CENTRAL

covers 50,000
sq.miles

most prosperous

Applied Decoration to home

Rural Area
Urban Area
(Traditional (Contemporary)
external :clay
external:
tUes roof-grey asbestos only
orange and green
internaI :1ittle
furnitue, beam
purI in, ridge
pole,etc.

in t er na 1 : 1 i t t 1 e
furni ture, beam
purlin, ridge,
pole,etc.

( 2)

NORTHEAST covers 70,000

sq.miles

SAME

SAME

( 3)

SOUTHEAST covers 50,000 middle c1ass area SAME

sq .miles
SOUTH
covers 60, 000 prospenlUS
SAME
sq.miles
SAME
NORTHERN covers 65,000 prosperous
sq .miles

SAME

(4)
(5)

most poor area

SAME
SAME

Il

In response to society's needs: contemporaryor urban communities

developed, opposing to rural which is a traditional made.

PLEASE REFER TO THE FOLLOWING

VII PATTERN OF LIVING

RURAL
(1) DRESS

(2) HOUSING
a)Interna1:

TRADITIONAL
AREA

URBAN AREA

women: wrap around skirt

men: pants

1) Central-room for
mu1ti-purposes

2) Bedroom(s)-depending on wea1th

3) Kitchen-built away
from main dwel1ing
4) Bath house-usual1y
separate unit from home
(3) GROUPING
home attempts to achieve
self sufficiency,although
other complexes,according
to wealth are added:
(separate kitchen,bath shed
and storage for animaIs,
equipment, etc.

CONTEMPORARY
RURAL AREA
URBAN AREA

Communities
wear old style
women: wear wrap around skits in
only stayed
and western dress
home and western dress out
in rural areas
side. With beautiful silks
because the
the Thai typical costum used
source of mobiin formal occasions.
li ty limited
men: Western dress exc1usive1y
their living space
Politics forced people to live
all classes integrated in one com- According to Wealth:
munity
1) Poor-row hou~es,congested
1)same,a1thouth the
Central room,tedroom(s) and
kitchen may have a
kitchen
covered passage
1inking(depending
on wealth)
2)Same
2) Middle - 2 storeys,wooden
wa11s and roof,lower floor
usually concrete,kitchen connected by passageway.Some
mer chants and shopkeepers live
in their shops
3) Same

same as traditional
(rural)

3) Wealthy-live outskits,seperate
structure for servants,who1e
comp1ex surrounded by a fence.

same as traditiona1(rural)
although no shed for animals
are used

1-'

-_1

(4)

FOOD

basic diet: rice with a

meal,meal made spicy including meat and vegetable variations. A desert is usually fruit.

Same

Same

t-'

III

13

PART 2.
l

II

CULTURAL FACTORS
SOCIAL STRUCTURE

BASIC NUCLEAR UNIT

1.

Upper Classes

2.

Middle Classes

3.

Lower Classes

LIVING SPACE
(a)

ELEMENTS AND LOCATIONS

IN: 1. Rural Area
2. Urban Area

(b)

MOBILITY-MOVEMENT AND TRANSPORTATION

II l PLANNING
(a)

BUILDING
1. Traditional
2. Contemporary

(b)

PLANNING AS INFLUENCED BY
LOCATIONS
1. Rural Area

2. Urban Area

( c)

STYLE
1. Traditional

2. Contemporary

IV SHAPES IN BUILDING
(a)

INDIVIDUAL PATTERN
1.

Temple

2.

Royal Palace

3.

Rural Area

14

1.

SOCIAL STRUcrURE
The basic social structure in the home consists of:
1.

Husband,Wife either can be owner

2.

Child or Children

Should they desire, inclusive would be:

1.

Parents

2.

Other Relatives

3 . Friends
According to the Thai philosophy, if these people have no home
they are asked to join.
The basic nuclear unit lives in 3 classes or prosperity is devided
up into:
Middle - Richest
Middle - Middle Wealth
Lower

- Poorest

According to prosperity, the following other people may stay at the home.
Including:
(a)

Supporting owner, Business

(b)

Servants:

1.

Gardner

2.

Household

3.

Chauffeur

(PLEASE SEE THE FOLLOWING CHART )

.'

lS

(b)

(c)

INTEGRATED PATTERN1.

Urban Area

2.

Rural Area

PATTERN VARIABLE
(COMMERCIAL BUILDING)
1.

Factory

2.

Nightclub and Restaurant.

BASIC NULCEAR UNIT

UPPER CLASS

LOWER CLASS

MIDDLE CLASS
URBAN

RURAL

URBAN

RURAL

RURAL

URBAN

aIl live in urban

types of owner's

types of owner's

types of owner's

Too Poor-

area

business involved

business involved

business involved

tage buy land for:

in:

in:

in:

1) develop land-

1) Government-supports no staff

1) Farming-extra
farm labour, average

1) Large Stores
C10thing-no staff

No own busi- Same as

ness, just la- Rura 1 .
bour,no staff

2 live in

Restaurant-no'staff
Upho1stery-no staff
Variety-no staff
Entertainment,i.e.

Small percen-

make home for staff

(farm)

2) Stores:Clothing
2) Commerical Enno staff,Restaurant
terprises no staff
labour work in day- no staff, Upholstery
3) develop enterno staff,Veriety no
tainment buildings time.
3)
Professional
Dr.staff.
i.e. bowling,nightif practice based at 3) Professional -no
clubs, etc. no
home
emergency staff staff
staff.
kept
Lawyer,Architecture , 4) Government-no staff

2) rent out to
people no staff

Engineer etc. no
5) Smal1 percentage
staff(assisting 1abou~ave surplus land and
work in daytime)
rent out-no staff

Too Poor-

bow1ing,nightclubno staff.
2) Professiona1-no
staff
3) Government-no staff
4) Sma1l percentage
have surpo1us land and
rent out in urban or
rural and or both.

(B) SERVANTS: GARDENER,HOUSEHOLD,CHAUFFEUR

see

**

Gardener: average

Gardener:average 1

2 live in ,small %

50% live in, 50% do

not

do not

Househo1d: average 1
Household:average 2
live in,sma11 % do not
live in ,smal1 %
do not
Chauffeur:average 1 live in.

Same as Rural

Too Poor-

Too Poor:-

No servants

No servants.

t-'

a-

L.

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FAUMS :'&AiDENRS' uotas

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19

CONTEMPOfYt~V - URSAN -

~ wWMtCU'S noPLE.
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20

II LIVING SPACE
There are three types of living style:
(1)

Completely Indoors

(2)

Outdoors

(3)

Indoors and Outdoors

Staying outdoors depends primarily on temperature; seasons,

time of day.

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VliitrlCAL C.lltcuc..ATION

HOftIZONTAL C"tCUUTION

22

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Location of spaces considers:

(balance) long axis towards E-W,

NE-SW, NW-SE and N-S.

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REQUlRED ELEMENTS:THIS REFERS TO THE PRESENT DAY(CONSIDERING THE BASIC SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
MAN,WIFE AND CHILD)
ELEMENTS

(1)

SLEEPING

URBAN COMMUNITY
MASTER-for husband and wife,located

RURAL COMMUNITY
SAME

upstairs
BEDROOM-or bedrooms depending on

SAME

wealth, for child or children

GUESTROOM-for more prosperous

SAME

OTHER ROOMS- supplied for extra

SAME

help(see social structure) provided accordingly,and over a distance

from the nulcear family,mostly in a
seperate complex to allow family
privacy.
(2) LIVING

LARGE VERANDA OR LARGE HALL to

SAME (size of veranda or hall depending

receive guests, if room provided for

on wealth). Guest room is only for the

guests is occupied, the older boy or

more prosperous family.

boys sleep here. In this case,the

girl stays with the parents
(3) RELAXATION

BALCONY attached to mas ter bedroom,

LARGE VERANDA which may contain a raised

or in between living and aforemen-

platform with a mat (covers 1/3 space) and

tioned combined or in the living area.

pillows for who prefer to lounge on ground

Balcony allows maximum solar exposure

level (being more shady.) Also used for play-

for relaxation.

ground,very often homemade swing is put up.

N

.J

(4)

DINING

Attached to, or located in living

SAME

area, the veranda is used when many

guests, (otherwise kitchen)
(5)

KI TCHEN

The kitchen, a separate unit from

SAME, but passage way is not covered

home inter connected by a covered

passage,if more prosperity, a kitchenette is also made (nearby Dining
area) to accomodate snacks
(6)

WASHROOM

placed next to kitchen or near the

next to kitchen

sleeping area depending on wealth,

2 or 3 made. (in office buildings)

(in office buildings - SAME, yet very few

washrooms are located at the side)

office buildings here

for better circulation.

(7)

STORAGE

In Kitchen area : a Pantry,which is

(see Fig. 5.l-villager's house) Granary used

an optional addition stores food.

for storing food of animals and the family's

Other complexes are made for storage

supplie . According to prosperity other rooms

according to family's needs. i.e.

are supplied

a garage or carport connected to the

house or a separate complex
(8)

WORKING

completely indoors away from humid

~,

climate.

do orestry.

work outdoors to grow

cropo, fish or

work outdoors or in. They weave fabric

such as

silk, and cotton to supplement the

family's income.
N

(9)

ANIMAL SPACE

Pets are kept under home

a Shed is used for pige,chickens etc.

located nearby the home, or sometimes
a distance from the home protected by a
bamboo or hardwood fence (See Fig.2.24)

(10) STAIRS

most houses have 2 1eve1s, and -

stairs 1eading to main entrance (see Fig.2.24 )

stairs are used on main 1eve1

and stairs 1eading to living area.

1eading to bedrooms.

A1so stairs

1eading to main entrance (See

Fig. 4.5)
(11) MAIN ENTRANCE

located at front bui1ding,entry by

SAME (see stairs)

stepping (see stairs)

N
VI

._j

SOURCE OF
TRANSPORT
1)

WATER

MOVEMENT BY:
FIG:2.8, - 2.12.
By Boat

(b) MOVEMENT AND TRANSPORTATION

RURAL
AREA
TRADITIONAL
CONTEMPORARY

To carry rice and

teak and visit
friends (only
route)

Same as Traditional

Same as traditional

2) WILD
ANIMALS

Buffaloes
Cows and
Elephants

To carry people
or supplies

3) AIR

Airplane

Not used

Government owned

URBAN
TRADITIONAL

CONTEMPORARY

**(NOTE)**
Just to carry rice
Tradi tiona lly,
people lived only and teak(other means
in Rural area,
to visit friends)
therefore traditional does not
exist in the Urban
area
SAME

Not used

SAME

Government owned

Approx.40 Airport
4) RAIL

AREA

Approx.10 Airport

Train

Not used

Government owned
one line only

SAME

Government owned
one line only

a) Bridge

Not used

Not used

SAME

a) 10 Principle
bridges crossing
Chao Phraya

5) BRIDGE
a) large
b) small
(walkway)

b) Few used, for

hotels or commercial
enterprises-wall
between buildings

N
0\

'.

6)

ROADS
(filled in
canals)

Dirt Roads
Main Junction:
Bangkok

Dirt Roads

Government owned
Dirt Roads (15%
Mob il ity)

SAME

Government owned
Dirt Roads and paved
Roads,approx.5 major
paved roads (Highway)
for emergency landing
of plane

7)

BUS

BUS

Not used

Government and
Privat owned,(River
Bus used also)

SAME

Government and Private

owned, 15% mobility by
roads,Overcrowed

8)

SUBWAY

Not used

Not used

Not used, too

poor soil

SAME

Not used, too poor

9)

PRIVATE
VEHICLES

10) SIDEWALKS

**(NOTE)**

a) Taxis

Not used

b) Cars

Not used

used,private owned
Tradi tionally,
people live only
Some Jeeps,some
in Rural area,
used, private owned
Trucks and some cars therefore traditional does not
(small percentage)
exist in the Urban
area.

c) Motocycle

Not used

used,private owned

used, private owned

d) Byclicle

Not used

used,private owned

used,private owned

Not used

used,private owned
run by Manpower or
by Motor

not used

e)

Sam-Law
(3-wneels)

"feet"

walking in open
air

used,private owned
from Urbans

soil

SAME

SAME

SAME (for short distances)

N
--.J

_.J

28

2 '7.
THEblAAACTSIISTICS OFDISTANCa

tiN

COMMUNlTV,;FACILI-TICS.

~\

....

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'

'7OUftNEY' FAO~ DWeu.IN8. UNIT TG SeL-CTEI> I)RSTINATION.s.

se.

- ALI.. Dlg'TANCCS 61VfiN' ARE CONSIDeAED 'Tt)

WOOMUM IN KILDMETEI( (KM.)
... IN. 1-118\4 DeNstrv, UItBAN ARl:A MOST SCWOOLS ~e: I.OCA'TEO WI11lIN 1'J.Ie: MAXIMUM
. ItEcoMMaioeb WAUCIN& DISTANceS.
.
-lN LOW E>ENSI1V , RURAL ~ AIU!A MANY' SC~I.s Alte lDCA1'ED BEYbND MAAIMUM
.'aeCOMMENDEO WAUCING .DISTANCeS 11-IEV MUST IMve BUS se~vrCE. Olt ~11t
OWN V~HICL.ES SUC,.. AS 8"CYCLES, MO'R)R-CVCt..ES, I!!:r.c. W,",ICH ME -

PO'Ul.A1t 'AT PltE.SeNT.

- CAR. OP- PUsuc. ~ANSf'OR.TttmON IS MEASURED IN TlME

~CE

~E..LDP&D

F"ftOM
PLANNING O91SN CRITA.IA
,
eYJ'ose'H DE' CUlARA 1 U!& KOf'PIiLMAN .

._ ,

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'''8'~ THE 9ITUA"TION OF" Hi$HWAVs . -NtA"SPOA.'QTlON A-r PRESENT

...1 . / .'

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NOR'THE'AST

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BUlLOIN6S MOVal> BACK AlO'"

~ HI6HWAV pefl.MIT PARKIHtP
IN FRDNT.

