Municipal Corporation

of Greater Mumbai,
India

SUPPORTING DOCUMENT
FOR SASAKAWA AWARD

Sasakawa Award

MUMBAI,
MUMBAI,
MCGM
MCGM

Section 1

General information on Mumbai

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MUMBAI, MCGM

MUMBAI

Most populous city in India

6th Largest metropolis in world

Contributes 33% of Indias tax collection

Ranks 49th in Global Financial
Center Index

Capital of Indias pharmaceutical and

film production industries

South Asian regional head office of

many multinational corporations

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Bombay Stock exchange is 3rd

largest in the world

MUMBAI,
MUMBAI,
MCGM
MCGM

MUMBAI
POPULATION:
2001 - 11,914,398
2008 - 13,662,885 (World Gazetteer)
Population growth: 1million in 1901 to over
14 million in 2010
AVERAGE DENSITY: 27,209 persons/km2 Highest
Density C ward: 114,001 persons/km2
AREA:
437.71 sq km
ALTITUDE:
10-15 meters above sea level some points just 1
meter above Mean Sea Level

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ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF MCGM

MCGM is responsible for the civic and infrastructure needs of the
metropolis including maintenance of roads, streets, flyovers,
public municipal schools, water supply and purification,
hospitals, street lighting, lighthouses, maintenance of parks and
open local spaces, sewage treatment and disposal, garbage
disposal, street cleanliness, cemeteries and crematoriums,
registering of births and deaths in the city and prevention of
epidemic outbreaks through mass production of medicines at the
Haffkine Institute.
The Corporation has 42 departments which provide various
services to the citizens
The annual budget of MCGM is US$ 4667.32 million
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN MUMBAI

MCGM is the primary organisation responsible for the civic and infrastructure
needs of the metropolis.

Several other agencies that are administratively independent of MCGM (Mumbai

Police, Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA),
Mumbai Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA), Indian Railways
etc) are also responsible for the administration of the city.
Each agency has its own emergency control room for disaster management and
has Standard Operating Procedures in place for responding to disasters.
During a disaster various control rooms, municipal departments and state
departments are actively associated and are simultaneously involved in disaster
response from warning to relief and rehabilitation.
This creates a situation of multiple authorities and multiple controls and relies
on effective coordination by the MCGM.
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Adopting an Integrated and

Sustainable DRR System for Mumbai
The DRMMP (Disaster Risk Management Master Plan) is developed and
adopted by Mumbai as a city-wide system for achieving disaster

resiliency

Under the DRMMP, all DRR activities are coordinated, monitored and
evaluated to ensure that all stakeholders are working efficiently and
that investments in DRR are optimized and justified.

The participatory approach taken by the DRMMP enables sustainability

and ownership building and will support the awareness raising of all
stakeholders and communities
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DRMMP OBJECTIVES

1. Establish a
competent
emergency
management
system within
Greater Mumbai

2. Institutionalize
a sound disaster
risk management
(DRM) practice for
Stakeholders

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3. Propose a
coherent set of
policies and
actions to reduce
disaster risk
within Greater
Mumbai

4. Make this
project a model to
other cities in
India through
knowledge sharing
and participation

MUMBAI, MCGM

DRMMP Components
The DRMMP addresses the following 9 components:

Component 1: Legal and Institutional Arrangements

Component 2: Hazards, Vulnerability, Risk Analyses
Component 3: Emergency/Disaster Management

Component 4: Disaster Risk Resiliency of Slums and Core Services

Component 5: Urban Development and Land Use Planning
Component 6: Construction Codes and Standards
Component 7: Training and Capacity Building

Component 8: Advocacy and Strategic Communication

Component 9: GIS and Information Technology
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STRENGTHENING OF THE COORDINATION SYSTEM FOR

DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN MUMBAI
State Government, has issued a Government Resolution establishing Greater
Mumbai Disaster Management Authority under Indias Disaster Management Act
of 2005.
MCGM designated as the lead agency responsible for disaster management of the
city.
The other members are from the Police, MHADA, Railways, Collectorate and
MMRDA.
Heads of several other agencies and volunteer organisations have been
designated as special invitees to the Authority.

