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Archaeology in Anatolia
MACHTELDJ. MELLINK
In the region of the upper Euphrates and Tigris in
eastern Turkey, major ancient developments have
been brought to light by regular as well as emergency
excavations. The sites in the flood zones of the Karakaya and Atatuirkdams in the Euphrates are nearly
all drowned, including the great mound of Samsat,
where Late Uruk levels were reached on a limited
scale. Iron Age Kummuh was retrieved in samples of
its fortifications and bits of ruined sculptures. The
major effort was the recording of the sumptuous
palace of King Mithradates of Commagene. The prehistory and history of the Euphrates area will be put
together in a composite manner with the aid of results
from a series of mounds sampled by rescue teams
from Samsat in the south to Kalek6y and $emgiyetepe
in the north. Tille is still accessible and yielding early
Iron Age strata. Nevall (ori, slowly endangered by
the Atatfirk Dam lake, has given us impressive evidence for art and architecture of Aceramic Neolithic,
notably the ritual complex that held tall stelae carved
with anthropomorphic figures in a formal setting
(figs. 1-2).
The nature and development of Aceramic Neolithic
settlements in the Euphrates and upper Tigris area
become better known annually also through surveys
in the Qaybnii-Ergani area; archaeometallurgists are
studying the incipient working of copper at Qay6nii.
In central Anatolia, Aplkh Hdyiik will contribute its
own chapter to the story of Aceramic Neolithic ramifications.
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124
MACHTELD J. MELLINK
Plans for new dams in the Euphrates south of Birecik now put a major challenge to excavators to
rescue the Late Uruk sites close to Carchemish. The
city itself will just escape flooding but it is in a precarious position astride the Turkish-Syrian border. The
dams in the Tigris area will engulf a less known world,
with victims from Seljuk (Hasan Keyf) and Roman
(Bezabde) to Aceramic and Palaeolithic eras. New
teams will have to be recruited to match the energy
of the veterans of the Keban and lower Euphrates
campaigns. The march of technology is unstoppable,
as is also evident from interviews by Diane Raines
Ward (Smithsonian 21:5 [August 1990] 28-41).
Outside of the floodzones, two mounds east and
west of the Euphrates will enlighten us on Syro-Mesopotamian transit routes to Anatolia in the third millennium B.C. At Girnavaz near Nusaybin, a cemetery
of the Early Dynastic II period is providing ample
evidence for burial customs and ceramic, metallurgical, and glyptic crafts; at Oylum Hdytik, southwest of
Gaziantep, good comparative data are beginning to
emerge from a series of burials of late EB-early MB
date.
In central Anatolia, excavations have been resumed
at Acemh6yiik-Burushattum (?) where the layout of
the palaces and public building area of the 18th century B.C. will be investigated. At Kiiltepe the Karum
Ib and Ia levels bring us closer to the link with Old
Hittite history. At Bogazk6y the South Citadel and
adjoining territory, in addition to the built chamber
of Shuppiluliuma II with its reliefs and texts, revealed
Hittite fortifications of subsidiary areas of the capital,
as well as the remodeling and reuse of this citadel in
several stages by Phrygian newcomers.
The arrival of the Phrygians at Gordion seems to
become tangible. The trenches excavated in the central plaza of the Midas citadel revealed three levels of
architectural remains in the form of "pit-houses," the
earliest two with some use of orthostatic stones and
an inventory of handmade, "barbaric" pottery, the
third a burnt wattle-and-daub house in which the
pottery was wheelmade and of Phrygian type (fig. 14).
The Phrygians were the subject of a symposium
organized by the Middle East Technical University at
Ankara and Anatolian University at Eski"ehir in June
1990; the great asset of this venture as planned by
Prof. Sevim Bulug was the discussion of Phrygian facts
and problems at the major sites and in front of the
monuments in and west of Ankara (Hacltugrul, newly
activated; Gordion; Yazlihkaya; and other highland
sites).