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30

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DRAWI-i "&.Due... lt.WnllA1S0 .

. nie -r..Aon1NAI,. -DM,. M~O~ 2ICS
A'JUFALo'"

COL..T"'AftoN,.AND A~ ~Seo Fc~ .;.

....: ..

1RA~ .ooc>s .. oc PIt.ODUeT~fIROM

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_E'LEPWANt ISSTILL,,.VALU4.Ui

... "NOT

-mE RIVE~

F~ .,.ItAN~PoRT
.

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ROWIN8 BOAT lsST,U..M~D

~~ A "~T ,MWEY.

l ' MEAN9

ONL.V IN F~NGtIM'Eft.
.. ,'BUT ALSO IN S'''FTIN9 .IT-TO .

Tf.fREE W~L.&t> VEHICt..ES IS USEO.

0",'-'1 IN THE SMALL TOWN o.t LOCAL.
COMMUNITY.

OF TRANSPORTATION IN THE PAn AND PRUItNT.

.,

31 .

,~ :~.

,a..tiLOCAL ~NSPORTATION FACILITlSiS AND EQUIPMENTS.

32

fil.

.,.,

"

UAIlAN MAla Tj!~.sPOATAT'ON FACU.IT,q AND ECiUIPMEHT

33

'~12. pEpEST/UAN

MOVEMt!NT AND "'.RAFFle.

1.UQAN
ACTIVITlES

2.. MAI" STREET .

.s. &.OCAL

ST~& ET

. 4. MAI PI RAU..WAY.
9TATIC)'" fOINT.

6. AL.ONG 'THE CANAL

6. -mE MOVEMENT 0" TRAFFIC JH TOWN~

34

t.iS.

CONFUSlNQ CH"OS OF SHOPPlNQ

SiR.IiT.

3S

III
(a)

PLANNING
PLANNING OF BUILDING TYPES

TRADITIONAL
1.

TEMPLE:

Buddhist (96%) culture is a living force, and each

community has a religious center.

the philosophy, "balance".
the axis east to west.

The position of the building denotes

That is, it has to face the east and keep

Within the complex are the religious and resi-

dential centers.
The religious includes:

1.

PAVILLION -

the community room to receive

teachings

2.

TEMPLE

to think about the teachings

with the "Buddha" figure inspiring.

3.

TEMPLE SCHOOL
Monks are disciplined as weIl as
passing on their learnings to
children. As aIl schools (right
now) teach religion, this Temple
School is exclusively used for the
monks studies.

The residential includes:

1.

DRUM HOUSE

where a bell and gongs are rang

to tell time of function according
of function according to the rhythm
used.

2.

SACRED LIBRARY
Religious books(exclusively) about
"Buddha"

36

3.

STUPA(CHEDI) PA GODA
Represnting the cycle of "Buddha's"
live enlightening the monk

4.

WELL

water supply; to carry on simple

way of life in pasto

5.

BATH HOUSE

6.

KI TCHEN

OORMITORY
(See Fig. 2.14, 2.15)

2.

HOUSING:

(See required element 3-6) basically maintains

esthetical "balance" in regard to the people' s way of live.

That is,

farmers have a simple home, a natural way of living (their balance).

In Rural Areas (past and present) houses are raised on stilts,
though in urban communities only sorne houses on raised.

Those houses

raised on stilts preserve (traditional) private living spa ce and doesn't

give access to the prowler or passerbys. (see Fig. 2.16/1)
3.

INSTITUTION:

Same as characteristics of the home, and Temple.

That is, it is simple and composed (See Fig. 2.15/2, 2.16)

GROUPING INCLUDES: (CONTEMPORARY)

1.
factor)

HOUSING:

attempts to be self-sufficient (relating to cultural

Nuclear family leaving traditional life style, effects:

a.

Poor:

row houses put together in one complex- 1 unit

per family.
b.

Middle:

2 or 3 storey complex divided into units, one unit

per family.

37

c.

Rich: 1 main home complex, with other complexes for

family, servants and storage etc. (according to degree
of wealth) or Apartment living, average 3 rooms with
modern conveniences. (See Fig. 2.17, 2.18 and see also basic
social

2.

SHOPHOUSE -

exclusively,
3.

unit)
family live in Shop either upstairs or at the back

Middle - average 5 rooms. (See Fig. 2.17/4).

OFFICE WITH HOME UNIT - located upstairs or in the back,

larger and more modifications than the Shophouse.

4.

a.

Middle -

b.

Rich

average 5 rooms (larger than Shophouse)

average 6 rooms, larger thanMiddle (See Fig. 2.17/5)

FACTORIES:
a.

Light - with attached home unit, located central(town)

home unit upstairs or in back of worksh6p, exclusively
Middle average 6 rooms, just a little larger than Shophouse.

b.

Heavy - No home unit, located on outskirts, variations in

size according to degree of wea1th (larger than light). Extra
rooms; average 1 to 2 made for security guard or owner sleeping
in for some reason. (See Fig. 2.16/6).

5.

SCHOOLS
a.

Elementary * Children wear uniforms a1though contemporary

building smal1est complex of aIl schools. *

b.

Highschool *same~ larger structure than e1ementary, average

2 to 3 complexes.

c.

University *same*largerst structure, additiona1 complex's vary

from one institution to the next. (See Fig. 2.17/7)

38

'1.14. gt1C

PLANNING OF TEMPLe

fllAONT 6ATE
"r:-:::~;=';O:-;,

... :-.:. '-.'~

::'.:-:::::r

s:-..::..:-:-.:;:.~-

i
,.

:~

TlDtPL&

CND

f-- --~

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~E uOe
...

.1

:i

w...L

:; @

.u

STUM,~--7

ICITCMEN

&AST

.~ NOft'TM

..

-'7

iliD~
-Il 1 1
:
k.:;. .~ -:::Ill.:.": .... ~:Jt
~

1. "TVPICAL P&.AN O~ VILLME TI:M~L

r"'"

(MAIN

~i.n MAI~RIVliRj

tASnM8LY SPACEy

.. 1. _._

t ~IN

... _

Er"IRANC~. 8MB

MAIN TeMPLEl

, l .
TliMPLe COMPLsX

1 - - _....

. 2. . . ReLATIOIISWIP os: CIACUL.ATtoN

VERTICAL
c.aacULATION

39

f..~5.~.:-.

r: ' :::

jl_ _c
~ :.:.!
,,/i.~,-: :'

I ..

DItAWING OF BUILDlN6 MOVEMIiNT AND PLANS.

r 'Ji

; :T@A-paTIONAL

STyLE.'

:'- of. HOUSS

8ftoUNI> L.li:V& L.

MAIN EttTRANe

2. PU.LlC IUILDl"6S i fSOUI:IlN_NTAL. SCHOOL OF'Flee ,1I.ToC.

L END:

V&IlTIC~L

HO"'ZONTAL C"'CULAT'ON

C'ACULATIOM

MoveMENT
8ETW&:EN IMLDIN&.

or

;,

40

.1l.
-il,
. TRAO'T'OMAL BUII.DI. PL.ANNINS

OFF.C.S, 8C.HOOLS

If'

l'
~__--I

as
!

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{m:

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..._. + - - - - - -....

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"

41

4. MOUS. NS

eovel(NMENTAL
HOUSIN6

NO&RAM.

2. FLAT.
(IC'NOHKAEN UNlvasrrv)

3. STAFF S HOUSS.

<. ICMONKAEN

UNIVCUITV )

42

..

4.

STOItES

-----1I~
1

LIVINS

- -.

, $TOA.&

~====<l'l
STO~E!

.....

tILIVIN9

~;-;G-:-

ATORR

PAVeMENT" LEveL.

O~FIC&S.

1
, LIVINS
.OFFICIi

_~

------OFFICE

!~

.IfS

,~

PAVE.MENT LEVE'-.

,. FAC.TOltISS.

O~'CE

-----, OFFICE

--

!
1

S.

1
1

--_ .... -

It...-.OFFlce

~ uVINe]

STOIl.A6~

43

-,.

SCHOOL. UNIV S.TV INU-DlN8

<.

tClotONlCAl!N

UNIVE~'TV>

PNVSICS 8UILDING.

A6AICUL.TU.AL. CHel NI!l!ft..NCa

S'nJOENT UNION

PACUL"TV OF AMICUL.TUItE

FACUL.TV Cf: se'.NeSS - AR1S

. r

44

,'.', HOUSIN6.

1 S'ACE ANO ACTI"'T1E$

<,

PLANN Na.

1.DOt: "NE
r--------l
i
:
l

l
Il

': ' , :',

','

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O'N'~
,

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<MIDI)U! CLASS)

,Ii'

1..1-I.U.I,j",i~_~_

::'1',1

CiROUND

p~

PLAN.

3. aow

HOUSII 1VPe,
LOW COST HOUS.lU6
FO~ LOW '~OMti CMOUP.

S~CJ!~S:"

,2... AND 3.-

~INe pl\"I~IM.

pE'M'!!!eIff OF 4'01L.lt WEL..~. MINISTEIt. 6F

INTEfZ.IOa. .

MN(; \cO K

l'
,

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45

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AM.

., ---.J"

LAWN
r . .R<V:'''
.-=-- --------.--- Ll'I,,!

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_......

1.. MIDOU! "'COME e~up)

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- 46

PIAST "LOO. ~.-.

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':!

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liNT.

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-rwo SeD aOONS APAftTMEHT.

DT.

(. ~IDDLe - UfPEIf. MIDDLe lNCCME...,)

souro;.;.e: A I.OW 1t.&S& MEDIUM DENSnv HOUSlNG PROJECT , SAf'IlN KWA l ,

BANEH('OI( ,"""AlLAND.
8A1t~NASEADYA.

47

(b)

PLANNING AS INFLUENCED BY LOCATION

CULTURAL FACTORS

RURAL AREA
(Village or District)

More simple people, natural way

Organic Quality:

of life

thatched hut

unified with forest background.

(See Fig. 2.21)

1.

Confliction of idea between

URBAN AREA (TOWN)

1. Combination of Thai and Western

oald and new

style not very unified

2.

2.

Economic needs greater than

Rouses centralize towards Industry,

simple way, therefore more materia- therefore row spacing improvised because
listic

of mass population moving down from

3.

rural

Skill applied to a less degree

than traditional

3.

Not unified in style.

48

2..1.9 TRADITlONAI..COaMUNITV.SETTJNG

(RURAL AREA )

.~ . . 1'VPICAL "'Y&R VILLA LAY-OUT.

' ... , ....

..' ~.' -rYPICAL AOAD VILLMIE LAV- OUT.

49

1.'1O.TRAD\T\ONAL z.oNIN8 LOT.

1.

ALON61\lE R.IVER Olt FLooDIfoIE; AREA.

2.. RURAL. AREA

50

2. '11".

OR"A'" IC ClIUALITV
A V"-L.A~E" oF COTTA"e IN RURAL. AREA , ALL MADE WITH PRECISEL.Y
",""E SAME MATlilt14LS AND T&:CHI'I,QU&:9 SUT WITH PUNCTIONAl. VARIATIO~S
IN S",A\~E 1 MAY SE ACCIDeNTAL. AND FOIt.MUiSS , eUT IT
Al-WA'f$ HARMON'OUS WIT.,.'N ITSEL.F ANI> WITf+IN THE LANl>SCAPe.

'.5

1
51

r
RESlDENTIAL
FAMIl-V
2-3 FAMILV
OVER 4- FAMILV
HOTEL , APARTMENT

SIN6l.E

+ + +
+ +
0
0.0

01.........

o
0

0
0

BUSIN~o(COMMERCIAL

LOCAL (NEIG..-SOURJ.lOOI ..
- .
C <'
_ BUSINess
OFFICES .LBANKS

GENE'RAL BUSINESS
'THEATRE:.c. eEC2EATlON

0 0 0 0

INDUST~I4t..

t..IGt-iT INDlISTRY
HEAVY INDUSTR-Y .
RAIL-ROADot puBLIC -

UTlu."nes

0.0000

0 00

PUBt..IC"

?AR.KS
PUSU C 9CI-lOOL.S
UNIVbf{SITY

9UBUC BUILDING
INSTITUTIONS
TEMPI..J:

."
....... .
o

. 0 00

o .

L~6ENt>

:
MOST DESIRABLE

MEDIUM
L..oW

"
",

TRADITIONAL EXISTING"

(C) STYLE

SKILL

CONTEMPORARY

TRADITIONAL

1) Plan designed by Architect.

1) Plan designed by Architect

2) FormaI training - 5 years and at

2) FormaI training varied .

least 1 year of practice

II

Details Carried out by:

II

Details Carried out by:

1) Upholstery-not restricted to religous

1) Upholstery-detailed motifs
projecting literature and

or epic literature, freer style, as in

religion.

western
2) Sculptor: not used,can buy articles at
any art store (made in mass production)

2) Sculptor: (for more prosperous)

sculpted asparus, Buddha's
figure and literature,primarly
for designing religous room in
home,materials used: copper,bronze
wood and plaster.

PATTERNS

3) Paintor main colours applied (for

more prosperous family) gold and
yellow representing "Buddha",

3) Paintor not used, paintings can be

4) Community helped in constructing

skeleton of house

4) At present,Contractors are used

Pagoda motif- only modification in

temple (upward movement)

II Buildings - primarily rectangular

bought at any art store(made in mass

production)

Pagoda motif - still used,reflecting on

religious philosophy.

II Buildings - freer style, and the rectangular

(although prefered )is becoming more obscure,
reflecting on western thought.
V1
N

EXTERIOR DECORATIONS

PERCEPTION OF COL OUR

Geometrieal forms of aIl variations

Domestie Buildings:

use warm eolours,

SAME

Domestie Buildings: Refleet every

sueh as brown,light grey and orange

eolour or a few at a time,projeeting

aeeording to the local material avail-

different patterns. The eolours are

able

not restrieted only to warm colours,

but they use aIl shades and imported
materials arp made available.