Enhanced the ability of the MCGM to effectively coordinate between the civic
bodies and the other different agencies and volunteer sector for more effective
disaster management in the city.
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Section 2

Hazards and vulnerabilities

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POTENTIAL HAZARDS TO MUMBAI

4)
1) Hydrological & Climatological
Disasters

Floods

Cyclones

Cloud Bursts

Sea Erosion

2) Geological Disasters

Earthquakes
Landslides

3) Epidemics

Malaria

Swine Flu

Gastroenteritis

Dengue
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4) Accident Related Disasters

Fires
Oil Spills
Major Building Collapses
Festival related Disasters
Air, Road & Rail Accidents
5) Chemical & Industrial Disasters
(Chlorine gas leak in July 2010)
6) Human Induced Disasters
Terrorist attacks
Bomb blasts
Communal riots
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METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
City highly vulnerable to floods
Average rainfall: 2400 mm

Almost 60% of average rainfall during 2 months in a year

Often 35-40 % of annual rainfall occurs in 2-3 events

Highest rainfall recorded in one day: 944 mm on July 26, 2005 (1200
mm is the average annual rainfall for India)
Probability of 24-hour rainfall exceeding 200 mm is 50%

The problem of flooding acute when heavy rainfall coincides with high
tide; i.e., more than 4.5 meters (average: 20 times during the
monsoon)
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IMPACT OF RAINFALL ON JULY 26, 2005

Over 60 % of Mumbai inundated to various degrees

Total collapse of the transport and communication system

Electricity cut off in most parts of the city

Backflow of sewage into storm water due to failure of sewage pumps

419 people deaths including 65 killed in landslides.

216 people deaths due to deluge-related epidemics.

6307 animal carcasses disposed off.

2000 residential buildings fully damaged, 50,000 partially damaged

40,000 commercial establishments suffered heavy losses.
30,000 vehicles and 850 BEST buses damaged.
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Sasakawa Award

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VULNERABILITIES OF MUMBAI
The city formed by the amalgamation of two groups of seven islands

Restricted access to mainland relatively inaccessible to rest of country

during a major hazard
Physiographic constraints: city is confined to 350 Wedge
A large proportion of the built up area is reclaimed land

Extreme population density: Average 27,000 persons/km2 in 2001

Highest Density C ward: 114,001 persons/km2

About 60% of the population lives in slums
Large floating population

High structural density: there are over 3 million structures in Mumbai

including slums
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AREAS VULNERABLE TO INUNDATION

57 slum localities with population over 2.5 Million are located
within high tide line
City coastline: 170 km

Frequently Flooding Spots: 266

Chronic Flooding Spots: 55

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VULNERABILITIES OF MUMBAI CITY

LOCATED IN SEISMOLOGICAL ZONE III

Zone Magnitude
Zone V

Very High Risk

Quakes of
Magnitude 8 and
greater

Zone IV High Risk

Quakes upto
Magnitude 7.9
Mumbai

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Zone III

Moderate Risk
Quakes upto
Magnitude 6.9

Zone II

Seismic
Disturbances
upto Magnitude
4.9

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VULNERABILITIES OF MUMBAI
URBAN DECAY
More than 2 million people living in > 16,000 dilapidated buildings of 4
to 6 storeys, constructed 100-125 years ago

Buildings vulnerable to collapse: 721

Average plot area - 10,000 sq ft

Very high density of tenements, each 60 -100 sq ft

Infrastructure in area is crumbling & strained

Roads narrow, sewage & garbage disposal systems collapsed

Structures act as death trap in case of accidents, like fire
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DILAPIDATED BUILDINGS
16,000 dilapidated buildings are identified where more than 5 Million
people live

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VULNERABILITIES OF MUMBAI CITY

ABOUT 8 MILLION PEOPLE LIVE IN SLUMS

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VULNERABILITIES OF MUMBAI CITY

HIGH STRUCTURAL DENSITY

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VULNERABILITIES OF MUMBAI CITY

INADEQUATE TRANSPORT FACILITIES
Majority of the population resides in suburbs in the north and commutes to the
business centre in the south.
Long unidirectional transport corridors - few East-West linkages
Rail network, the lifeline of the city, overcrowded: 6.3 million commuters daily
(highest passenger density in the world)
Any disruption results in economic and social disruption
Extremely congested roads: > 2 million vehicles
No redundancy in existing system