Western Anatolia is gradually revealing its contribution to the pre-Bronze Age development of southeastern Europe and Anatolia in general. Yarimburgaz
[AJA 95
ARCHAEOLOGY
IN ANATOLIA
1991]
NEOLITHIC,
CHALCOLITHIC
125
Gaziantep Area, Hatay. Dr. Angela MinzoniDeroche has worked for four campaigns in the area of
the west bank of the Euphrates, where artifacts of
Middle Acheuleanand Middle Palaeolithictype were
collected and a workshop of Levallois type was located. In the Hatay, ample evidence is found for an
Upper Palaeolithicindustryin coastalcaves ca. 18-20
m above sea level. The study of lithic traditions in
Anatoliaand the Levantcontinues.
Tigris Area Survey. In the context of the survey
project of Dr. Guillermo Algaze, considerable evidence was gathered for the Palaeolithicera by Dr.
MichaelRosenbergwho reportsextensivelithicscatter
on the ridges extending out from Ramandag, from
where the Batman Riverjoins the Tigris east in the
direction of Hasankeyf, and also on the less steep
ridges on the other side of the Tigris. The industryis
tentativelycalled Ramanian,dominated by choppers,
discoidalcores, Levalloiscores, pyramidalflake cores,
side scrapers,and transversescrapers.Less common
are hand axes and denticulates. In addition, many
caves contain artifactsof Upper Palaeolithictype.
Cay6nii. In 1989, Dr. Mehmet Ozdo an reports,
the ceramic Neolithic and later habitationof the site
was investigated. The ceramic mound overlies the
slopes of the aceramicsite, which developed on two
natural hills separated by a streambed. The upper
ceramic layers contain dark-facedburnished pottery
just antedating the Halaf period. Below this, monochrome burnished ware appears with some knobbed
and incisedornament;there also is painted pottery in
some varietywith red stripes,triangles,and chevrons.
Husking trays, animal figurines, and stylized human
figurinesturn up in these levels, the preservedarchitecture of which consistsof terrace walls and rows of
stones set on edge serving as foundations. The affinities of the pre-Halafwares remain to be studied.
The report on 1988 in Symposium11:1 (1989) 5979 gives a stratigraphicanalysisof the architectural
development;this is discussedin more detail by Meh-
MACHTELDJ. MELLINK
126
[AJA 95
ror
Neolithicstructurewithstelae.
Fig.1. NevahQori.Aceramic
1991]
ARCHAEOLOGYIN ANATOLIA
127
128
MACHTELD
J. MELLINK
[AJA95
IN ANATOLIA
ARCHAEOLOGY
1991]
129
[AJA95
MACHTELD
J. MELLINK
130
AV
SOWN
Balloonviewof trenches,southside.
Fig.6. Kaman-Kaleh6yiik.
Emre, 111-28, studies the potteryof Karumlevels III
and IV. Tablets of Karum level II are published by
Ayge Uzunalimogluand $erife Gill in AnadoluMedeniyetleriMiizesi 1989 Yzllzgz42-59.
1991]
ARCHAEOLOGY
IN ANATOLIA
131
Fig.7. Kaman-Kaleh6ytik.
Phrygianfibulae.
fibulae.
Phrygian
Fig.8. Kaman-Kaleh6yiik.
132
MACHTELDJ. MELLINK
[AJA 95
Phrygiantrefoiljug.
Fig. 9. Kaman-Kalehyuiik.
cists also lay in similar orientation, made of local slabs,
measuring up to 2.50 m in length and 1.15 m in width,
with longer cover slabs. Tomb gifts were pottery,
bronze and silver toggle-pins, earrings, bracelets, a
torque, spearheads, and two violin-shaped idols.
There also was a bronze "standard" consisting of a
stag figurine set in a ring, with lower attachment. This
Fig. 11. Kaman-Kaleh6yiik.Hittitestamp seal (a and b).
was found in the fill over a cist. The importance of
this cemetery for comparative study of EB burial
customs is evident.