Buddhist Temple:

are most eolourful

Buddhist Temple: same as traditional

applying mosaie in aIl hues. Intense

eolours refleet the national religious
belief.

U1

Vol

..1

'.

MAIN IFN"TRANCil

t 2-a. TyPIAL

HOUSI! PLANNI6

, (THAl RURAL HOUSE)

111171

55

'.1...

'..

:~~'''.''''''PU'''IIO'; VUSION 0': "nlADITIONAL LIN. AND MOT'p.

TU. CANNON OF T"AOITIONAL 8IJ1L.DIN8 TECHNIQUES.

- A ~FINITE' , FoltMAL ACS'mETIC
- QUIET, WaLL BALANCEO
- I)OMINATED SV SUB.7ECTIV& ~ L.Y~'CAL FRAME OF MIND.

56

';.'

....

_----

-------..........

~25. PA~DA

FO~MS.

STUPA.
COIIIV-E:NTIO"'AL PO~M
.FROM 'MDIA) CEVLDf'J.

CHIrDI

mAl TRADIT.ONAL F't)RM.

oa
PA"DA

-' WITH SOLID CCINSTRUCTION 1Ma IntTERNAI,. 6UflFACE

INOEPeNoerr (Jf: 1ME . INTefltlAL SPACII.

IS

57

58

IV

SHAPES IN BUILDINGS
TYPE OF PATTERN
CULTURAL FACTOR

(a) INDIVIDUAL PATTERN

no definite factor,

1)

several people's expla-

little inclined on both

nations include:

sides to secure pagoda

1) represents "Buddhist"
philosophy

Temple:

one level a

EXAMPLE

Pagoda shaped

shape

2) represents

"form" of praying
3) esthetically pleasing
For:

Roya lity

2)

Royal Palace: 2 to 3

Pagoda shaped pro-

levels huge fence (6 to 8

jecting classic

meters) enclosed compound

royal style.

structure.
heavy flooding and also

3)

Rural

stilts raised in

to prevent animaIs

aIl four corners.

small rectangular
shape

invading premises

(b)

IN'IEGRATED PATTERN

1) reflects religious

1)

philosophy

applied on roof copied from

2)

temple and their own modification of the rectangle

ii) roof modification from

more contemporary

Urban house:

i)pediment

western society with rectangu-

1) (some) pagoda
shaped roof with square
body (See Fig.2.3)
2) inclined roof with
rectangular body

lar body copied from temple

reflects religious

2) Rural house:

pediment

philosophy

applied on roof copied from

temple and rectangular shape
with incline on both sides
also copied from temple

roof - pagoda
shaped and rectangular body.

59

(c)

PATTERN VARIABLES

CULTURAL FACTOR

EXAMPLE

COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
a) reflect religious

1) Factory a) rectangu-

a) main structure:

philosophy and contem-

lar copied from temple

rectangular,square

porary style

while square and hexagen

hexagon etc.

contemporary modifications.

b) commerical advertising: lights, colour

and design

roof: pagoda shaped:

reflects religious
philosophy inclined
Thai modification and
fIat copied from contemporary style

2) Nightclub and
Restaurant; a) roof
pagoda shape copied from

roof: pagoda shaped,

inclined or flat

temple, inclined modification allowing rain to

drain more easily, flat
not as convenient although
contemporary copied from
western society

old and new thought

integrated style

interior decoration
western or Thai typical
integrated

60

PART 3.

POLITICAL FACTORS

TRADITIONAL VERSUS CONTEMPORARY SYSTEM

II

LOCATION OF BUILDINGS
(a)

Policy of Decentralization

(b)

The Idea of Uniform District

III MOVEMENT AND TRANSPORTATION

IV

(a)

Urban Area

(b)

Bangkok and Nearby Provinces

BUILDING ACCESS AND PLANS

(a)

Urban Area

(b)

Throughout Thailand

BUILDING SPECIFICATIONS

THROUGHOUT THAlLAND

VI

BUILDING FABRIC

THROUGHOUT THAlLAND

61

TRADITIOANL VERSUS CONTEMPORARY SYSTEM

TRADITIONAL
(a)

CONTEMPORARY

Simplified Caste System, denoted

(a)

People are divided according

by "sack-dee (rank) na" (occupa-

to wealth upper,middle and

tion) and birth.

lower class.

Ordinary people- 100-1000 rai (owned)

Nobility
(b)

- 1000 rai and up

Architectural and artistic expres-

(b)

sion are dominated by religion.

(c)

such a degree that Thailand's

new patterns integrate old and new.
(c)

The Minister of Internal Affairs

has legislative powers, regulating
architecture into a public policy

II
(a)

Western influences dominates to

Only restricted buildings include

housing in temple areas, and
governmental buildings, otherwise
not restz:icted.

LOCATION OF BUILDINGS:
POLICY OF DECENTRALIZATION
1. Factories: The policy in the past was that all factories were 10-

cated in the center of the city.

Presently it represents a major pol-

lution factor, so they are relocated in the zoned areas designated by

the Government.
2.

Residential:

Amongst commercial and industrial areas of building.

The new policy maintains that commercial building surrounding these

areas must make a leeway (carriage way) allowing them passage to the
street. (See Fig. 3.3)
3. New Zones: As commerical industry is more dominant than residential,
the Government has relocated housing projects on the outskirts according
to the zoned areas designated.
4.

Redevelopment:

Depending on Governmental budget, slums are destroyed

to make way for new housing projects, or commercial and official buildings.

62

(b)

THE IDEA OF UNIFORM DESTRICT

1.

High-rise buildings are designated by zones that the government

specifys, so as not to interject in urban housing. (See Fig. 3.3)

2.

As traffic is an increasing problem, the government develops

more apartments for convenience of working people.

3.

The government buys off residential areas, paying only few of

the owners.

According to their policy they then develop high-rise

building which gives the people little choise where to live other
than the apartment.

The small percentage that are better off buy

land in the outskirts.

III

MOVEMENT AND TRANSPORTATION

POLITICAL FACTORS

(a)

1.

URBAN AREA
Population expansion in-

Decentralization scheme of government

creases contually and strangles

High rise building developments by re-

convenient_living.(See Fig.3.l)

locating residential areas on the outskirts.

2.

New highways and other means

of communication are cut through

Allowing greater mobility in commercial

area only.

to focus on the center of town

creating traffic jams.(See Fig. 3.2)
3.

The center of town includes:

Decentralization scheme of government

dept.stores,medical facilities,

is advantaged because of their limited

official building and entertain-

budget is not always possible to realize.

ment facilities which are not

provided in the outskirts. Therefore the flow continuous again.

63

(b)

BANGKOK AND NEARBY PROVINCES

1.

Governmental transportation scheme

One way traffice areas are

zoned.

providing greater mobility in sorne

areas.

2.

On street parking-zoned

Government transportation scheme pro-

on wider streets and narrow

viding greater mobility in sorne areas.

roads where commercial industry

exists.
3.

Approximately 10 to 15 streets

Adds to Government budget.

have parking meters.

IV

BUILDING ACCESS AND PLANS

POLITICAL FACTORS

(a)

URBAN AREA
1.

1.

Restriction: proposaIs to

maintaill temple area.

R~flects

on religious philosophy

through politics and encourages future

traditional modes.

2.

Expansion: expansion allo-

cated from sIum clearance

2.

Decentralization scheme of

government

giving rise to modern apartments.

3.

Buidlings related to Pedestrian

and Vehicles:
3.1 sidewalks raised approximately 20-30 cm. in relation to street level.(See
Fig.3.5/l-2).
3.2 Shelters are attached
to buildings giving minimum

3.1 Government scheme projecting less

accidents.

3.2 Government considering climate

factor.

exposure to sun or protection

from heavy rains.(See Fig.3.5/l-2).

64

(b)

THROUGHOUT THAlLAND
1. Sterro-typed plans of re-

1. Grouping designated by Government

striction and expansion.

2. Stereo-typed plans of row
houses and apartment buildings

~~.

Plans of housing designed by

Government.

(see Fig.3.5/5 )
3. Pa goda roof, slender elongated cay and same internaI
structures, demand reetangular
plan.

3. Government prescribes specifies

plans and shapes for their buildings.
(See Fig. 3.4, 3.5/5).

:~:: r~:'>.,>".

.~.~

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,-""

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PlESSUAE - .
1$. AtaAIN CIlEA7e> av
'1'HE:. .~ HI!;A.W 'AND .SM41U.SO TftAf='F~C.
.
..

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LOCAT\ON OF R~IJ)ENTIAL. AREA IN MIOTOWN

STfET

eUII.J>IN6

L'IJ~

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66
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'5.4. eoYCltNMENTAL BUILDING.

\,

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67

v.

BUILDING SPECIFICATIONS

1.

THROUGHOUT THAlLAND
From the street to ground level

POLITICAL FACTORS

1.

Government imposed law

it may vary in height

2.

From ground level to ceiling it

Same

must be 3.50 meters (See Fig. 3.5/3)

3. Upper floor - minimum 3.00 meters

Same

If the building is air-conditioned

the false ceiling can be reduced to
a minimum of 2.50 meters.(See Fig.
3.5/3).
4. The minimum habitable space must be

Same

3.00 x 4.00 x 3.00 meters. (See Fig.

3.5/4).
5.

Zoning lots devised to

a) protect

each house from overflow of rain ;

b) for year round comfort, each home has
a small piece of landscape around it.
(See Fig. 3.6)

Same

,.'

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68

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9. 6., OVERtH~ENTAL. HOUSINi PLANS

'.

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SED
AM.

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,'--'1 .:.~
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8&0

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HOlJSl1ll6' .. 190 M.
61.OUIIIP FLOOA AlE~
UVlfII6 AU

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4.
W~NEVR

BUlI..I>INS 15 CONN'/WCTEr> ATTACI-IED 71+1:

fRDPElllY UNE "T'Jfe OfENlNQS Alle flOT ALLOWEI> 'TO

o "6flIfMl6.

'.
.

l
70

VI

BUILDING FABRIC
POLITICAL FACTORS
THROUGHOUT THAILAND

Exterior Structure
a)

Fire-proof materials must be

Government imposed law.

used, either locally or imported

such as steel, or concrete.
b)

Thick walls must be a minimum

Same

of l' - 2' to prevent spreading of

fire from the internaI structure.
Interior Structure
a)

Local and imported materials can

allows foreign influence to enter

be used such as wood, acoustic board,

in regard to exchange of materials,

cellocrete.

and does allow for better foreign

relation.

Appearance
a) AlI buildings in temple area

Government imposed law

must use the same materials, and

similar external shapes
b)

AlI official buildings must

use the same material, and same

external shape.

Same

"

71

PART 4.

1.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

ECONOMIC FACTORS

COMMERCIAL AREA
(a)

Modernized structure

(b)

Prospect on foreign exchange

ECONOMIZATION OF BUILDINGS
(a)

Rural area

(b)

Urban area

ECONOMIC MOTIVATIONS
(a)

Stability

(b)

Mobility

(c)

Population

GROUPING OF BUILDING TYPES

(a)

Rural area

(b)

Urban area

BUILDING ACCESS AND PLANS

(a)

Planning

(b)

Direction

( c)

Procedure

(d)

Shape

(e)

Decor a tions

APPEARANCE OF BUILDINGS
(a)

Rural area

(b)

Urban area

72

(a)

COMMERCIAL AREA

Modernized Structure:

involving a large element of North

American and European influence.

Cb)

1)

Technique:

use of machine-made material

2)

Institution: introduced by Thais educated abroad

Prospect of saving on foreign exchange:

1)

Promotion of Industries (central and rural)

2)

Government prevent too much imported luxuries by heavy

taxation, and therefore it encourages the people to buy
local manufactured goods.

II.

ECONOMIZATION OF BUILDING
(ORIENTATION AND LOCATION)
RURAL AREA

1)

URBAN AREA

Oblong side towards the pre-

1)

Same as rural.

As weIl as,

vailing wind to avoid strong radia-

the average person owns an electric

tion on E-W side and to achieve na-

fan helping cross ventilation in the

tural ventilation.

"row" spacing housing scheme.

(See Fig. 4.1)

For

the wealthier people an air conditioner is more economical.

2)

Stilts are cheaper than rai-

sing the main platform.

2)

For a more beautiful appearance

the ground level is raised.

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74

III.

ECONOMIC MOTIVATIONS

RURAL AREA
(a)

URBAN ARF.A

STABILITY
The basic output of goods produce in rural area equals the output

being manufactured or sold raw by urban area.

Stabilized as occupations are
constant, 85% farmers, the remaining 14% inc1ude forestry and
fishing and 1% mining.
(1)

Farmers:

grow: maize, rice,

(1)

Markets: sell food supply pro-

kenaf,coconut, sugar cane, live-

duced by farmer

stock,cotton

(2)

C1othing: fabrics weaved by rural

women and grown by farmer and then sold

to public
jute, hemp

(2)

(3)

Fisherman:sea fish caught along (1)

Tourism: used in making souvenirs.

Markets: sold to public as food

the Gulf of Thailand and east coast

supplement

as weIl as fresh water fish.

(2)

Restaurants: fish sold, attract-

local people and tourists.

(3)

Forestry:

mainly teakwood

(1)

sold for export

(2)

used as building material locally

(3)

used for Paper Industry-for writing

which educates the people and used in

signs promoting industry and tourism.

75

RURAL AREA
(a)

STABILITY . continued

(4)

Mining: Tin, Wolfram, Lead,

URBAN AREA

(1)

Antimony, Manganese, Gypsum,Flourite (2)

Trade:- used in export

Tourism:- promotes it by

selling to tourists

As the goods are sold, money is circulating giving the Government a

chance to develop their budget, improving the eeonomy of the country.
Economie Variables:
(a)

Investment recessing as Americans

moving out, Tourism will bring them baek.

(b)

Balance of trade fluctuating inter-

nationally, when the market is constant

investment will rise.
ProposaIs:
1.

Industries utilizing local labor

and raw materials within.

2.

Industries are capable of supporting

the balance of payment.