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CITY PRONE TO WATER SHORTAGES IN YEARS OF SCANTY

RAINFALL

Lakes supplying water to

Mumbai are spread within a
radius of 10 sq km

Located at a distance of 130

km

Depend on local rainfall for

water

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VULNERABILITIES OF MUMBAI
154 Landslide Prone Areas where more than 3 million citizens live in
informal hutments

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Section 3

Key DRR Projects

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List of key DRR projects aligned with priority 1 of the

Hyogo Framework of Action
DRR - A STRONG NATIONAL & LOCAL PRIORITY
MCGM in collaboration with Earthquakes Megacities Initiative (EMI) has undertaken
the Disaster Risk Management Master Plan (DRMMP) project for Mumbai City in
which an analytical study was done on Legal and Institutional Arrangements (LIA) in
order to build MCGMs competency to manage disaster risks
The components of LIA are:

Global & national perspectives on DRR

The legal and policy framework at the national, state & local levels
DRM related institutional systems & structures at the national and state level
Institutional arrangements at the Mumbai city level
Sectoral Arrangements
DRM institutional linkages
Identification and analysis of gaps in legal, policy, institutional and regulatory framework
Conclusions and recommendations

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LIST OF KEY DRR PROJECTS ALIGNED WITH PRIORITY 2

OF THE HYOGO FRAMEWORK OF ACTION
IDENTIFICATION, ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING
DISASTER RISKS
The Disaster Management Centre, MCGM has identified:

266 frequently flooding spots and 55 chronic flooding spots.

154 landslide prone areas in the city where more than 3 Million citizens
live in about 19000 informal hutments.

Scientific Earthquakes and Floods Risk Assessment undertaken in the

context of the DRMMP project.
It is planned to to develop a Mumbai Fire Mitigation Plan for reducing
the fire risk to the population, infrastructure, ecology and economy of
the city.
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List of key DRR projects aligned with priority 3 of the

Hyogo Framework of Action
USE KNOWLEDGE & INNOVATION TO BUILD A CULTURE
OF SAFETY
1. MCGM schemes supporting local communities in risk reduction
activities:

a) Advanced Locality Management: Initiated in 1997 to mobilizing citizens in a

participative approach in setting up a system for dealing with the problem of
solid waste management in an environmental friendly manner.
b) Slum Adoption Scheme: Initiated to keep slums clean

c) Slum Sanitation Programme: Innovative approach in providing toilet facilities to

slum dwellers.

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List of key DRR projects aligned with priority 3 of the

Hyogo Framework of Action
2. Manuals for awareness generation of the community

a) Manual on First Aid (English)

b) Manual on Mock Drill (English)
c) Manual on School Safety (local language)
d) Pamphlets on Dos and Donts during Disasters (in English, Hindi and Marathi languages)

3. Training Programmes conducted by MCGM & supported by UNDP & Govt. of

Maharashtra :

a) Disaster preparedness programmes for schools and college students as well as for citizens.
Between January 2007 and February 2010, the MCGM has conducted 137 training courses,
57 orientation courses and 4 seminars on Disaster Preparedness to 17,162 participants.
b) Incident Command System (ICS) training programme for Assistant Commissioners & Heads
of the Departments.
c) Training of Trainers programme for Disaster Management Control Room staff.
d) Ham radio training programme for Disaster Management Control Room staff.
e) Training programmes for Disaster Management are regularly conducted for staff of the
municipal wards, police officials, private security personnel, NGOs and Nehru Yuva Kendra
volunteers.

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List of key DRR projects aligned with priority 3 of the

Hyogo Framework of Action
4) Mock drills:

a) Two mock drills on flood preparedness are conducted annually by MCGM in each
of the 24 administrative wards before monsoon in which agencies responsible for
the administration of the city, civil defence and NGOs etc. participate.
b) Industries, government organisations, police, etc. also conduct regular mock drills
with all responding agencies frequently.

5) Mumbai Emergency Management Exercises:

MCGM in collaboration with UNDP and a number of national & international

organisations conducted the Mumbai Emergency Management Exercises in
2008 and 2010 to strengthen the citys medical emergency response system
through a series of trainings and workshops followed by a table top exercise
and a field drill.

