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valuesandconceptionsof responsibility,
we will haveenormousdifficulty
in motivatingpeople to respondto this problem.
Some may think that discussion about new values is idealistic. Human
naturecannot be changed, it is sometimes said. But as anyone who takes
anthropologyor history seriously knows, our currentvalues are at least in
part historicallyconstructed,rooted in the conditions of life in which they
developed.Whatwe need are new values thatreflect the interconnectedness
of life on a dense, high-technologyplanet.
Othersmay thinkthata search for new values is excessively individualistic and thatwhat is needed are collective and institutionalsolutions. This
overlooks the fact that our values permeateour institutionsand practices.
Reformingour values is partof constructingnew moral,political, and legal
concepts.
One of the most importantbenefits of viewing global environmental
problems as moral problems is that this brings them into the domain of
dialogue,discussion,andparticipation.Ratherthanbeing managementproblems that governmentsor experts can solve for us, when seen as ethical
problems, they become problems for all of us to address,both as political
actorsand as everydaymoralagents.
In thisessay I cannothope to say whatnew values areneededor to provide
a recipe for how to bring them about.Valuesare collectively createdrather
thanindividuallydictated,andthe dominanceof economic models has meant
thatthe studyof values and value change has been neglected (but see Wolfe
1989; Reich 1988). However, I do have one positive suggestion:We should
focus moreon characterandless on calculatingprobableoutcomes.Focusing
on outcomes has made us cynical calculators and has institutionalized
hypocrisy.Wecan each reason:Since my contributionis small, outcomesare
likely to be determinedby the behaviorof others.Reasoningin this way we
can each justify driving cars while advocatingbicycles or using fireplaces
while favoringregulationsagainstthem.Insucha climatewe do notcondemn
or even find it surprisingthatCongressexempts itself fromcivil rightslaws.
Even David Brower,the "archdruid"
of the environmentalmovement,owns
two cars, four color televisions, two video cameras, three video recorders,
and a dozen tape recorders,and he justifies this by saying that "it will help
him in his work to save the Earth"(San Diego Union, 1 April 1990).
Calculatingprobableoutcomes leads to unravelingthe patternsof collective behaviorthatare neededin orderto respondsuccessfully to manyof the
global environmentalproblems that we face. When we "economize" our
behaviorin theway thatis requiredfor calculating,we systematicallyneglect
the subtle and indirect effects of our actions, and for this reason we see
individualactionas inefficacious.For social change to occur it is important
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Conclusion
Science has alerted us to the impact of humankindon the planet, each
other,and all life. This dramaticallyconfrontsus with questionsaboutwho
we are,ourrelationsto nature,andwhatwe arewilling to sacrificefor various
possible futures.We should confrontthis as a fundamentalchallenge to our
values and not treatit as if it were simply anothertechnical problemto be
managed.
Some who seek quick fixes may find this concernwith values frustrating.
A moral argumentwill not change the world overnight. Collective moral
change is fundamentallycooperative ratherthan coercive. No one will fall
over, mortally wounded, in the face of an argument.Yet if there is to be
meaningfulchange that makes a difference over the long term, it must be
both collective and thoroughgoing.Developing a deeper understandingof
who we are, as well as how our best conceptions of ourselves can guide
change, is the fundamentalissue thatwe face.
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