3.

New proposaI to develop Industries

in rural areas.
(b)

MOBILITY

Slow-means of transport few

Higher speed Many sources of public

animaIs, boat, "sam-law" only a

transport. (refer to page.26 )

76

RURAL AREA

UR,BA.N AREA,

on1y a sma11 minority own their

1.

own vehic1es.

for channe1ing export or import.

Retaining tradi-

tiona1 qua1ities.

Waterways -a) Main waters used for

b)

as a source of generating

e1ectricity to industries.
II. Air - carrying import or export
trade.

A1so bringing in tourists.

III. Rail - carrying import or export

trade.

A1so bringing in tourists.

IV. Roads and Bridges - move people in

order to buy goods, work etc.
V.

Bus and Vehic1es -

move people in

order to buy goods, and a11 activities.

VI. Sidewa1ks move people in order to buy
goods and a11 activities. (See Fig.4.2)

(c)

POPULATION

sma11 percentage of population

Rapid Growth of Population

growth therefore minimizing ex-

(a)

pansion of town.

Europeans and North Americans deve10p

Migration of Outsiders inc1uding

economy introducing technical knowhow

and bringing business in.

Under the

Promotion of Industria1 Investment in

1960 and revised in 1962 it encourages
this type of outsider.

77

URBAN AREA

RURAL AREA
(c)

POPULATION continued

(b)

Migration of Outsiders:

cally Chinese.

specifi-

They come to live

and assimilate weIl with the Thais

as they are both orientaIs.
also bring business in.

They

There is

now a limited quota imposed considering the growth of the Thais.

(c)

Migration from Rural:

believing

that the "grass is greener on the

other side" and add to the labor
supply needed.

IV.

GROUPING OF BUILDING TYPES

RURAL AREA
Housing:

traditional buildings

!JRBAN AREA
Housing:

Modern buildings (same

(same as cultural factor, page 35)

as cul tural factor,

36 . )

used

maintain stabilized community.

to mobilize traffic by large residential areas being relocated and

apartment put up in their place.

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.TO au"LOIN... .

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79

V.

BUIDLING ACCESS AND PLANS

URBAN AREA

RURAL AREA
PLANNING

(a)

Planning of housing is scatt-

Planning is very necessary

ered as land is plenty because

as little land space is available

small percentage of population

because of rapid growth of popu-

growth. (See Fig. 4.3/1,4,4/3,

lation. (See Fig. 4.3)

4.5)

(b)

DIRECTION
Buildings are in vertical

Buildings are in horizontal

direction as alot of land is

movement to compact space, that

available.

is available for example: High-

(See Fig. 4.5)

rise building. (See Fig. 4.3/3)

(c)

PROCEDURE

1)

Manual labour

1)

Same

2)

Cooling the buildings

2)

Sorne use this method.

The

natural resources affecting the

majority use mechanical means: i.e.

landscape.

fan, air conditioner. (See economi-

(See economization

page .Z~ ... )

(d)

zation page.?? )

SHAPE
Primarily rectangular-econo-

mical because easily constructed.

Majority prefer rectangular

sorne reason easy to construct.
Prefabrication is modular component.
(See Fig. 4.3, 4.4, 4.5).

80

RURAL AREA

(e)

1)

URBAN AREA

DECORATIONS

Local materials used: brown

1)

Local materials also used,

paint, red, and brown stains, and

although shades applied are more

veneer, being local it is cheaper.

colourful. (See perception of colour~

2)

2)

Imported fixtures such as

handles, and electric fittings

etc.

Relatively cheap coming

from nearby countries.

(Taiwan,

Japan, Malaysia, Singapore,

Hongkong).

Same

,-- ---

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81

43.' OIAQAA~~I, 'oRAW'~. or.~~PIN _, OF, >8I~pNGTVP&S

AcORD1H6TO~ECONOMIC

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85

VI.

APPEARANCE OF BUILDING

RURAL AREA
Organic Unit y :.

URBAN AREA
Mechanical Unit y:

Local materials

Local and

applied on buildings and landscape

imported materials used, basically

defines traditional uniformity.

influenced by Western mode.

1)

Materials absorption:

Natural

1)

Unnatural Absorption:
a) too much light: Neon lights,
Glass, Aluminium, Steel, etc.

lighting.

b)
2)

As the majority are poorer

2)

too little light:

Plain concrete.

As less spa ce is available in

people's houses are smaller and

row houses' and apartment buildings

the space is equipped with basic

basic requirements are modified ac-

requirements. (1)

cording to space.

(2)

Kitchen;

(3)

Bedroom;
Living-room.

For example:

Home: Kitchen-U-shaped

Row house: (basic bedroom and living

area, Kitchen.
3)

As the movement is horizontal

the buildings are low.

3)

The buildings are high, usually 20

to 30 storeys economizing on the expense

of piles. (See Fig. 4.8).

4)

Main supports include the

4)

According to the architect's re-

beam(s) and column(s) not covered

quirements the beam(s) and column(s)

by decoration.

are covered or not, allowing an esthetic

This has an organic

in quality and is a cheaper way.

result in each case.

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87

PART 5.

II

CLlMATIC FACTORS

CLlMATIC FACTORS

(1)

Heat and Moisture

(2)

Rain

(3)

Prevai1ing Wind

(a)

MECHANICAL

(b)

NATURAL

ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS

1.

Orientation and
Location

2.

Building Planning

3.

Movement and Transportation

4.

Building Fabric:
a) wall and opening
b) roof
c) floor
d) foundation

5.

The Examp1es of Building

Skin for C1imatic Control.

88

1.

CLIMATIC FACTOR
C1imatic affects men in a multitude of ways, and is probab1y

the most important of a11 geographic e1ements inf1uencing the design

of building
CLlMATIC FACTOR
(1)

(2)

(3)

DESCRIPTION

Reat and Moisture

Rainfall

Prevailing
Wind

MAJOR PROBLEMS

Genera11y high and humid

year round. The sunlight

a) Excessive solar

becomes most strong between 12 to 3.

b) Moisture a deteriorant
e1ement

radiation

Throughout Thai1and ab una) Excessive rainfa11 is

dant rainfa11 occurs beta deteriorant e1ement
ween May and September.
There is sorne rain throughDampness throughout the
out the year. In the South
the rain fa11s year round

year is a deteriorant

coming down 1ight1y.

factor.

Genera11y b10wing from south a) Rather slight and

to southwest throughout the
day. In the morning the wind
movement is variable.

be directed to get the

utmost breeze.

In the

afternoon it bends towards the

southeast.
II.
(a)

ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS
Mechanica1:

cuts down heat and humidity by a mechanica1 breeze.

This method app1ies a fan or air conditioner.

compared to the natural coo1ing solution.

It is rather costly

89

(b)

Natural:

tries to solve all climatic factors, by:

1)

Orientation and Location

2)

Building Planning

3)

Movement and Transportation

4)

Building Fabric:

$)

(a)

wall and opening

(b)

roof

(c)

floer

(d)

foundation

The Bxamples of Building Skin for Climatic Control .

90

1):

ORIENTATION AND LOCATION

In Thailand the sun and wind are two main influences in

physica1 orientation.

Thus it is essentia1 to orientate the building

towards the Prevai1ing Wind to avoid strong radiation coming from

east and west.

This is done by dictating the shape of the building

to a slender elongation.
Many modern buildings have been adjusted to exposure from the
important sides (N-S).

Buildings are arranged to different orientations

taking best advantage of the climatic impact.

The illustrations he1p

exp1ain this as fo1lows:

5.1.

SKETCHES OF BUILDING SHAPES WITti

DIR.ECT02AL ORIENTATIONS.
UNI L.ATERAL.

BIL.ATERAL

+~

WEI6'-lT&D

1fg

Ff't:ljj1B
+2/

MULTILATERAL.

91

The recommendations for room exposure is composed by Jeffrey F.

Aronin 1

suggesting sun orientation for various rooms, and the

2
diagram of building orientation for comfort .

s~

t"1r?1

ELEMEN'TS
SEDROOMS

L.IVING ROOM
DINING ROOM
K'TC~EN

L1B!aAR.V .
LAUN()~'{

PLA\{
J>RY1N6 'lARD
6AiHROOMS

UTIL1TV
GARAGE

WORKS1-40P
TE~RACES

su NPORCH

NE NV1

JN

SE Isw E W

'.

l,

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l,'

1:

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: : " . ; ' '. ~::

SlJSee:srEO SUN ORIENTATION
: FOR ROOMS: '
'1

,i

92

LOCATION
Climatic

Factors

Wind, Heat and Moisture

Location
High elevation towards the windward side
The crest slightly offsets the prevailing
wind into the center of the house cutting
humidity and heat
Building sites lie elongated somewhere along
the east-west direction; E-W, NE-SW, NW-SE,
being considerably advantageous. (See Fig.
5.1, 5.2, 5.3)

Rain

As the monsoon season is throughout the year

(with most intensity in May to

Sep~ember)

buildings are located above ground level to

avoid flooding.

2.

BUILDING PLANNING

CLIMATIC FACTOR

SOLUTIONS

DESCRIPTION

(1)

(1)

(1) In rural areas building

Heat and Moisture

natural benefit

from air flow. (See

layouts are spread out re-

Fig. 5.7, 5.8)

sulting in low denm ty.

(See Fig. 5.5/2-3)
(2) Paving should be avoided
so refraction of sunlight
will not occur.

(2) mechanical
b,enefit from air
flow: fan or air
conditioner.

(1) Hot and humid areas should

be ventilated and seperated
from the rest of the structure.

93

(2)

Rainfall

(1) drainage duets

(1) provided on eaeh side

to prevent soil erosion
around the building

(2) planning in ae-

(2)

eordanee with eon-

hazards

helps in redueing erosion

tour lines. (See

Fig. 5.5)

(3) Prevailing Wind

(1) strongest radia-

(2) Shape is slender and

tion E. and W. sides

modifying shape to
eut down heat.

elongated. The opt1um shape

1s 1:7. D,but upto 1:3.0
on E-W axis is also aeeeptable.(See Fig. 5.4)

94
. . ..&ASIC FOIlM

':7.0

~-'

OPTIMUM

':'70

A\MSjI~i. ,r:'~~
1(.,) .

..s2U.&.~:

\l'CTOIt OI.e.VAV, DE.lQjII WITM CLIMA11! , PP.

Allt FLOW TM-LOUe lot

et.

,N"~ftIO~

HOUSIN6, DOltltlWa.y
KHONICA&N UNI'~Ii~SITY.

5.5. 6ROUPI Ne OF

8ul~DINe,

-1.

2,. seHOOL.

, . c.o MMUWAL.
FACILITIE9
OF SI-6CWPI NG

95

5. ~ PLANNlN6 SOL.UTIONS' ON LOCATlON.

1v- 2. UN 1VER.CS ITY '$' BUU.DING;, FLAT, ;:)C.HIBInON

3td4. I('NbER~AR.nN, EXl-U8ITION, RESTUARANT.

1.-4. - 9ETTIN6 THE BUILOING IN Iftt.EQULAR SHAPE 1'0 MAteE
9W"'oe: WIT.. IN.

.J

96

6. 7. ~. PLANN lN . SOLUT'ONS.~ OF". fJUI~O'Ne' LOT

,.

LJI!I:T "AND "!RAFFle.

TRII!S

FOttM A WINc>8REAK'

J>EC'''OUS 'nU5ES ON "OItTM~

TO flRov'DE S,",.4J)E' FROM
OOMt.

t'ttOTEeT PRoM lOm

~AINS7t>CM el S"IItC7H6 WlNI>. ~-<
~..f)

'n)

q-'.

fi

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,'",""

()UT

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x--.

':

VERTICAl.. ~~N.
fIR~ SUN'
f8T FROM 'lM!. '

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,,:! :.,.,~ .: . RooF DveltHAHS

t'

ON eVU'lSIO

:1

' . . , . :-~S'P.ECIAU.Y ON $()lJmSJOS. OSE 6I.A9S

"', '.

WEST.

. ." FIlECL..Y IN WACJ. 1t> OPeN BVIl.l>IN6

, ~' 6'~N
.

..

, ,..'\ ': ,\ \, \
\

, "
DeCI J)OOS TItEES 0 fi(

lt> PROVII>E
"n4e CAyo

'T

OUT1)OO~

1(1":"".""
~
~

",,~.

SEItVICe ACeA ~eTUc:.lC',

eSf>~'Au.Y 6001> ~ nMS
~POSUItE AS
Au.oWS A

9~ADft

'

OPEN

Tt)

AHI> MO~NING S(,W$f4INE.

Olt. WINTeA. SU NSHINE )

<

LAWN

PAR.t<tNG AR.eA FO~ BUIU>INQ, 1ttJ1> CAllPO~T Fe/t. HOUS!! , AUDWS ("16AT et

J>UR,'NG

.41(( IN UVlNe et D'N'Ne #too'1.

ON 'TME SOUlMWEST.

9UMMER

IiJREE'Z.E

< APPItOAl(JMA"TEl.Y

9 MON~5.)

~ DE~IQEI)

97

1.8.'4$ FLOW PATTERN MODIFICAT~ON

,H If">

'N'TH' LANDSCAPINQ.

MEDIUM HEI)(I;E

AT 8UIL.I)IN6

10 FE.T F@M 8UILD/NS

10 FI!'n FleoM 8UI&J)ING ~T ceNTER

'1.0 AiIKT

FROM eUILDINQ

SO NET RoM BUIL.OIH6 AT CENTER

BUUJ),NQ TUtNED

Cfo IMTt"'l-

THEi

BuezE

WlTH NO Pl.ANTIN9

~~;

OL6VA'I, VICTOft,

DESI6N WITH CLIMATs., 1 PP. 102..

98

3.