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LIST OF KEY DRR PROJECTS ALIGNED WITH PRIORITY 3

OF THE HYOGO FRAMEWORK OF ACTION
6) Workshops / Exhibition:

a) A 2 day 'Mega-Exercise and Exhibition on Disaster Management, Tatpar Mumbai 2010'

was held on 26th and 27th February, 2010 where stakeholders displayed their
products, programmes or services for Emergency Preparedness. About 10,000 people
attended the exhibition.

b) Asia Megacities Forum on "Reducing Urban Risk" was organised in association with
National Disaster Management Authority, Government of Maharashtra, Earthquakes
and Megacities Initiative and IIT Bombay in 2003 and 2009.

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List of key DRR projects aligned with priority 4 of the Hyogo

Framework of Action
REDUCTION OF UNDERLYING RISK FACTORS
1. BRIMSTOWAD Project: Joint project of state government and MCGM.
a) Measures initiated to mitigate flooding of rivers
b) Bridges on Mithi River
c) Augmentation of the storm water drainage system
d) Contour Mapping

2. Installation of dewatering pumps at flood prone locations during the monsoon

3. Improvement of asphalt roads and concretisation of roads
4. Area Traffic Control
5. Road Over Bridges
6. Mono Rail Project
7. Metro Rail Project
8. Redevelopment of dilapidated buildings
9. Construction of Gabion walls and retaining walls in landslide prone areas
10. Slum Redevelopment Scheme
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List of key DRR projects aligned with priority 5 of the Hyogo

Framework of Action
STRENGTHEN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR EFFECTIVE
RESPONSE
Well equipped Emergency Operations Centre at MCGM headquarters & all
wards

The Emergency Support Functions (ESF) concept has been adopted in the
DRMMP project to provide a systematic and efficient system to organize the
several stakeholders engaged in disaster risk management in the city, to
provide them with a methodology for sharing knowledge and resources and
to work efficiently to address the challenges of preparing, responding and
recovering from any emergency situation.
On the basis of the ESFs, table top exercises are being conducted and hazard
specific Standard Operating Procedures will be prepared which will be
validated by conducting mock drills.
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Section 4

Detailed DRR activities

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Risk assessment for earthquakes

Seismic Risk Assessment has been carried out considering seismic
hazard, vulnerability of structures, exposure and finally estimated loss.
Scenario earthquakes of magnitude 6.0 and 6.5 on the closest significant
seismic source, the Panvel flexure, have been considered in the risk
assessment.
The percentage of loss in total value corresponding to different damage
intensities for each building type has been obtained from loss functions.
The exposure analyses have been based on two main analyses namely,
the population analysis and property analysis.
Physical damage to buildings, Social losses including deaths, injuries
and displaced people and corresponding economic losses have been
evaluated in aggregate and by ward.
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Seismic Risk Assessment (HFA )

Occupancy types

Injuries

Deaths

Economic Loss*

Slum

537,000

82,000

329.15

Non-slum

226,000

77,000

709.80

Total

764,000

159,000

1038.95

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Seismic Risk Assessment

The earthquake risk assessment provides:

The elements for preparing the city for

earthquake disasters
The necessary information for developing risk
sensitive land development and land management
systems
The opportunity to benchmark the effectiveness of
structural and non-structural mitigation measures
by using the simulation results as the benchmark.
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Flood risk assessment

A rapid flood inundation mapping was undertaken for computing
flood inundation, flood spread and for estimating the affected
population.

The flood spread corresponding to rainfall intensity of 50 mm/hr and

100 mm/hr for all 24 wards were mapped

Graphs were prepared for rainfall intensity 50 mm/hr and 100

mm/hr, to show the relationship between flood spread and population
affected, flood spread versus ward area and flood spread versus
population.
Comparison of risk between wards enables adequate preparation and
distribution of resources.
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FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT

Upper catchment of Mithi River

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BRIMSTOWAD Project: Structural Measures:

A. Mitigate Flooding of rivers:
Deepening, widening and training of the rivers
Construction of a retaining walls
Creation of holding ponds.
Rehabilitation of about 15,000 slum dwellers to safer localities. Their
livelihood issues have been addressed as part of the Slum Rehabilitation
Program
Expenditure on Project : US$ 93.36 Million
Budget Provision 2011-2012: US$ 42.78 Million

B. Construction of 11 bridges on Mithi River for storm water passage

Four bridges are underway.
Budget provision of 4.04 million US dollars.
Expected date of completion: May 2012
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BRIMSTOWAD Project: Structural Measures