Ikiztepe. Prof. Onder Bilgi deepened the excavation of Ikiztepe Mound I. Two levels of the EB II
period were brought to light. A spacious room contained a large oven protected by a screen wall on the
west side. The inventory consisted of much pottery,
some of it with relief decoration, terracotta animal
figurines, loomweights, brush handles, combs, bone
and horn tools, a stone macehead, whetstones, grinding stones, and casting molds for points or arrowheads. The Hellenistic tomb chamber found in 19751976 was partially restored. A report appeared in
Miniaturelead figurine.
Fig. 10. Kaman-Kaleh6yuik.
h6yiikwashandedoverin 1989byProf.Nimet6zguiC
to Dr.AliyeOzten.Shereportsconservation
workon
the twopalaces,and newdiscoveriesalongthe north
side of the Sarikayapalace.Here Hellenistichouses
and pits had descendedto and throughthe floorof
the palacecourtyard.Therewasalsoa buildinglevel
of the Colonyperiodimmediately
afterthe conflagration of the palace,usingspoliafromthe burnedpal-
1991]
ARCHAEOLOGY IN ANATOLIA
133
Karah6yuik-Konya. Prof. Sedat Alp reports further work along the northeast side of the mound,
where MB houses are relatively well preserved with
architectural details such as doorways, wooden
thresholds, and steps. One complex has at least 15
rooms. A number of ring-shaped, red-polished vessels
and a rhyton in the shape of a horse were among the
pottery. Loomweights with markings are characteristic of the site. For 1988 see Symposium 11:1 (1989)
275-81.
Dr. Turan Efe reKftahya-Bilecik-Eskigehir.
ports on a survey in this district, Research Symposium
7 (1989) 405-24. Materials ranged from Palaeolithic
to Classical. Notable is the good evidence for secondmillennium settlements on Kocahiuyfik near Domanim
and on the large mound and terrace of Taveanh huiyuik. For a summary see AnatSt 39 (1989) 178. Chronological problems for the West Anatolian MB Age are
reviewed by Brigitte Kull in PZ 64 (1989) 48-73.
Troy. In 1989, Prof. M. Korfmann reports, excavations in the deep Schliemann trench were expanded
to the north of House 102, area C-D/2-3, where early
and middle Troy I sublevels were examined. The west
part of House 102 is being restudied with the underlying walls of the apsidal House 103. In the main part
of the long trench, D/4-5, the walls exposed by Schliemann have been repaired with demarcation of old
and new masonry and the original floors have been
covered with sand and gravel for their protection. A
modern mudbrick retaining wall was built against the
lower (Troy I) part of the east scarp to prevent further
erosion. The east profile will be scrutinized for clues
concerning the transition of late Troy I to early
Troy II.
In E/4-5, the pinnacle over the southeast wall of
Megaron IIA was taken down through levels IV and
III with a good yield of samples. The next season will
allow the examination of the only extant remains of
the mudbrick and beam construction of the porch
wall of Megaron IIA; the southwest anta of the smaller
parallel Megaron IIB should also emerge.
For the study of Troy VI, a new trench was opened
against the outer face of the fortification wall in D/910, west of Theater C. Here deep fills with large
quantities of Hellenistic pottery came to light. Dirpfeld had examined the south face of the VI wall in
this area in a narrow trench. The new operation will
be deeper and longer, including a sounding behind
the wall in D/8, which was also started in 1989.
In the lower city, the trenches in K/12-13 and I-K/
17-18 were expanded. The wide paved Roman streets
running roughly north-south and east-west continue
to emerge, as predicted by the magnetometer survey,
as do several terracotta water supply lines. The nature
134
MACHTELD J. MELLINK
[AJA 95
Her work has made a great difference in the interpretation of prehistory in the border zone of MesoDr.
potamian and Transcaucasian expansion.
Marcella Frangipane reports on the 1989 campaign
in which the EB III levels were further investigated.
The latest EB III strata are characterized by rectangular buildings with stone foundations and a drainage
channel built of large stones. A slightly earlier level
had mudbrick houses with clay benches, some with
central hearths; one room yielded a workshop inventory, clay human figurines, a cart model, and pottery
including EB III painted ware and a ribbed Syrian
bottle. An intermediate level has the now familiar
circular structures with a diameter of ca. 2.50 m, at
the beginning of EB IIIb. One single level belongs to
EB IIIa, damaged by the circular structures.