MOVEMENT AND TRANSPORTATION

Climatic Factor

Pedestrian Mpvement along river bank and farm

(flooding Area)
Rural Area

Urban Area

same methods as urban,

although where heavily
flooded people walk on
stilts or walk on a dam

due to excessive heat,

little wind, and much
rain, excursions are
shortened to a walking

surounding the rice field.

distance.
Protection by:
(1) Shelters attached to
buildings for a longer
shopping promenade
(2) Under the trees
(3) Umbrella
(4) Hat (See Fig. 5.5,5.9)

Street Movement
Rural Area
Same

Urban Area

House must be an platSame

form level to avoid
flooding,obtain best wind
breeze to cut down heat
and humidity. And house
with landscape provides
sorne shading for the street
(See Fig. 5.9)
Drainage ducts must be provided opposite each side of
the street, preventing soil
erosion (See Fig. 5.9)

--,--;----......--,----r-"'~-

....

CLl"ATI(~

,--',

99
FACTORS INFLUENCED ON TIANSPORTATION AND MOVI!MeN"T.

STREET

ft".

49QI _":.

S~T{ON

1
100

4.

BUILDING FABRIC:

a)

Wall and Opening

b)

Roof

c)

Floor

d)

Foundation

4(a) WALL AND OPENING

CLIMATIC FACTORS

METHODS

(1) Heat and Moisture

a) Continuous efficient

(2) Rainfall

(3) Prevailing Wind

ELEMENT

MATERIAL USED

Shutter a) Roll back Modern lightweight

b)Removeable construction:i.e.
b) Shelter from sun and
Plywood,Asbestos,
insulator against pest
Panel,Alluminum
Types 1) Screen
Panel,Glass trea2) Louvres
ted(Chemical treaNot used in high
ted)
standard air conditioned building.
3) Grill
(See Fig. 5.10)
Mechanical cooling
c) Control internalFan or air contemperature not
ditioner
too humid
a) Continuous provision against heavy
rain entering

Same

Essential to admit air flow to

eue neat and humiditY
1) Through Ventilation in opposite
parallel walls.
2) Corner Ventilation at right angle.
where best needed
to best advantage

Same method, acts as

an excellent shelter
too.

a) Continuous efficient 1) Window

ventilation

Same

PLACEMENT

2) Door

Same

Adjusted to trap
air to best advantage and not excess
(See Fig.5.10,5.11)

1-'

1-'

102

6.:\0'

METHODS OF SUN PROTECTION

FoR WALLS el. OpeNl~Qs

..... \ /

.... 0-

','

1.

i.

PlErtCIi'D

~"-'~~~....._

HORl'ZONTAL

CANOPIES

SClu~eNINQ

2.

,.

BALCONV

ROOF OV-R.MANS

3.
V.RTICItL
sc.RIiEN

7.

ROOF oVEItAANG

4
EXTEItNAL
8L.INI)S.

8.
coMBINED V.RTIcAL. ANI> +fO~rz.ON"TAL.

- seREENI Mlli

.- - ---,.... ---r

..

~--"!".

__ .

~--_.

103

1.11.

METHOJ)S

-to

COOL. THE WALL..

l.OUVRES
INSUL.ATION SHEET
OUTER. WALl.
SCREEN

1.

I"SIDE

2..

BRlCK WALL WITH

CEMENT BLOCK
OR

SONE PATTEINON
THE OUTI:R 1 PlltOVIDE
SHADE TO COOL. Tue

WALl

HOl.LOW SR le l(

3.

4.

....$/."

5. ADJUSTIN6 WALLS - OPENNIN6S AWAV FROM SUN At4J) RAIN.

104

.s~~.

AI~ FL.OW WITHIN BUILOIN6.

1) SINeE THeRS 15 NO OUTLET THERE 19

VIR.'nJALLY NO AIR MOVEh1&NT IN iHE

ROOM.

2.)

INL.ET AMI> OUTLEr Po$ITIOIIIEO A9

SHOWN ANO SAM6 SIZE. AIR NlOVEMENT
QOOI) IN 80DY 'ZONE, IMP#lOVED IF OUTUiT eNLAR.660.

J~

3) WINOOW PLAC.ED AT MI6H LEVEL OUTLET AT NORIriAL WINDOW HEIGI-IT

CREATEg A POCICET OF STIL-L AIR IN
BoOY ZONe.

s) AOOITION OF SUN ,",OOD OV&R WINOOW

LEADS 1'0 STIL.L AIR CONDITION AT
BODY zoNe.

,) V&ltV LITTLE IMPROVEMENT OveR

4) 15 OFFER ED 8Y 1ltE PROVISION
OF A &..OWER OUTI..ET IN ADDIT'ON
TOUPPE~.

7) -mE PR,OVI510N OF ft.. SAP eE,-wEetl

11+E SUJIIS~At>e: AND WAL.L. IhfAtOW!S
AIR- MOVEMI:NT IN BODV 'ZONe.

~;~
---,

.'-

4) LARGE INua1'S A/IIJ) OUTL.STS ~1N6

1.0'11 IN -ntE ROOM BIVE EXCEL.NT -

""R-

8) THE use OF A Louv~eD S'UNSIW)

OFI=E/(S FU2.'mER IM~veMENTOV.~
(,) AND '1)

MOVEMENT CONDITIONS.

SOUR.CE

DAVID GAKL.eY, ~OPlCAL t+QUSES 1 Te:XAS ENGINlielUNG

EX~~Ift1EN'" STATiON 1 ,q~
pp 12.2.

')

105

6.18.

CROSS veNTILATION.

1) WINO STIllKIN6 ~E aUIl..DIN6

CAeATES A R.e810N .OF HISti
PI.E$SUItE ON 1ME \NINOWARJ)-

SIDE.

~~;?'I.::~'

....

'"

'.,

- .............. ~-

...

'~

s) '1\4E Alft - FLOW Dors NOT TAICE."

-me SH1'EST

---_...--..._._" ..

ROU~

::~-.. ~

':S~

fi) 1ltE VELOCITY OF AIR. FLOW 15 INCREASED IF nae 'NLET 1$

1)t.f.N

mE'

SMAU.e~

OUTL.ET.

,) UNEGiOAL PReSSURES ON BOni 511>6$ OF INlRT,

Alf- FLOW De'F'L.eCTEJ)

SOURce:

Tl)

A O'FFe'U~NT aOUTa-.

6EOll6e ~IP"ME"R, T20PENI.tU 1 8UILJ).NG IH 'tHS' "TItOPICS ) 'Q'1 ,PP 1"7- ,qCf.

4(b) ROOF
CLIMATIC FACTORS

METRODS

MATERIAT.S

ELEMENTS

PLACEMENT

USED

(1) Heat and Moisture

a) Provision for shading

1) Overhang:
Types: a)High pitch
b)

b) She1ter from sun and

insu1ation

1) Asbestos,
R.C. slab

Flat roof

2) Screen

Same

1)

a) High pitch encourages

reduction of heat
(See Fig.5.11,5.12)
2) Refer to shading
device

3) Double Roof

Same

3) Same,upper surface absorbs excessive heat

and rest of warm air rises
and escapes into the
double roof where led out
by Cross Venti1ation.(See

(See Fig. 5.14,5.15)

Fig. 5.14,5.15)
(2) Rainfall

For best drainage

Same

Same

1) Overhang-provides best
drainage,away from bui1ding(See Fig.5.14)
2) Screen-where best suited
3) Double roof-on top of
building (See Fig.5.14)

(3) Prevai1ing Wind

Act as a breeze to
diffuse heat

Same

Same

Same (See Fig. 5.15,5.16)

1-'

Cl'\

..J

107

5.M,

TVPICAL ROOF STYLES

1 ;

III

.::::

1
1 1 ...
__ ,_

AS8E9~~~~
ROOF.

R.C.6LAB.

, .1

108

ay AUt

!.,m. MaTMoD

OF SUN:,r. PftQTI!CTIO"-'
- AND V&NT.&.ATION .OF Itooitts.

1.

6APS UNDI!tl. TH. feOOF$

DOU8LE ROOF

SLA8elN9

3.

4.

5.

SOUIlCES

4'-

J!t...--.f~y_~_~ .. ~Ii_"!,

._~~g~~

TROPICAL A~HIT!:CTUIiE , Po
54,
L'fPSMEI.~A, TItOPENSJAU, BUIW>INQ 'N 1'ME -rltOPICS,

l)AVI~ __ OAI(J-_~~)

'T~oprCAL

HOOSES ,

P ""

Po

r,S' - '" .

109

5.1' WIND EFFECT SV OVERHAN6.

J ~

1. BUILDIN6 WI'I1IOIJT OVERMAN6 HAS LESS.

2. "R-lE OVERHANCD CAtI BE useD TO DEF'Lec.T

AIR UIITO -otE' ROOM.

'3. CAftEFtJU-Y ADJUSTMEMT OF If t.DUV~ CA,.

PUT THE NIOVlN6 ,llil WHERE .T WlU ffAve
1JtE GlEATE'ST COOUN6 EFFaCT.
~

~-;;-::::"

1 ~

~--r-:-----'------

~~'-T====-:-:::::::':::l:=-":::~-

4.

lHE PR.OPEIt PLAc&MEtIT OF WINDOW

c;,ves

'lItE 8EST COOU/IIG eFFECT.

--'

-me:

POSITION OF INLETS' ANf) OUTl.ETS 1 n4E/t S'ZES. ANI) "lUE P~9EN,

POSITIONIN6, OR ASSENCE OF ROOF OVE:RtfAN6S OR SUNSffADeS .-iL"- EFFeCT mE lATE AND FLDW OF AIR. KHOYlLEOGE OF J.lOW lIt.y ~T 'T 1$
PAlTICUL.AIlI.'I' 'MPOftTANT TO niE D&SI$NER FOIl wARM I&UMtD COHOITKIS
WHERe' COMR>RT AIR MOVf:MEHT' 1$ A DE'S16N REQUItEMENT.

$OURC.E:

WW. CANDILI., 43.E. ClUiS, ANI) E.C. SMITH: '90ME COrfSIDIIA-'r'ONS _.I~_"TME -"t~TU~L~'~..!~N_f?~..I.~ll..O'H8.
TEXAS e:NCINEERlN8 ~XPERIMENT STATION. '4", ftfDllT 22-23.

4(c) FLOOR

CLlMATIC FACTOR

ME THO DS

ELEMENTS

MATERIAL USED

(1) Heat and Moisture

a) Keeping it dry

1) raised on columns

reinforced :con-

must be raised

crete timber

from ground level

b) Protection from pests

c) Control internaI tem-

PLACEMENT

on columns and not

a continuous footing
wall i f possible
(See Fig. 5.17)

perature comfortable

2) crawl space

an opening in wall
between ground
level and first
floor, air can circulate through
crawl space

(2)

Rainfall

(3) Prevailing Wind

Same
Circulate air to keep
it dry from too much

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

humidity

t--'
t--'

~J

4(d) FOUNDATION
CLIMATIC FACTORS

METHODS

(1) Heat and Moisture

a) To provide protection from ground erosion

MATERIAL USED

ELEMENT

b) To protect against
humidity causing rus-

In Urban Area: Pile

Bricks, Stone ,
used,bricks,stone,R.C., R.C. sand
sand
In Rural Area:No pile
used,otherwise same.

Iron

Iron

PLACEMENT
Pile(in Urban
Area) placed below R.C. footing
on bottom. Brick
and Stone,Sand or
Gravel is used to
fill up foundation
(Refer to technical
factor
Placed inside concrete

ting
c) To prevent fungus,
mold or pests.(See Fig.

Chemical treatments

Bituminous
Substance

5.17)

(2) Rainfall

Against dampness causing

Same

Same

rusting

Directly in foundation
Same

(3) Wind

None

Basement

is im-

None

None

practical
1-'
1-'
1-'

112

6.17 TERMITES PROTECTiON.

"""-"110.

TEftMlTe SHIEIJ)

ON l>.P.C.

MI".

1. PROJ'T'N& R.c. SLAS PREVEtlT9

TeRMITES FROM CRAWIN6 UP.

2..

g,~-

a.

METAL

S"~IP

~OJecnN6

SUIEU> WliH

EPeES ,Nr

OOWNWAtl>S CAN 8E FIXE'O

OIRECTL.V ON 1141:: DAMPPfloOF- coOtsli OF R:)OTIN,

WAL.L.

1eIi~IWENIICAL.
~------..o..;~

INSUI.ATION

9.

4.

FItEE ISOLATED CONI>OITS

ANI> PIPES LEADIN6 TUeousH
A CONC2ETE' Ff..OOR ARe
NOVI DE D WI'n-t SJ.K:ET METAL.

Slot'EU>

....-r

DOWNWARt>5

AT AN AtoI8L.e OF 4S ~

souRce:

CA.L.E

TRoPENBAU, 8UILDINi ,N THE TgoPICS, c;eollG

MUNCMeN cAL'-I veY l

,,,,ct

L.,,.PSMf:IR.

113

&.'8

-ntE &XAMPLIiS ~ eut'LDIN& SKIN FOR. CLiMATIC CONTftOL.

PLAN.

&lECTION

SLANTI'" VI!RTICltl.. FINS

" 8Et_aloTiOff PRO'" WAu.. WILL 04\,010
NEAT TRAMIMIPION.

(NOVA81.E} "'OItI~ONTAL LOuvSRS

""RE epp.c.UlT US!:!>.

7.

(NOVA'LE) ~OIt~TAL 1!c..EMe:f\fTS co""N19

WITH VERTICAL ","'S.

114

PART 6.
1.

II.

III

TECHNICAL FACTORS:
STYLES OF BUILDINGS

Traditional

(b)

Contemporary

DETAILS OF TRADITIONAL BUILDING FABRIC

(a)

Bamboo is Component
Structure

(b)

Hardwood is Component
Structure

(c)

Ornamentation of Structure

DETAILS OF CONTEMPORARY
BUILDING FABRIC:

IV.

(a)

ELEMENTS
(a)

Wall and Opening

(b)

Roof

(c)

Floor

(d)

Foundation

(e)

Finishes

APPEARANCE OF MODERN BUILDING TECHNIQUES

(a)

Gene:-a l i ty

(b)

Visual Effect

115

116

6.1

EXAMI'LES OF BUIt..DfNQ T'IPES.