C. Augmenting Storm Water Drainage System:
It is being upgraded for rainfall intensity of 50 mm/hr with run-off co-efficient
one from the present system which has a rainfall intensity of 25 mm/hr and
run-off coefficient 0.5.
Budget provision 2011-12: US$ 274.34 Million
Estimated time of completion: 2013

D. Project to develop high res maps using LiDAR and other

technologies

Scale of maps 1: 1000

Contour interval: 0.5m
Will enable development of detailed floods maps that can be used for land
use planning and other applications

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Initiatives To Mitigate Urban Decay

REDEVELOPMENT OF DILAPIDATED BUILDINGS

Special program of the Government of Maharashtra for redevelopment

through private developers.

January 1989: Development Control Regulations (DCR) modified by

increasing Floor Space Index to 2 or consumed whichever higher (FSI
permissible in area 1.33).

Scheme failed as many of the old cessed buildings had already consumed FSI
between 3 to 6 (FSI regulations first imposed in 1964)
No scope for free sale construction

1999:

DCR amended for buildings constructed before 1950 and those

declared as dangerous, prior to monsoon of 1997.

FSI granted increased to 2.5 of the gross plot area, or the FSI required for
rehabilitation of existing occupiers plus 50% incentive FSI, whichever is higher.
Developer was thus assured of at least 50% FSI for free sale.
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Initiatives to mitigate urban decay

REDEVELOPMENT OF DILAPIDATED BUILDINGS: CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
February 25, 2009: DCR further amended to stimulate urban renewal

Applicable to cessed buildings, buildings belonging to Government, Semi Government

or MCGM, buildings declared dangerous or injurious to health and slum areas

A very large fabric of the Island City comes under its preview.

FSI has been raised to four or FSI required for rehabilitation of existing
tenants/occupiers plus incentive FSI whichever is more.
Minimum area of cluster: 4,000 m2; maximum area 20,000 m2 .

Developers to provide basic amenities including parks, roads, and playgrounds.

Earthquake resistant construction mandatory for newly constructed buildings

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CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT- DCR 33(9)

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INITIATIVES:RISK REDUCING INFRASTRUCTURE

SLUM REHABILITATION SCHEME -1995
Institution of autonomous body, the Slum Rehabilitation Authority,
under the chairmanship of the Chief Minister for effective project
implementation.

Resource: land occupied by slums

Cost of construction to be cross-subsidized by free sale of tenements in

the open market

Abatement in municipal property taxes for the first ten years, followed
by a progressive increase over the next ten years
Corpus fund of INR 20,000 (US$ 432.99) per slum dwellers house
established by developers for future maintenance expenditure.
1463 projects have been sanctioned and 809 projects have been
completed
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INITIATIVES:RISK REDUCINGINFRASTRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION OF SHELTERS
Under normal conditions to be used
as Municipal Schools
A) TEMPORARY SHELTERS: 120

Each can accommodate about 1000

Disaster affected persons
Provision for food, medicines,
bedding etc. during disasters
B) CYCLONE SHELTERS: FOUR

Each can accommodate about 3000

Disaster affected persons
Sustainable to super cyclonic storms
and earthquake magnitude 8.0
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RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: STRUCTURAL

SAFE SCHOOLS
MCGM provides primary education to 469,887 students in 1013
buildings.
Buildings are maintained and repaired by the MCGM.

In 2005-2006, Primary School Buildings Maintenance Fund of US $

27.80 Million created for maintenance and major repairs of municipal
owned school buildings.
In 2007, MCGM detailed, individual plans made for 513 school
buildings prepared specifying, open spaces, exit corridors and
staircases etc on each floor.

Since 2007 MCGM has spent US $ 28.09 Million to repair 57 buildings.

Repair of 122 buildings are in progress.
Mandatory for private school buildings to be certified for structural
safety every five years.
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RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: NON STRUCTURAL

SAFE SCHOOLS
Fire safety precautions mandatory.