For level VIA (EB Ia) at the end of the fourth
millennium B.C. restoration work continued on the
wall painting discovered previously in the central
room of the storage complex. A counterpart painting
with a similar representation was discovered on the
other side of the niche, again painted in red and black
on a greenish plaster. A figure with triangular face
and wavy hair is represented under a canopy of
branches both straight and curved. The figure may
be seated on a bench.
A new trench north of the main excavated area
revealed Late Chalcolithic levels fairly high near the
surface with mudbrick structures and a jar burial of
a child. Clay sealings were found in a rectangular
room with 1 m thick walls. One of the stamp seal
impressions is of a quadruple spiral design resembling
the silver belt (?) clasp found earlier. Conical bowls,
some coarse, some with string-cut base, are associated
with this level. A report on 1988 is found in Symposium
11:1 (1989) 191-201. In Festschrift Ozgik 419-30 is a
study by Alba Palmieri of the storage and distribution
system attested at Arslantepe in the Late Uruk period,
a frontier site unlike the colonies of Habuba Kabira
or Hassek type.
1991]
ARCHAEOLOGY IN ANATOLIA
135
Samsat. Prof. Nimet Ozgiiu conducted a final season at this great historical and prehistoric mound in
the fall of 1989. She kindly reports the following
details. In the east trench, deep soundings continued
into levels 25-27 of the Late Uruk period. In level
27, 10 child burials were excavated. The children were
buried intramurally below house floors, in wide jars
covered with bowls as lids. One burial was a plain
inhumation. Beads and small vessels served as tomb
gifts. The pottery repertoire of the Late Uruk phase
is well represented. In level 29, painted pottery of
earlier Chalcolithic type came to light, transitional to
the Halaf period.
In the southwest area f-g/15-16 an altar of the
early Hellenistic period was found to have been constructed of reused and partly trimmed blocks belonging to the kingdom of Kummuh, carrying parts of
lines in Luwian hieroglyphs. These blocks seemed to
have belonged to the city gate of Kummuh. Fragments
of reliefs of this period, both in limestone and in
basalt, had previously come to light, with details of
faces, hair, beard, and hieroglyphs. One hieroglyphic
bulla was found.
Glazed bricks with circle decoration, found in some
quantity, may have belonged to walls of the Kummuh
gate complex. The most spectacular monument of the
Kummuh period is a postern, a staircase-tunnel constructed in limestone on the northeast side of the
mound (q-s/14-15). Its vertical walls are built of masonry with clay mortar, but the roofing is made of
Cyclopean blocks in Hittite fashion. The tunnel gives
access from the Kummuh fortification system down
to the slope of the mound to the level of a spring. A
total of 63 steps were cleared. Near the lower end is
a cistern with steps leading down. The construction
system of this tunnel has strong affinities to the postern and stairs of Yerkapi in Bogazkoy.
The palace of Mithridates was further explored to
the east and north. It continued on the east side under
the previously excavated small Byzantine baths. Under the Roman building in opus reticulatum, also exposed previously, the palace continued to the north,
where a corridor, rooms, and frescoed walls were
added to the record.
The history of Kummuh has by now architecturally
come to light in the remains of fortifications, water
supply system, orthostats, and inscriptions at Samsat.
136
MACHTELDJ. MELLINK
[AJA 95
1991]
ARCHAEOLOGY IN ANATOLIA
137
Prof. P.I. Kuniholm reports on progress in Archaeometry Symposium 5 (1989) 87-96 and in Festschrift
Ozgiik 279-93. Important analyses are those of Hittite
timbers from the postern at Porsuk (overlapping with
those from Acemh6yuk and Kiiltepe) and a juniper
from the Sakarya River near Gordion, overlapping
with those from the Midas tumulus.
METALLURGY
33-39.