Mouaes

TliiMPLE

4) TRADITIONAL.

PAVILLIOfl.
HOUS.
~

lr

FACTO~Y

~TION J TEltMIN04L 1 EHTI!Il.,.AINtNti auILb, .. e ToC...

1 C::ONTEMpORAItY.

117

II

DETAILS OF TRADITIONAL BUILDING FABRIC

(a)

Bamboo is Component Structure

(b)

Hardwood is Component Structure

(c)

Ornamentation of Structure

118

"TMATCM
(PALM J alce , TCAK-

Le.AVes)

o.)

BAMBOO. COM.-oNI!NT 8.UCTUIE

6.t; HILL TR'BE'S

FAit.,. '$

House I.." IN ItEfttOTE

AREA }.

119
IJOAItf) (p'olt D~eOItATION)
T,U;; J AseESTt>S.
ftLlA.LI '"
-".

C~y

STIlUT

:z:::p
CUTDOOR.

WOOO FLOO~

b)

HARDWOOD IS aOMPONENT STRUCTURE.

,. '3 TRADITIONAL -NOUS.

il

ve.TlCAL.
WIrLL..

120

c)

ORN~MENTATION

1. SOLID

OF

STRUCTURE

CONSTRUCTION

TYPe:

PRAN6

6 .....

niE ORI4iINAL FORN OF SOUD CONSTRUCTION

"

121

2.

\-

TRAD.T.ONAl DECORATION

NORTME~tL~TVL&.

1.

~OOF "

2..

SUPPoRTeR.

THGSE ORNAMENTS STILL ~f!"'AIN IN

THE VlLLA&ES AND "TI OTMEA PNn"S
OF TOwN AS """EV HAVe- IN 1N ~E .~~
PAS1' , as PEC.ALLY IL.LlJSTAATIOtJ B.)
, ., 8. AND IT .., TUE FUNC'-TfONAL
f'tJRPOI:E , Af'ID OF'TN
NECESSARY
08:7ECTS or: -nteIR OA'L.Y LIFES.

me

8.

122

ON&: iYPE OF PEDIMENT

IMITATED PALM
LEAveS

's

11.

ROOF STftUCTUItE USED AS'

DECOItATfON.

12.

Tlole 6fLT ftOOF SAaLES AIl& &AACEFUU.y CARVED TO RESEMSLe "ttlA6AS ~

CI!LE~T'AL S~ItPeNlS, DEMI" QOI)S OF ~A'N. ACCOROIN& TO THAl MvntOLOIiW,
eACIoI VEAR' S RAINFALL DEPENDS Ui'ON THE NUMBU OF NABAS WHO AAE RESPONS;lBL R1~ 1T.

123

~.

'."'., STRUCTURES

AS ORNAMENT.

C'ANT'L.' VR5:0 o~ eXT'ENDe'1> IJEAM, PUItLIN , ~'DSe ,

. STAUT.

C:OLUMN

PoLE. lin:' ..

JOINT

ACCENTUATION

~. JIIIU1Hl

\~ ~ ...

.:

""''''''

1
L

,.

~>;~;~~~.~

......

TI

(i

".;"

..

.....

",

'-->1

124

III

DETAILS OF CONTEMPORARY BUILDING FABRIC:

(a)

Wall and Opening

Wall

1)

Light Materials

2)

Solid Materials

3)

Wall Surfacing and

Wall Appearance

Eening
1)

Dwelling Building

2)

General Building

1
1
1

125

1
1

ti,.'9 .WALL.. .

'?') _+-_O_V_Ii_Il_W_E_AD
OPENIN6 _ _

..

3.00

OPIiNING

Jb'

3.So

~O-I.OOM.
P',-ooli

'v

WALL HEI6HT
2-00- 2.10 M.

WALL ~EIG .. T IN GENeRAL., IS '2.00- '2. 10 M. , ANI> fT 'S NOT SUILT UP TO

CEILIN6 UIIlLESS TO ~'A2AT ROOM.
13 NEaSSAR.V f=t)R
CROSS vetNTIL.ATlaN 1 NJ) IT IS M/)$TLV

.ev

6L.4SS -

1
1

OVE2.~ OI'ENlNS

BUILT

l..OUVIt.ES.
1

'v

1.

L'tOUT

MATE2IALS.
1

1
1

INNI!A WAL.L.

OUT&R WAL.L.
(. ...s8CSTOS >

<. "LV WOOD )

_~

1
1

CLAOI>INCa

DOUBLE WALL.

L.OUI/ReS

- CLAPl>IN6 ANp LQUVItES WALL.9 A~E' ~OSTL'( 8UILT OF WOOl>,

AND IN SOMe BUll.t)lN6S
LDUVIl> WAL.L. AllE' BVILT OF ASJeS1
OR. ALLUMINUM.

- DOV&LE WAL.LS CAN SE ElmeR som As8ES'TOS ceMeNT ~ at.

8DTH PL.vwo OR mE COM&INltiloN f9" Ft.VVIQ:)O ArIf) ASSES"'l'OS.
IN SOME BUILDlfV6s

Of {NNER. AND

2.

oc.rrel2-

ll.eClU(~f)
w~u..s

IIIISULf47Tt:>N

Ff:7~

SHeET IftJSIDt me.J'PJiICE

ACH1SVlN6 .4,~, COftJP1T/ONIN6.

SOLIO MATeRIALS.

1
1
1
1

1
1

..

!oc:.!of.
t

1
1
1

...
.,

~,

CEMENT aLOaC.

NDLLOW

ac.oclC.

( MAC." INE MADE).

- 1/2. 'g'ctc WALL WI'm CEMeNT f>LASTE2.Ep
'5 POPUl-AR, ANO. DOUBLE Vz. 821CI('
- WALL OR. ONE 81l.ICK WAu.. AR.E tJ3eD ON 6AST AND vvES.,. Sf.De.
- CEMENT BlO<;.K 15 USE!> ,,. MODER.r.t LAt6E BUILJ)IN6'S ) HOUDW FOR.. Ecws-rlCAI..
F~TOR AND ELEC.TfU CAl. sellVlCE CDNDUITS.
- M-CL.L.OW 8L.Oc.!( 15 USEe FOR l>GCO~A1'E'D PARTITION A:(lJ1> "THe C2CS,9 YENTIL.4-TION PU~f'Osr: , IN SOME BUILDING HOU.OW WAL.L.. IS PItOVIDeD 1111 '1'WE WALL.
BElWeEN GItOUND LEVP.!.. A(IlD Fl~$'r LIVlN~ FlOOR l..eVEL SO ,...,AT Allit CANCIACUL.ATcr: 7HROU&H 1l-fe- CRAWL SPACE AND Keep IT ORy.

1
1
1
1

1
1
1

.,

\ 126

'.8. WAL-L.

SUftFACING

-te CA&VlN6 BOAR.D.

/,:,

,'.~.

',/:-: ...

,:/-:...,

~.

WOOO,ANELLINS INVAR.1OUS PATTERNS.

2.. F.NISHIN6

,,"N Ce>UU6ATEO

S'~eET.

MAT&E.IAL.90.

/.'./;,'/.'!. . . . . . ' .. ft'- ,

#iWtti1"*~'il"w

SToN.E eUT ..

G~VeL

S,",OWING 9~lt..1(

LAVER LINE!'.

FINIS~INC;

WI"J1.(

CLAV, CEItAMICS J
MosAIC , eTC.

MACi2.IALS

2E~UIRE

~1C;#

AIl.E USUALL.'( SUtLt-ACE1)

SK'II-L LA8OUtt'N6.

ON

Bit/Cf( WAl.L.S

127

'.9:.. -mE

APpeA~~NCeS

OF WALL SURFACINQ.

1.

1.

DitAWIN6 LINE oN
FINISWED &RICK WALL

2.. DRAWI,.,6 LI NE ON
ROUSH CO NCAoETE.

S. CAR VIN6 BOol\l2.D O~

EACH COMPONENT

STRUCTLJIlE.

4. CAR..VI/II& SOA{t1> oN
BEAM CON"'rRASTE 1)
WITt-l LAY'E:2.D ~ICK

WALL.

3.

5. CJl2.VI NG IOAIlO ON
IEAM AND PAlAPST
WAu.. WI1l1 c;~AV&L. Oft.

~.

SAND$TONE StlRFACING.

". 'lNIs..MiD .'UCt( WAL.L ON CJPfESt. WJlLL) ANO

STONe CUT ON tiIlOUND FL.OotC..

s.

:.

---

-~

...... " .

te . ,
' "LA';~
~:

7,

CLA.~j;I~ C:EItAMIC TlLeS

SUR.FAC.ING
ON
.

R. C. SUN-SAADE')

ANI> ALLOWIN6 EXTENo.O SEAM

FOR DEcalATlcN

.-; jf .....

iill1UJ 1~ ," .'" j:r~ III

JUIl
,~ 1.

:. ",'
,
-,
1
' . '
- -IIi " ". i;.'.-:. l' - . t

. 128

1.

D\CLLIN~

8UILDING

._--

'---

NOR.T" AND SOlJTl.l

r-

_--~

----

..

-_ .....-.

"

DIRECTION.

-.-

-,. -, ..

- --

0 Cl 0
D ID

D0 0 0 0

Cl

tJ

WEST ANI> EAST DliECTCON .

DODO
T

IOCM.

IOC.~.

r-+

r-+

..,Ne

c~u

,-_-._-.
r' -----.
1

JI

,1
Il
J

~II
~

~.OO
~

2.10

"

': 1

L
A.

.8.

129

III

DETAILS OF CONTEMPORARY BUILDING FABRIC

(b)

Roof
1)

Timber

2)

Timber and Reinforced Concrete

3)

Steel:

3.1 Truss with Asbestos

Roof.
3.2 Truss with R.C.Slab
3.3 Space Frames

4)

Reinforced Concrete
4.1 Simple Skeleton
4.2 Plates
4.3 Fold Plates
4.4 Thin Shell

130

'.11. ROOFING

TECHNIQUES.
EVOLUTION

OF

ROOP ANS LE

> ~/..

8E:FOItE

1.

~ ~2

AT PRESENT

T'M8ER.

As_nos
ROOI=

. o.,

~l
"

SUN..L rUUN

PROTECTION

( THESE TYpes ARS' USED IN

R~FS UNDER.

10 PI'1't:+t

ArE

DOMEST1C BUU_DINS.)

USVAL.L..V CONSI~ie~ _f'~1..'!".

131

2.

TIMeER

ec.

ItE'NFO~CED

CONCRETE.

LI

il

Il

..J

ORAINA6& PIPE

U.!.J

A.

PAiAPET WALL ,

s.

SUN AND aAlfll PROTECTioN , MAY SE CCNS'TRUCTED 8Y

MAV BE R.C. oR. B~ICK WALL

WOOD, 4SSESTOS ) Olt

p'. c.

ALL.UMIIfUtr1 9~11..L...

TH~SE VPES AR BENEMI-I-Y useD.4' ANI) AT' PIt~SENT '''l'ltE STEEL.. T~USS )
15 GRADUALLV rtePLACl> IJY WOOOEN TRUSS.. 8ECAUSE: OF 'TS LONG ~NI)lJIl.INe.

132

3.

SoT E EL-.

B
LONS SPAN , OvEft

MEDIUM .st'AN,

ur.oo

M.

g.OO-Ui'.OO N.

SHO RT SPAN, 900 - 9.00 M.

1.0UVIlES 1 MAV BE WOOI>.1

oI15BES'TOS CEMENT,
ALLUMINUM , GLASS.

A.
A. OOtiSLE

~VE~eD

IN L.AItBe'

8.

~OOF

lb FACIL.ITAT

veNTILATION ,AND NEAT DISSIPATION

BUIf..DIN6

WIDI! OVE~'-MNC;

RADIATION AND

R.OOF oN EAeW S'1l)ES

MONSOON RAIN.

ARE

SSENTIAL TD EXCLLJDe -

133

3. a.

T~USS

WITH

R.C. SLAB.

"

"

RAIN

'~

'~

"

DOWH sPOUT

WOULD RA"'R.tSIt 8E SEL.EC'11iD IN MANV BUIU)INIS AT PRESENT' FO~

USIofT WEI8NT ~~ ANI> ECOtlOMICA-1.. ~E'ASON) CONSIJ)E2A8LV, Ta "T'HE,

_ nus 'i'Vte

TaADITlCNAL STVL..E j POST A~D U~L.