Preparation of Disaster Management Plan mandatory. Staff, student

representatives, parent representatives, local police and municipal officers,
hospitals, Civil Defence etc. to be included in the preparation process

Structural and Non-structural assessment to be done and Resource inventory

prepared.
Development of Standard Operating Procedures to meet emergencies.
Special provisions for to be made for handicapped in Evacuation Plan

Mock Drills on various types of disasters are conducted twice a year and the
Plan updated annually.
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RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: NON STRUCTURAL

PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE
MCGM has a three tier health care system: Primary level - 163 Dispensaries,
182 Health Posts; Secondary level - 16 Peripheral hospitals, Tertiary level- 5
Specialized Hospitals and t4 Teaching Hospitals.

US$ 5.53 Million budget for 2011-12 for modernization and up gradation of
dispensaries to provide enhanced and uniform primary health care services.
Major hospitals have Emergency Medical Services in place.

Prior to the monsoon fogging and disinfection programmes are carried out.
A central control room and an epidemic control unit at Kasturba hospital is
commissioned prior to the monsoons and sufficient quantities of drugs,
surgical equipment and insecticides stocked in the Municipal Health Posts.
1000 beds reserved for water borne diseases in major and peripheral
hospitals during the monsoon.
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INITIATIVES:RISK REDUCING INFRASTRUCTURE

EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS

Installation of 35 automatic weather
stations at 28 locations.

Console gives audible alarm when the

rainfall exceeds 10mm in 15 minutes.
Rain fall data is transmitted every 15
minutes to the EOC, MCGM.
Flow Gauges have been installed
upstream of Mithi River to monitor
water level and issue warning to the
population living downstream.
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INITIATIVES:RISK REDUCING INFRASTRUCTURE

EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS
Doppler Weather Radar: data available on IMD website.

A seismograph has been installed to observe seismic activity.

Satellite imageries of clouds are being received and interpreted.

Upper air observatory for wind direction, speed, humidity etc. at upper
atmosphere levels.
For enhancing the forecasting ability synergie workstations have been
installed which allow observation of different parameters on one
platform.

Data received is being interpreted by well experienced professionals to

provide early warning on impending rainfall, thundershowers, cyclones,
wind speed, turbulence in the sky etc.
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RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: NON STRUCTURAL

SUPPORT TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES BY THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

1.

Advanced Locality Management (ALM): Initiated in 1997 by MCGM for

mobilizing citizens in a participative approach in setting up a system for
dealing with the problem of solid waste management in an
environmental friendly manner.

780 ALMs
About 5 tonnes of biodegradable waste is composted per day.
Approximately 25-30 tons of garbage per day is prevented from reaching the
dump yards.
Organisation of the community, training and initiation is done jointly by
residents and MCGM
Initially funding by residents and the Corporation
Later stage activities are completely funded by the residents.
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RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: NON STRUCTURAL

SUPPORT TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES BY THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

2. Slum Adoption Scheme.

Scheme initiated to keep slums clean.

MCGM provides necessary equipment to community-based organizations (CBO)

at local level and it also takes care of the salaries of the slum cleaners three years.
Amount provided by MCGM reduces gradually over this period.

CBO collects Rupees 10.0 (or 0.22 US dollars) per household per month for
collection of segregated waste from house to house and for the maintenance of
toilet blocks.

By the end of the third year, the CBO is expected to become self-sufficient in
managing services related to waste management and sanitation at the primary
level.

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RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: NON STRUCTURAL

SUPPORT TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES BY THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

3. Slum Sanitation Programme (SSP).

Phase I (1997-2005) implemented with World Bank Aid

An innovative approach in providing toilet facilities to slum dwellers.

Programme implemented through strategic partnerships with other key
stakeholders, each contributing with their comparative advantage to the process.
The MCGM provides the initial capital
Private construction agencies provide technical knowledge to build toilet blocks.
The NGOs mobilise communities
CBOs act as end-service providers
Every family contributes US $ 10.88 dollars or individual adults contribute US $
2.18 dollars towards operation and maintenance.
About 330 community toilet blocks with more than 5,100 toilet seats were
constructed and handed over to community groups.
The program is estimated to have benefited about 400,000 slum dwellers.

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RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: NON STRUCTURAL

SUPPORT TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES BY THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

4. Slum Sanitation Programme (SSP). Phase II

35,000 toilets constructed

Budget provision (2010-11): US $ 4.35 million by MCGM

No upfront contribution from the slum dwellers

Once construction is complete, every family living in the area is issued a

monthly pass costing between US $ 0.22 - 1.09 depending on local
conditions.