Tepecik and Tiilintepe. Qukur and Kun? also
present analyses of metal artifacts from Tepecik and
Tulintepe in the Keban area, AnatSt (1989) 113-20.
The samples ranged from Chalcolithic through the
Bronze Age, including a large number of Hittite period items from Tepecik.
C. Caneva, Alba Palmieri,
Malatya-Arslantepe.
and Kemal Sertok published a progress report on
their studies of copper ores in the Malatya region,
and on smelting experiments, ArchaeometrySymposium 5 (1989) 53-65.
Weapons. Sixty weapons from the former Kocaba?
collection are now published in an exemplary catalogue of the Sadberk Hanim Museum by Cetin Anlagan and Onder Bilgi, Weapons of the Prehistoric Age
(Istanbul 1989). There are spearheads, daggers, flat
axes, lugged axes, shaft-hole axes including double
axes, adzes, and arrowheads, and a two-piece mold
for a double axe. All these objects are described and
illustrated in photographs and drawings and 50 specimens are analyzed for trace elements by absorption
spectroscopy.
The KocabaS collection, now on display in the Sadberk Hanlm Museum, had no recorded provenance
for these weapons, although KocabaS knew of some
alleged findspots that the dealers of his more innocent
era reported. Several pieces are evidently West Anatolian and presumably come from EB cemeteries. The
138
MACHTELDJ. MELLINK
[AJA 95
1991]
ARCHAEOLOGYIN ANATOLIA
139
MACHTELD
J. MELLINK
140
WIN
Fig.17.Gordion.Smalljar fragmentwithPersianfigure.
NEO-HITTITE
Karatepe. Prof. Halet Cambelrestoredmore sculptures at both sites: the statue base with bulls at Domuztepe, with a weathered hieroglyphicinscription,
and a new chariot scene at Karatepe. Hundreds of
sculpture fragments remain to be restored to their
originalcontext.
Malpinar. J.D. Hawkins and Dr. Mustafa Kala?
discuss the hieroglyphic Luwian rock inscription of
Malpinaron the banksof the G6ksuin the districtof
Adiyaman. The author of the inscription,Atayazas,
refers to his ruler Hattusilis "in the city Kumaha,"
viz., the dynastyof Kummuhwith its names continuing the imperial Hittite tradition, AnatSt 39 (1989)
107-12.
Kaman-KalehiyUk. See above (Bronze Age Sites)
for the Phrygianlevels of this mound acrossthe Halys
along the modern road to Kirsehirand Kayseri.
Gordion. The 1989 season yielded excellent new
evidence for the levels postdatingthe Hittite Empire.
In the expanded soundings in the open area between
Phrygianmegara 2 and 10 (AJA94 [1990] 132, figs.
6-7), a Hittite basementyielded wheelmadebuff and
orange pottery of 13th-centurytype. Prof. M. Voigt
reports:"The abandonmentof this building presumably coincided with the end of the Hittite Empire.
New buildings were soon under construction. The
earliestwas a small house set in a shallowrectangular
pit edged with stones and bricks.The floor and wall
faces were coated with mud plaster. Interior fittings
included a small domed oven, two stone and plaster
bins, and smallstorage pits in the floor. A second and
larger 'pit-house' was more substantiallybuilt, with
stone slabs lining the inner faces of some walls. The
pottery found on the floors as well as in outside trash
depositsand pits, was handmade,lightlyfired, usually
burnished, and sometimes decorated with impressions or incisions: bowls and bag-shapedjars. This
[AJA95
ARCHAEOLOGY
IN ANATOLIA
1991]
141
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142
MACHTELD
J. MELLINK
[AJA95
Ptolemaion.
Fig.20. Limyra.Torsoof horsewithsaddlecloth,
Dr. UlkiuIzmirligilis in charge of preservationof the
theater and restoration of the scaenae frons; Sympos-
ythoi of the late fifth century B.C. (fig. 18). Thus the
extent of the Archaic sanctuarymatched that of its
Hellenisticcounterpart.