,

THe 'CANTILIVERED ROOF CN EACH SIDE IS VER.Y Ec:.oNOMfCAL.. AL'f1.4OIJQH IT

P20VI~$ Ai>eQUA~ s~DiN6 ~

WALLS AND OPENINss, IT STILL HE'EDS

SUN AND" RAIN ~~ECTlON MATEItIALS (-rnERE~ Jl'EW L.&V.LS

~ORE

Aae N.OVl~

DEPENDe., ON 1"; I-IEIS"T AND '1I+E tu!CflVIIl.EMSNT OF SUI Lbl NC:; ) SO '11-fAT "11-+ey
CAN AC"'EVE VERV QCX)I)' RESU'-T IN CL.IMATI!' FAC'TOII:.
-ne Pa01CC1l0N MATER.IAL S140ULD &E UXJVRES ~o~ Auow.Ne AIR FLOW
'1MltOU6H 'T SIJC.6.\ A~ ALL.UM'NUM 1 WCOOEN tJll.' ASBES'J't)S LOUVS DEPEI'I!> ON
Cl~lftE~NT Of:' SU~~NDINC;: , AND FINANCIAL. 1=".4e,",fU"N Oa.8AN Al.A ALWMINUa.t lOUV~S ""R. AfPRO~IATE' "'A~IAL, PAR..T/CULARLV FO~ ~.R.e ~
.001) SlJA.UiV, L..16"T WEleHT AND LONG ENl>UI2.JNe}.
'
THE ,'NCUNAT'ON OF PRO'TECTION MATER./AL IS CONSIDE',1tA8LY spaD FOR ,AIR
Tt.A~PEO IHTO ,""I! 8U1LPING. 'J1.IE' ReASON FOR. LAVI!!RE!> IHWAIi.I) INSTE'AI> OF
OU"fWARb AtOM 1WE CANnU~~ED tOOF BECAuse IT OEC2.EASES.."..1i s-reO"'6
WINO ''l''Wll.otJeH ~E BU".J),~ BV 8IitEAK'N,6
FORCE OF WINr> ,ANI> IT CJ.N
AVOlD '1lte t'EAT
5UNL.'SHT ON rrs SU~FACE. AI'ID APART FROM "n4ES'e TTPROVlDIi$ SIM'Le CON~UCTION , AM) "n-Ie2eIS THE: LESS CHANCE CF ~AJN FALUNS IN'Tt) 'A-tE BUIl.DING BV STR.ONS WIND.

ev

mE'

134

ALL niE PItOTECTlO~ MATEIUALS CAN BE IotANSEO F4l0M "'!ME STEEL

ROOF "T'RUSs,
WJ.t.ICH WE ARE A-8LE 1'0 DESIGN 'N S'EVE'ttAL. S1IAPeS.
- AND WI1H ,.... ES"AfE1'1C S~NS'E oF O;:C.OUTION : ,..E ST1!EL. 2.COF1'R.US&: . .
BE ARRANseD "ft) CANTI uvelt O\IR "nIE PltOTECTION MA11!RIAt$'
FROM AC'" COLOMN , AND -mEN W~APf'EI) IT UP,FOR MAKIN6 MOllE SI+ADOW
ON ~ P2ou:.c.TiON PANEL. SUItFACI! AND ""' AVOlD SElTING ItU1\TED 8'1' HUNIO
AIR ANI> RAIN. 11-fESE CANTILIVEREJ> 8AMS AlE' USEI> AS me MONOTONCouS

MA"

SReAICINS PATrE2N OF 11fE PRO~'1l0N MA--rEIlIAI..9 '''' ""Me: LONG f+OItlU)MiU.

UNE.
TH"
Me"JMOO lS TO PIt~S'eItVE ~e TUDITlONAL MCT' (8 PATrER.N'
OUTS/DE Of' ~ 8U'U)'NS SV PltO\IJOIN6 INCLINE!> OUTSIl>E UNt.S OF
-n-tE &UIU>INS.

, - ,-- -

=.:.-:.."::
-- -- ---- =- - - _ . -

___
~~

--- -

1'-'

--

~:_

L-.

_'_-

--

=:7--:::"'-'.

".':!"

.:..

135

3.1

S PAC E

FRAMES.

8.
A.

TRIAN&UL.AT5D SPAce F~AME.

RECTANSLILAR SPACE FRAME.

PCTAHQUL.AR. $fACE "AMe. IS 1Mt! MOST ~OPUL.AR TYPE IN- CONSTRUCTION AT PfU!SENT" IT Or::FERS AN IiCONOMIC SOLUTION
TO ROOFIN6 OP: L.Altee: RE'CTAN&ULAR A~ IN WUICH IT IS ALoSO
SUITED To "'J1.fE SAQIC SHAPe useo TO CREATEO NEN.

T'UAN6ULATIED SPAce FRAME; . THIS TYPf! IS NOT .POPUI.ARLV USI!9

8ECAuSE "nfl!' CONSTRUCTION 19 MO~I! c.oMPLICATCD ,...~ "T'UE ~.

C.

OIAtiONAL ~RAME

DIAGONAL. FR.AME, PyftAMID YPIi .

'nUS TYPE 1$ ,l'ID,V'I)Ut\,- UNIT, A"I)

COMBI Ne:.

"l'OeEnfEft IN ONf! LAa.6E

coM~. Ir 15 "Jl.IE FLEXI81J1 -

A~ItAtl"MENT

1 USEI)
IN Itfooeft N SCI-400L BUlI..DING AND SoMS S)(HI8ITION 8U1L.DJN~S.

DOw~

9POUT
.", ft.C. COLUMN.

136

ReiN FORce D

CONCRETE

,-, PAU NT WALL

1 \ ~~S.fl~~IN

1 1 UT,ua ., .

LOPE 1 1
-"~.

iiiiiii""

4.1.

SIMPLE SKIiL.eTON.

RC. t.A8S ARE FOUND IN PU&LIC BUILDIN(;; SlJC.H AS O~ICf!) H'OUSINQ,

ANI> COMMERCIAL. 8UILJ)IN~S. ANI) VERY OFTEN lJ.IlS A-REA as USED AS
LAUNI>~V AR..A. (. WASHING; "'ND DRoVlNS >

FeOM 1llES'E=

8~SIC.

El.5MEN1S -mE2E Alte MAA/V POSSIBL.E

WA"/S TO DECOttATE lt.OOF' I2l!aAltDING TO ORNAMENTING 7MS

AND useo "ntE 8Ult.OlNQ FItAMEWOIU( AS C~NAMeNT.
eU!vATION.

SECTION.

,
PltOTECTION
MATERIAL.

9TR.Uc.."1'U~EJ

137

4.2..

PLATES,
RI_El> PLATe

THES&: "TVPES

o4.9.

WAFFL.E PLATE

ARE USEO IN PRSFAeLICATION BUILDINQS.

FOl.. DE.,- PLATES

POLV60NAL FOLoeD PLATES.

<NEW
FOLDED - PLATE

( ~, :A1a-TI!R.... NAL,
BANK

oww

S~Vlce

-mA'LAND ,
5TATION. ) .

INDOoR. .TAD'U.... , .ANQ KOK }

CROSS SECTIONS.

< &X.HI.ITIOr-i

8\lUoOlwa

ItS9TVAlr.ANT' , AI~
- T&ItMI ~AL

>

THES& AILE HA~"'V FOUNO IN C:CNS-rRUC-rION

STILL SC 5Xf'KNSIVE COMPARIi 'TC) TNE Sl~.

SOUKCE

(90JUN6 STAO'UM

>

8ECAVse TtH!'r' Atli )

StC'ELETON FIZAMS.

SALVADORJ AND HELLIiIt. ,9TIlUCTUR,e IN ARCWrT'6Cm.JIU:.'

_J

'--j

138

III

DETAILS OF CONTEMPORARY BUILDING FABRIC

(c)

F100r

1)

Timber

2)

Reinforced Concrete

139

f. TIMaER.

6.n.FLOOFt.IN& TECHNIQUES;

olt

STEEL AN6L.e

TH~ CAIIITILIVEREO

BEAM AND PURUN

AitI: M40E FOA. AI59'f1.11iT.CS

PUll POSE
"i

!f
Il

,'Ix. 4 )

1(."

"

Il

THf! cANT'LlVS'RED 8liAM AtE useo AS SALCONV AND 9UN 'IoMDEPANeL- , AND VEr STILL. E:X~D TC) ACCeNTUA"TE' MAI'" STRUCTU4.E
AND TltlM IT INTO O~HAMeNT. IT MAV C.ONVlrY A FEE'-IN8 WlmlAi
~E

J)WEWNe

OF L.E:SS

~IlDNESS

OR STAlKNC$S.

140
~ .,.

CAR. PENT1t.'i

JOINTS.

8UTT JOlt4T.

ANGLe JOINT.

rt1

~
9CAIt",J> 'JOINT.

MID STaE L JOIST "A"'~R..

1200F ~uss

~OlNT.

MAF" DUAL CeILI~Gi 101ST

- ~"D seAREIt.

MAF - J)CJAL ROOfr RAFTft ..

- AND WM.L f'&.~TE.
,-

141

2.

RelNf'ORC&O coIllCR.ETI!. FLOOR.

2.'. U"PI!~ PLOOR.

~o-'~ Co...

~J-'.

2-

"

E
fi

Ci- 12.

or:

"

~INISM5D

':'. . .

FLOotfl

R.C. 9LA

' ' Doc'' -

nHii LaWL
()UT~ '9 USCJA~ S~TTIHS c..oWEIt -rHAN
",",,1!8N ~'O CM~ FO~ .... VSNTlllf6 ......001>11116 1 AND "'noM1 PeOPLE
Wt1UL,f> AA'nfat I>ISTlftlQU'eH SPACES &arTWaEN 'NDOOl. Allr> OUTOOQt.

frLOATlN6 sua ON 6~OUi'lO FL..OOIt " US'eD IN "1HE: eaouND e20C'ONAIlIiA , A.,r; ON ~~E CONDITION 01:, AC"U~VINQ AIR .. MOVEMEHT "'ND PftEVlfNTIN& DAMPNESS.C)N eIlOUN1> L.VEL.

sueM.4S TE;tItA2.%.O, CUAMICS , "'OSA le 1 WU" _

MOSAIC ARE' VeRY POfIVLAR roll.. It"4TEltNA'- WOeJ("
CI..AV TILa A/IIT) onfl~1t LOCAL.. M.nD.,... LS AIlE USEO IN OOTDIt AIl5A.

- FIN.SHE!> oFLOOA.9

TlUii AtID WOODeN

142

III

DETAILS OF CONTEMPORARY BUILDING FABRIC

(d)

Foundation

143

,.14. FOUNOATION.

S1'E1iL. PiPe

WI"AoI CONe.'
1: 2.:'" '!VSIIlE

8ltotCWIII MICI(

MAVCL CDMA4CT WI11f

s;w,.

WOOD PII.&;+"JC .... oo,... <AfftQIC.)

100

.'

'00

Q}- IN OWELL.INS 8UIL,DING IfAItI> wC)

COWM~ IS' A,..It()~L.Y ,1c,"Qt
sr'ke" , ,I.ND C.ONTINUE Flt.OM Ie.C.
ASOVS 811..CU/lf) UlVEL

COL.UMN

EllUER. .4T THE FlIlST OVl~Q

0-. AT mE 6fUJUN/) Fl.R..
RC. Ff'DTlNG ,$ A~MATeL.Y
, '.00 M~1 AND .T 15 USIJNJ-V
f41.' FIVE Pf&.es. 17" &CNEIUkJ-V '
Ft..oO~

,.,o.i-

usa>

IN "IHO NT2AL .pLAIN..

-...",

.)_ IN MODEIUI LAIlef! au'L.f),N8S

mE pqCAS'T CONCRTI! PlU!S
"OI.C~

IN

FconH6 .42E US~D

91z.es DE.PEND

J)1~eR.ENT

0'" "'R+E S'O~ CONDITIO Al ,".

144

FINISHES

Type of paint

Description

Traditional

Contemporary

(1) Wa ter bound

distemper

(1) cheap and easily

applied

wall,fence,ceiling
decorated roof

wall,fence, and
ceiling

(2) It needs frequent

renewal
(2)

Emulsion

(1) easily applied

and requires no
special skill
(2) It forms a plastic
skin which adheres
weIl to cement rendering.

wall,fence,decorated wall,ceiling
roof

(3)

Bitumen

(1) this type prevents

from rusting

fence, furniture

metal structure,
ego beam,column
and furniture

(2) certain amount of

ski11 is needed

(4)

Oil base

(1) expensive and requires excellent

skill

fence,furniture

fence,furniture,
wall metal structure, ceiling

(5)

Vanish

(1) protects against

furniture

a11 internaI

sunlight and pests

(2) obtained at various

priees
( 3) minimum amount of

ski11 required

furniture, and
exterior.

'\

.'

, t ':
~

,.

..

.....

:.

"..

:<~;]

. '~.' .'

~.

"

~':"

, "

_ , ; ','

J ..

'

. ',:Jo .
-

,145, ' '

HOUS'N'r~

," ,

"8LD&~~

- , .~~~OUMIS;"

--:"COM..cltc.tA.&;.'..

<SlC'fi~' eo~S'Tf(.CTJ,ON }

' '.-

, (SO~e .i.SIC'EU!~J~~~T'O~)

CONCfilETE, eUU.DIN&.

.'

. .
~..

~,

.; .

",

IN'DOO. STADIUM " U.aI<OK

<S"NeE' C~tT"lJC.T'ON )

C>e.fWtT~

ne,.

OIl'FIC9.

~
~
~~I
.. , ' ,

_.- +. ; t ".

,~,.::~

It' ~:.,~.

f'>

tl.

" " ,
~
(.,.iYNrI;.E,;oW~""~
-- ----,. "1).~-........ ..

STEEL. AfAMe

SUILDINe.
<91C&LE~N ~eo".,.,ue~loN
)

.. j

'.,\~

., .

, 1
1

146

\.

MOST

t!lr- OL-DEA 8"'0"11118

STRaaTS' vJEflE c.oMSTlluc..T&J) Ta 1'WO-TlfREI!'

AND HEW 'UllJ)lI'J6 DoES NOT tLSQur2e-Muc.H SP4ce ASOVS, PlUT Fl..DOR. LSVs'-. AND C.R.'T.4/tVL-Y ooes Nr11" cFsAJ
NEreD s-rep ll-OoF. t.Hi.W BUIL.DII\ICD ItS&U/AS exTU $MC.e ON UpfISIl FL.OOfl.S 1 WHlCli "
S~ T aACK' f=IlOM "nte $TbET PAAl>f! IN ORDla lb
R.eouc.e -n+e ,lrP'flrt.EftlT f+El6KT OF Tt1"E 8VII..t.wAJQ.
$TOIt.C'fS

'NITH

prrc...-eJ>

~OOI=S.

llHJS 'T1tE OMItACTeA.15lc. ct-' INFIU-IN6

SUI'-D'N6

IS Tf.4A'1

UPPEsz. Sjolteys AIlS SPUT /NO VE2.'T'CAL. 81f.\{S TO R.eDUCS TIte

ArpAIl.E."'T SI'Z.& eF -mE BVIL..o, Na .

77H:i

147

PART 7.

BUILDING MATERIALS
BASIC BUILDING MATERIALS:

- Raw
- Native
- Imports

1.

