Professional Documents
Culture Documents
q pk
i 1
dN i
;
dz
(3)
In this formula summation should be carried out from opened edge up to k-th site
of a skin.
Calculation of shear stress is carried out for reduced cross section after
achievement of convergence for iterative process of calculation for normal stress. In this
case longitudinal efforts are equal in elements of the original (actual) and reduced cross
section from previous calculation of normal stress:
1
N o N r o fo r fr ;
(4)
(5)
a r 0
q pk
i 1
d
( ri f ri ) ;
dz
(7)
(6)
(8)
Ep
r=a
Fig. 2. A cutting and fictitious modules.
Believing, that only bending moment essentially varies on coordinate z, we can
write down
k
k
1 dM x
1 dM y
q pk
f ri y i
f ri x i
,
(9)
I rx dz
I ry dz
i 1
i 1
but
Qy
dM x
;
dz
Qx
dM y
dz
Hence,
q pk
Qy k
I rx
i 1
Q
f ri y i x
I ry
f ri x i
(10)
i 1
Here
S rx
f ri y i , S ry f ri x i
i 1
(11)
i 1
These values are static moments of inertia for the cut off part of cross section. The
cut off part of cross-section is a part of cross section from open edge of a contour up to a
point of calculation of shear flow.
Then in open contour the shear flow is equal to:
Qy
Q
qp
S rx x S ry .
(12)
I rx
I ry
Calculation of shear flow is carried out in the main central axes of the reduced
cross section. Passing to designation U and V, we can write down:
Q
Q
q p v S ru u S rv ;
(13)
I ru
I rv
here Iru, Irv - are the reduced moments of inertia in the main central axes.
k
I ru
i 1
f riV i2 ;
I rv
f riU i2 ,
(14)
i 1
S ru
f riVi ;
i 1
S rv
f riU i ,
(15)
i 1
where Qv, Qu are projections of shear force on the main central axes.
Qv Q y cos Q x sin .
(16)
Calculation of the static moments of inertia for cut off part of cross section is
carried out for the reduced section after achievement of convergence for iterative process
of calculation on normal stress by a method reduced factors.
qoi ;
(17)
i 1
here i is number of closed contours, qoi are shear flow in the chosen reference
marks, k quantity of closed contours.
The task of calculation qoi from ultimate loads is sufficient more difficult from the
following reasons:
1. These shear flows depend from rigidity on shear G of skin and spar webs in
statically indefinable structure. The more rigidity gives the more efforts in an element.
2. Rigidity of element G essentially depends from effort in it. At loss of stability
from shear rigidity can be decreased in 1.5-2 time. Up to the decision of this task we
dont known neither effort, nor effective rigidity.
It complicates the exact decision of the task. The task is solved approximately in
the assumption of validity of the superposition method.
Let's consider the closed contour.
For a finding of unknown shear flow forces q01 and q02 we write down 2 equations
equilibrium and equality of relative angles of contour twisting.
M A 0
(18)
q01 , q02
1 2
Q y hy M 1 M 2 q p ds Q x hx 0
;
11 M 1 22 M 2 1 p 21 M 1 22 M 2 2 p
here
M 1 q01 1 ;
M 2 q02 2 .
At the numerical decision of the task integrals are represented as the sums:
(19)
(20)
q pi i S i
q pds
i 1
(21)
G
i
1 p
1
1
q pi S i
G i
q pi S i
1
G i
2
As a result of the decision of these 2 equations we receive the moments of internal
efforts M1 and M2 on which we find q01 and q02
M
q01 1 ,
1
M
(23)
q02 2 .
2
Further the resultant shear flow is calculated:
q t q p q01 q02 .
(24)
The shear stress in an element is equal to:
q
t t .
(25)
2p
3. Estimation of strength
After estimation of resultant shear flow and resultant shear stress we can carry out
estimation of strength. If t cr the element does not lose stability from shear and has
excess of strength. If t cr the operating condition is varied for the element. The
element begins to work by the analytical model of diagonal tension. In this case we must
carry out check of strength as follows.
If resultant shear stress is more critical stress the skin or spar web loses stability
and flexural waves appear in them. Stress 2 is much less than stress the 1 and this
difference is more, than less skin thickness. In case of so-called clear diagonal tension we
can neglect by stress 2 (for thin skin) and we receive dependence for a finding 1.
The elementary working on site dS effort is equal to:
(27)
dN 1 dS .
The effort projection on vertical axis is equal to:
(28)
dN y dN sin 1 sin cos dy .
Let's write down the equation of equilibrium for the cut site of a spar web in a
projection on vertical axis:
(29)
1 sin cos a t a .
Lets cancel a:
(30)
1 sin cos t .
After substitution we receive:
sin cos
2 t
(31)
2
2 1
2
2
2
(Usually the angle is close to 45 45).
After calculation of the main stress in diagonal tension excess strength factor is
found so
(32)
1 2 t .
Hence
ut ut
.
(33)
1 2 t
Calculation of shear flow is carried out by tabular procedure. Filling of the table is
carried out after calculation of normal stress. The reduced areas, coordinates of elements
in the main central axes of the reduced cross section, the moments of inertia are taken
from the calculation table for normal stress.