"The study of the theater was resumed. A plan and
elevationof the caveaand Romanstage buildingwere
drawn; soundings revealed the contours of the Hellenistic orchestra and the Hellenistic parodos. The
two stages of the Roman theater, pre- and post-gladiatorialcombats,were analyzed.
"The mosaic in Temple B (Apollo) was lifted. The
bedding on a lime mortarand underpinningof stone
flakesoverlaya fill on bedrock(fig. 19), which did not
contain helpful dating evidence.
"Views from the French satellite SPOT allow the
study of the changes in the course of the Xanthos
River,its submergeddelta, and the sanding up of the
port of Patara."
A majornew publicationis by PierreDemargneand
W.P. Childs, Xanthos VIII. Le Monument des Ntirides.
IN ANATOLIA
ARCHAEOLOGY
1991]
143
Fig.21. Limyra.Byzantinechurch,parapet.
dential complex A on the slope made progress;these
houses date back to the fourth century B.C.
"InNecropolisV more evidencewasfound for later
quarryingoperations.
"The naos of the Ptolemaion with its imbricated
roof had an akroterionin the form of a Corinthian
capital with three rows of akanthoi and two snakes
coiling up amidst the foliage. A marble torso of a
saddledhorse (fig. 20) belongs to the sculptureof the
temenos. In the east part of the Ptolemaionthe excavationcame upon a church, the apse of which was
probablybuilt over the Hellenistictemenos. The Byzantine sculpturaldecoration, to judge by a parapet
slab with scenes of paradise (fig. 21), is of high quality."For 1988 see Symposium11:2 (1989) 185-210.
Arycanda. Prof. Cevdet Bayburtluogluworked in
the tomb areasto the east and northwest,in the bathgymnasiumcomplex, and in the commercialagora,
where sculpture fragmentsof Roman and Byzantine
date came to light as well as a fragment of a bronze
portrait(Gallienus?).
CARIA
51.
Nysa. The theater at Nysa is being excavated by
Director Vural Sezer of the Aydln Museum; he re23 (1989) 307-22. The scene
ports in TiirkArkDerg
building is decorated with well-preservedfriezes of
the Dionysoscycle.
Aphrodisias. Prof. Kenan Erim reports on the
1989 season:
The major focus of the campaignwas
"Tetrapylon.
the Tetrapylonrestorationproject.All of the western
half of the structureis now fully restored. The architrave and frieze blocks of the western facade were
restored and consolidated in their original position,
as was the central semicircularlunette panel with its
relief decorationsof Erotes,animals,and Nikaiamidst
acanthusscrollsof the broken tympanum,topped by
geison and simaelements,includingthe coffered ceilings betweenits two rowsof columns. Four architrave
and friezeblocksof the easternhalf were alsoreplaced
over their fully restoredcolumns.
"Theater.Restoration of the stage building is in
progress. A large number of frieze and architrave
blocks of the three orders above the proskenion-logeion were rejoined and consolidated.All fragments
were organized for study in the open space of the
fourth-centurytetrastoonbehind the stage building.
144
MACHTELD
J. MELLINK
[AJA95
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walls,650-600 B.C.
Fig.23. Miletus.Kalabaktepe
ARCHAEOLOGY IN ANATOLIA
1991]
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In the area of the large church, the sequence of
building phases was clarified: I. Hellenistic habitation;
II. large court with west propylon, rooms to east and
Doric temple on north side, late second to early first
century B.C.; III. podium with hexastyle temple, perhaps built for Caligula by the koinon of the Asiatics
(fig. 24); IV. in the Antonine-Severan period, a large
apsidal structure replaced the temple; V. the church;
VI. a large residential unit.
For interim reports on Miletus see Symposium 11:2
(1989) 53-59; IstMitt 38 (1988) 251-90.
Didyma. Prof. K. Tuchelt reports that 75 m of the
sacred road were exposed to the northwest. Here
Trajanic, Hellenistic, and Archaic levels came to light.