LOCATION OF MATERIALS

II

TRADITIONAL USE OF MATERIALS IN BUILDING COMPONENTS

III CONTEMPORARY USE OF MATERIALS IN BUILDING TYPES

IV

CONTEMPORARY USE OF MATE RIALS IN BUILDING COMPONENTS

APPEARANCE OF MATERIALS:

VI

a)

Used in Traditiona1 Building (See Fig. 7.1,7.2,7.3)

b)

Used in Contemporary Building (See Fig.7.4, and

see aiso in Technica1 Factor )

SUMMARY IN CONTEMPORARY USE OF MATERIALS

148

:i-j~Hj*4 jjjJ~U . ij:L. ~~'-~~~i.~:Ti:i~ ~~.~.~.j:-lj~:~j. jj.:.~. ~.:'~: : ~~. :~V ~GJA. -~ . --.-. ~~~:: ..
"~-;"~:-I!~o~~',;N "Q~"'M~~e'R-'A~~~-:~:~'+l!:~="':: ::({),o~;(.,~ A.-<-~;(.,~,{,~ ~~~'..':::.~~~

r-

. ..'
..:...!-_ ... ~ - .1
I ~=:~~:

'(

~.:

..-.... ,

t.1 ._ ..

l'~

...

th'

'

_.~ .

'.

',_'..

GRAvL: ~'=-~::=j:~:~==.~=~ ~;::-:~'-:'

... : ....

STONE AND
SAND SAND ST NE"

o~ ofJ:-. o\) OV
~
~ ~
~
--.,

.. -- .. --1--- . ,-...-"---_.

~.
.. _!_'

...... -

RAW MAIE'glALS;_-:-.. _I'-:-'"t~;~;.",-t-l"!,":""":'

..

l'-:::~.::=:.

1 ... ,

_E..L.EMEN_T_S.--'

I~=:~.-~

H" ..

. . . 1 ......
....:'~.~~.~
. .::~. ..~~ v~
~

. ..

.1 . . . . .

.'

. _

._.

;--;-.

_ .. :-1-.-

_.'

.......

j-...

t:=:_~~~~~nJ::~~-:,~~J:~~E~ :~d ~~ . .~. n_ :1.

:~.~~: =-j~~ '+l- iL.I: "
==:'.':~:::.
. .=. '..
-T:: . :::i-=::
~b:~:~:=-'-:'
.~.-= ,.=~ ~~=+~4+i ~

7C_I_I...LLT

:4---:"::':". FORE'STRY.ANI>TIM5ER;NOBAMBOOJ-i~~. ~ .. ~~.:jT:.

,' ..:,

'

", NATIVE MAT'iSIALS.:C FACTORV::t:!::7-:==._.:::,.;'

SILICA 5MEiNT ( FOR. AN' ORD/WARY .USE') . .

PORTLANp CEMENT (

FOR -mE RGU,REME

;~

~~:-::.G~-:~._:'-

T#ICK'NSSS 4 - (; 10 MM: :~:-_~~: ~~. ;'~:. :.

LOW PRESSURe PIPING FORALL SANITARY

a-

:-: -;

C~:::.-

:'-

1.. -

..l_-'-'h

~~. ~~u:~_.i~_!

:.... -.

~.~ L,-w-:' ;

.h.___... _:-,

_ _ ..,.~~

. .. ,.._~ __.

_1 _. __ _

'::-T. .=~T~~==:;.~ ~:'

..

:";:-~l-=.=-L~=~

.-:. =~-=.:.:-:.~-=t:;'.:-j

CEMeNT BLOCK F,OR. SCR-EN, PARTITION..

. ',:::":='-::::~:.~:~_~
Il
"
1/
Il'
,
,
16)(4)(4 ; 16.XSl(S"~-=-:!. __ .. ___ ..... _ ; ...:-'.- . . . .- '--,~ -.-. =:~ ,.. ~ ____
: __' ~

CLAY ?gQOUC.T ... .._---+ ..

.-.. '

'-::.:' i

I~=:"""'~:=":'.:':- -INSTAL.LATION, cP 2Y;'- 4-'L <;'!.. S ". !.. _::

I=-:-::-=-:-~-

lit

..: .~.~ ~t~:~~_~:i:=~

-, SO x
X 1. gO
, __..___ ..._ . F AT BOARD ( F R
~~TIT'ON.OR .. ".",,_._ . ._ .....;
'-_:_........ _...-=~.;.CE'ILIN~ ), I.OOX '2.00 ./.qox .CfOM;=.~~."==

!".-:.~~~~=-=-~.

. --: ...:-~ ... ',- -:.~- ++.t+~~

I~::_~:~~;::~ =ASBESTOS C-EMN";CO~~UGA;-eD 'ROOF~-;';G~ . ".

I:::::~=~.:.-=. =_-~' .

l,

I~~,.....:~:

' n .....

I.~O, ~50

1 : .'~ ..~_._ ..._.u;-",u'. ~.OF STANDAR& -:speC'IFICAT'ON:~t-_

-:~,.- - ... _. ceMENT PROJ>UCT
.. .........,....-:- ...... : -:-_ .. _.

f:::':~'~'~-::=~: -LS~ET

I==-~"
CO'
1 . __ ' : . ; .. - 3 : . . . . .
~:.:~_:.: ~.: ~RI K, L CAL eMADE. - gx7~1 .CM . ,
~:-:'.'

1. . ...... .. ' .

.MACliIN

. - ;

'.-:';'

MAl)E -7l5x lox'2.0 CM..

: ..... ~ ... ~ ...... - lLE BUtl.NEt> c..LAY ROOFING

~.-.-.-.--' MOSAIC-CgAMI

_h

T,LE"''';'

(re:M~Lt:)_

414'~ '~6"Ja~S~/2~/2.

:.~

~.
-... :.. :.. .. :.-;.~~.~... ~_~. ~:. ~_:.~==:~==.::_=:
... ........ - __ .~.,-! . . . -

......

..

;.'"._

....

_:'~ .~:=;_~=::=
.-! ... - --7'""- ) ,

t-::< ..... Z~~~~GA~~:~~~~~H~T~~~~~~~OAD

. :

:-~~:~~~?~~~.Fl

[-

:: ::

~~~T

tMJD f!?Jsr&Sl1S OONCAArrE.

STEEL f&ODULT:..- ......... : .......

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156

SUMMARY IN CONTEMPORARY USE OF MATE RIALS

(1)

Steel and Concrete:

These materials have influenced the form

of contemporary buildings.

They are used as the basic structure

in which they are used in varying shapes.

(2)

Local Materials:

are by far still the best suited.

They are

more beautiful than machine-made and therefore economical.

(3)

Import Materials:

some example of modern needs: various fittings,

aluminum sheet etc. (See . l .... )

157

CONCLUSION
IMAGE OF REALISTIC MODERN THAl ARCHITECTURE

It is the contemporary architect's main task to offer expert

guidance at the time of decision and design.

This guidance must

be based on full knowledge of problems and conditions.

The selection of a particular design of building is

properly

undertaken in the full knowledge of aIl factors which have a bearing

upon the choice.

Each problem is regarded by the contemporary

architect as a fresh problem, to be solved on its particular merits

alone.

However, the use of readily available materials and techniques

in the manner most suited to their nature, is the principle of modern

architecture as it offers a useful preliminary guide to decisiontaking.
At present new materials--steel, glass and concrete have changed
the appearance of buildings in Thailand bue the essence of their construction has always remained the same (Skeleton-construction).
l am also a regionist, believing that a building in Thailand should
be different from one in other countries, not for the sake of being
Thai, but because Thailand and other countries are different in background and living habits (even concrete should be tempered by this fact).
The difficulty of transformation from a tradition to a modern form
of society, adapted to the industrial age should be carried through by
Thai people in the spirit of thair own culture; it should be enriched

158

by the new technica1 achievement of the West, but without submitting

entire1y the western attitude.
easy task.

Adaption and deve10pment is not an

What makes it difficu1t is the task of changing the vi1-

1agers' be1ief; sorne vi11agers seem to accept most of what they are
introduced, whi1e others reject any changes.
If modern Thai architecture is to achieve its ro1e as an effective
e1ement throughout the country, it must provide better living for significant numbers of population, inc1uding those living on farms.
process shou1d begin at the ear1iest possible time.

This

159

BIBLIOGRAPHY

THEORY

QIi

ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

ANGE RER, FRED.

Surface Structure in Building:

Structure and Form ,

London, A, Tiranti, 1961.

ASHIHARA, YOSHINOBU
Exterior

De~ign

in Architecture;

New York, Van

Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1970.

DE CHIARA, JOSEPH AND KOPPELMAN, LEE.
Planning Design Criteria.

New York, Van Nostrand

Reinhold Co., 1969.

EDWARDS, A. TRYSTAN.
Towards Tomorrow's Architecture:

The Triple Approach,

London, Phoenix House, 1968.

GAUDIE, SINCLAIR
Architecture,

London, New York, Oxford, U.P., 1969.

GROPIUS, WALTER
A Pollo in Democracy:
Architect.

The Cultural Obligation of

New York, McGraw-Hill, 1967.

MAYER, ALBERT
The Urgent Future:

People, Housing, City, Region.

New York, McGraw-Hill, 1967.

OAKLEY, DAVID
The Phenomenon of Architecture in Cultures in Changes.
Pergamon Press.
Braunschweig.

Oxford, New York, Toronto, Sydney,

1970.

PENOYRE, J. AND RYAN, M.

The Observer's Book of British Architecture. London,
F. Warne. 1951.

160

SALVADORI, l-1. AND HELLER, R.

Structure in Architecture.

Prentic-Hi11, Inc.,

Eng1ewood C1iffs, N.J. 1964.

WALLENFANG, W.O. AND GATZ, K.
Colour in Architectures.

New York, Reinhold

Publishing Corp. 1961.

WRIGHT, FRANK LLOYD
The Future of Architecture.

New York, New American,1963.

ZEVI, BRUNO
Architecture as Space;

How to Look at Architecture.

Edited by Joseph A. Barny; Translated by Milton Gendel.

New York, Horizon Press, 1957.
ARCHITECTURE AND CLIMATE
ARONIN, J.F.
Climate and Architecture. New York, Reinhold
Publishing Corp. 1953.
ATKINSON, FELLO
Style and Tropical Architecture.

Conference on

Tropical Architecture, University College, London, 1953.

CANDILL, W.W., CRITS, S.E., AND SMITH, E.G.
Sorne General Considerations in the Natural Ventilation
of Buildings, Texas Engineering Experiment Station,
Report 22, Report 23.
FRY, MAXWELL AND DREW, JANE
Tropical Architecture in Dry and Humid Zones.
Ba ts ford, 1964.

London,

161

FULLERTON, R.L.
Building Construction in the Warm Climates:
London, Ibadan, Oxford I.P. 1967,Vol.l, 1968, Vol. 2.
GIVONI, B.
Man, Climate and Architecture:

Amsterdam, New York

Elsevier, 1969.
LIPPSMEIR, GEORG
Tropenbau: Building in the Tropics, Munchen Callivey,1969.
MAYER, ALBERT
Architectural Design for Hot Climates, B.R.A.B.
Conference Report No. 5.
OAKLEY, MVID
Tropical Houses:

A Guide to their Design. B.T.

Batsford Ltd., London, 1961.

O.LGYAY AND OLGYAY
Solar Control and Shading Deviee:

Princeton University

Press, Princeton, N.J., 1957.

OLGYAY, VICTOR

Design with Climate:

Bioc1imatic Approach to

Archi tectura1 Regiona1ism.

Princeton, N. J. ,Princeton

University Press, 1963.

THE CITY
BLANCHARD, WENDELL
Thai1and:
BUSH, NOEL, F.

New Haven, Hrap Press, 1957.

Thailand, and Introduction of Modern Siam: 2nd Ed.

Princeton, N.J. D. Van Nostrand Co., 1964.

CULLEN, GORDON
Townscape: London, Architectural Press, 1961.

162

DAVIES, DEREK, A.G.

Thailand, A Siamese Odyssey:

Kodansha Interna-

tional Ltd., Japan, 1970.

EMBREE, JOHN, F.
"Thailand - A Loosely - Structure Social - System,"
American Anthropologist, L Il, 1960.
KAHN, GEOREGE McTURNAN(ED.)
Government and Politics in Southeast Asia;
Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1959.
MUSCAT, ROBERT, J.
Development Strategy in Thailand:

A Study of Economie

Growth, New York, F. praeger,1966.

WINTER, ERIC
Urban Landscape:

Bellhaven House Ltd.,

Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.

WIT, DANIEL
"Thailand Another Vietnam?": New York, Scribner, 1968.
WORSKETT, ROY
"The Character of a Town": An Approach to Conservation,
London, the Architectural Press, 1969.
THE DWELLING
BARDHANABEADYA, CHULA
A Low-Rise, Medium Density Housing-Project Sapan
Kwai, Bangkok. Thailand, McGill University Thesis,1964.

163

CHAKRABANDHU, PERADEJ.
Point Block Development Maharaj Road Bangkok,
Thailand, McGill University Thesis, 1964.
GOTTLIB, LOIS DAVIDSON
Environment and Design in Housing:

New York,McMillan.

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ASIAN INDUSTRY
Thailand:

Special Report on the Pynamic Kingdom.

The Far Easy Trade Press Ltd., Hongkong, 1968, Vol.4

No. 5.
BUSINESS IN THAILAND
Third Plan:

A Blueprint for Future Development,

A Special Six-Page Presentation: Business Publicity

Ltd., Bangkok. 1971. Vol. 2., No. 10.
MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Thailand Development Report Year Book: Seventh
Founding Anniversary Ministry of National Development
1970.
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MINIS TER, BANGKOK, THAILAND.
National Income of Thailand, 1966.

164

THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT.

A Public Development Problem for Thailand: 1968.

Thailand Statistic Year Book: 1968

Thailand, Facts and Figures.

Thailand Private Interprise Investment

Opportunity. 3rd Ed., 1968.

Housing Division Department of Public Welfare:

Ministry of Interior Bangkok, 1964.