"In Archaic times votives were set up in this area, as
attested by two completely preserved Ionic capitals
(width 1.28 m) with fluted echinus, a column fragment, and half of a round base with dowel hole, all
supports of votive offerings. Metal finds, otherwise
rare at Didyma, were a cast griffin protome and two
omphalos bowls with charred animal bones.
"The Trajanic paving of the sacred road was cleared
over an additional 35 m between the Artemis sanctuary and the Apollo precinct; on both sides are stylobates for porticoes. This brings the exposed length
of the road to over 200 m.
"The study of the Archaic tiled roof from the east
building in the temenos along the road to Miletus (AA
1989, 147-80) was completed by P. Schneider."
146
MACHTELDJ. MELLINK
[AJA 95
1991]
ARCHAEOLOGY IN ANATOLIA
96.
Klaros. Prof. Juliette de la Geniere in her second
campaign at the sanctuary reports clearance of the
site and individual structures, e.g., the Propylon.
Soundingscontinued between the temple and altarof
Apollo. Here 18 blocks with iron rings stood in two
rows to the west and south of the altar; these served
to tie the animals destined for sacrifice. An earlier
Prof. Recep
and the
Merit
mulating evidence for the settlement and burial history and topographyof the mainlandand the island.
Trenches dug in 1989 again yielded evidence for
sixth-centuryhouses abandonedin 499 B.C. when the
residentsmoved to the island. An apsidalhouse stood
next to a rectangular one, used in three periods. The
147
burnt levels are attested for ca. 650 and 700 B.C.,
destructionspossiblycausedby Kimmerianraids.The
seventh- and sixth-centuryhouses yield local and imported painted pottery of Ionian type. In a context
of 650-600 dated by skyphoi, a hoard of 10 electrum
LYDIA
Sardis. Prof. Crawford H. Greenewalt, jr., reports
features date from the fourth through the sixth century A.C."
A report on the 1986 campaign appeared in BASOR Suppl. 26 (1990) 137-77; for 1988 see Symposium
148
MACHTELDJ. MELLINK
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1991]
ARCHAEOLOGY
IN ANATOLIA
AEOLIS-MYSIA
149
wall.
Glacisof Philetairan
Fig.29. Pergamon.
150
MACHTELDJ. MELLINK
[AJA 95
32)."
Reports have appeared in Symposium 11:2 (1989)
135-53; AA 1989, 387-412 and TiirkArkDerg 28
(1989) 225-61. Studies appeared in IstMitt 38 (1988)
179-87 (Pergamene West Slope ware) and 201-36
(late Hellenistic structures on the acropolis).
Phocaea. Prof. Omer Ozyigit started excavation of
a Hellenistic necropolis with sarcophagi and tilegraves. Lower levels attest to Classical and Archaic
habitation.
Kyme. Excavations under the direction of Prof.
Sebastiana Lagona in 1988-1989 were concerned with
a Mediaeval building near the harbor, a Hellenistic
structure on the south hill, where earlier pottery came
to light as well, and the orchestra of the theater. A
new plan of the site is being prepared. Symposium
11:2 (1989) 64-76.
ARCHAEOLOGYIN ANATOLIA
1991]
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Theater A.
Assos. Prof. Umit Serdarogluworked in the nec-
PROPONTIS-THRACE-BITHYNIA
Hellenisticsarcophagi,12 of which were opened. Below these lie pithos burialsof the Classicalperiod in
regular alignment. Cremations are found in amphorae or hydriae,with kylikesor plates as lids.
its stepped platform at the southwest corner. Excavation continues to yield new frieze fragments (part
of a battle scene). In 1990 the remaining modern
building over the temple will be removed, with expectationof additionalevidence for architectureand
sculpture.
93-109.
Daskyleion. Prof. Tomris Bakir completed a second season. She reports that there probablyis a prehistoricstratum,attestedby strayfinds: a green stone
celt, flintpoints,and blades.In the Classicalsite, burnt
levelsmarkthe warof Agesilaosin 395 and the arrival
152
MACHTELD
J. MELLINK
of Alexander. The site is disturbed by silos and robbers' pits. The ceramic record is rich, starting with
bird bowls, East Greek wares, Protocorinthianand
Corinthianwares,supplementedby Lydianfragments
of the late seventh and sixth centuriesB.C. Fragments
of ivory point to former luxuries. A terracottarevetment with meanders and small crosses is a promising
sample of local tradition.
The program will include the tumuli to the southwest and east of the mound (total 14).
Kyzikos. Prof. Abdullah Yaylaliundertook a first
campaign in 1989. South of the Temple of Hadrian
a sounding yielded many fragmentsof the sculptured
frieze and of architecture.The general topographyis
being studied.
PHRYGIA
(1989) 165-75.
Amorium. Prof. R.M. Harrisonreports on his second season of excavation of this town near Emirdag
northeast of Afyon. "Our main aim is to trace the
social and economic changes within the city from the
Hellenisticperiod to early Byzantine.We carried out
a general survey of the upper town, the htiyuik,of ca.
5 ha. The principal periods seem to be Byzantine,
Selcuk, and later, but prehistoric and Phrygian/Hellenistic sherds occur. A small fort (ca. 60 x 30 m)
stands in the southwestcorner. A large church in the
northeastcorner is associatedwith a concentrationof
blocks,glass, stone tesserae, and painted wall plaster.
Evidence for industrial activity was kiln waste and
some iron slag. On the southern edge of the upper
town we encountered the city wall, a narrowgateway,
and a square tower built of dressed stone faces on a
hard white mortar rubble core. Eight Roman-Phrygian funerary stelae, all reused, were found in the
upper stratum.
"In the lower town, a large building probablyof the
sixth century A.C. was further explored. On the
southwest part of the lower town wall a triangular
tower and the south flank of a gateway of the late
Roman or earlier period and road were clarified.
"The pottery (ca. 10,000 sherds) is predominantly
late Roman and early Byzantine, with a good group
of late Roman fine wares. Hellenistic and Augustan
[AJA95
Hierapolis. Prof. Daria De Bernardo Ferrari reports on the work in the agora and necropolis in
Symposium11:2 (1989) 245-55. In the Late Antique
period the east side of the agora was the site of tile
factoriesborderedby an east-west wallbuilt of spolia;
north of this wasters were dumped. Along the west
side fifth-sixth century Byzantine houses were built
over the marblestoa. In the northeast necropolisthe
examination and recording of over 200 built tombs
was begun. The study of sarcophagi also continues
(1650 had been studied by 1988).
CAPPADOCIA
Kayseri Tumuli. Director Mehmet Eskioglu publishes a tumulus with barrel-vaultedchambers excavated intact by the Kayseri Museum at Garipler in
1971, TiirkArkDerg23 (1989) 189-224. The burial
had one gold coin dated to year 2 of Augustus, and
in its rich inventory now on display in the museum
resembles that of two similar tumuli excavated at
Beatepelerin 1940 and 1960, which had gold coins of
46 B.C. and 90 B.C.
CILICIA
Meydancik. Dr. Alain Davesne reports that he investigated the north entrance road and the tower of
the fortified entrance of the citadel in 1989. Several
periods came to light, both Hellenistic (with a burnt
third-centuryB.C. level) and a lower Iron Age, Luwian structure.The fortificationsencircledthe entire
site over a distance of 2 km. Partly collapsed, partly
traced by rock cuttings, they are being studied in
context. Large ashlar blocks form the lower courses
where preserved. The rock-cut and built tombs on
the east slope were cleaned and drawn. The statues
from the front of the larger tomb are now in the
museum of Silifke. The smaller tomb is of the same
style and period (first half of the sixth century B.C.).
For 1988 see Symposium11:2 (1989) 257-60.
Kelenderis. Dr. LeventZoroglureportsthat a new
1:1000 survey map has been made of the site and its
cemeteries. The rock-cuttombs are of several types.
Tomb gifts are Greek and local wares of the late fifth
and early fourth centuries B.C. Clearingof the Harbor Baths is making progress.
1991]
IN ANATOLIA
ARCHAEOLOGY
153
PONTUS
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