Sasakawa Award

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RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: NON STRUCTURAL

AWARENESS-BUILDING/EDUCATION PROGRAMS ON DRR AND
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR LOCAL COMMUNITY

1) Programmes conducted on International Disaster Risk

Reduction Day
Drawing competition for MCGM school children - 500 children participated
5,000 posters were displayed all over the city and 10,000 stickers were
distributed to individuals to create awareness.

2) Manuals for awareness generation of the community

a) Manual on First Aid (English)

b) Manual on Mock Drill (English)
c) Manual on School Safety (English)
d) Manual on Dos and Donts During Disasters (English, National & local
languages)

Sasakawa Award

MUMBAI, MCGM

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RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: NON STRUCTURAL

AWARENESS-BUILDING/EDUCATION PROGRAMS ON DRR AND
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR LOCAL COMMUNITY

3) Workshops / Exhibitions
a) A 2 day 'Mega-Exercise and Exhibition on Disaster Management, Tatpar
Mumbai 2010' was held on 26th and 27th Feb 2010. Various stakeholders
such as Government agencies, NGOs, business organizations and academic
institutions displayed their products, programmes or services for
Emergency Preparedness.
b) Asia Megacities Forum on "Reducing Urban Risk" was organised in
association with National Disaster Management Authority, Government of
Maharashtra, EMI and IIT Bombay in 2003 and 2008.

Sasakawa Award

MUMBAI, MCGM

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RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: NON STRUCTURAL

TRAINING IN RISK REDUCTION FOR LOCAL OFFICIALS AND COMMUNITY
LEADERS

1. Training programmes schools, college students & citizens (January 2007 to

February 2010):
146 Disaster Preparedness Training Programmes - 9075 participants.
57 Orientation Courses - 7192 participants
4 Seminar - 250 participants
2. Incident Command System training programmes for Assistant
Commissioners & Heads of the Departments of MCGM on January 2, 2009 40 participants
3. Trainers Training programme for Disaster Management Control Room staff
(January 1-3, 2010) - 40 participants.
4. Ham Radio training programme is currently being conducted for staff of the
Disaster Management Control Room, MCGM headquarters 38 participants.
5. Training programmes for Disaster Management are regularly conducted for
MCGM ward staff, police officials, private security personnel, NGOs and Nehru
Yuva Kendra volunteers.
Sasakawa Award

MUMBAI, MCGM

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RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: NON STRUCTURAL

TRAINING IN RISK REDUCTION FOR LOCAL OFFICIALS AND COMMUNITY
LEADERS

Mock drills (most are observed by the representatives of NDMA)

Two mock drills on flood preparedness conducted annually in each of the 24
administrative wards before monsoon. Participants: local police, fire brigade,
civil defence, Railways, BEST, NGOs
Corporates, Government organisations, etc. conduct regular mock drills with all
responding agencies frequently.

Mumbai Emergency Management Exercises:

Conducted by MCGM collaboration with UNDP & other National & International
organisations, in 2008 and 2010 to strengthen the citys emergency response system
through a series of trainings and workshops followed by a table top exercise and a
field drill.
Casualty ward nurses from public hospitals, paramedics from the fire department &
Life Supporters Institute of Health Sciences, Casualty officers from public & private
hospitals, Schools superintendents from public & private schools, Superintendents
from MCGM / State / Private Hospitals , Agency heads of Police, Fire, Emergency
Medical Services, Hospitals, Disaster Management Unit & Public Relations Officers
and Media leaders were trained during this programme

Sasakawa Award

MUMBAI, MCGM

61

RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: NON STRUCTURAL

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM

State of the Art Emergency

Operation Center at Municipal
Head Office & at all Wards
Operational 24 x 7

Latest Communication Systems

Early Warning System

Sasakawa Award

MUMBAI, MCGM

62

RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVES: NON STRUCTURAL

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Emergency Support Functions (ESF) concept has been adopted to engage
all stakeholders involved in disaster management
14 ESFs have been formulated, each of which is headed by a lead agency
and is supported by identified support agencies.

Stakeholders are organized and provided with a methodology for

sharing knowledge and resources and to work efficiently to address the
challenges of preparing, responding and recovering from any emergency
situation
On the basis of the ESFs, table top exercises are being conducted and
hazard specific Standard Operating Procedures will be prepared which
will be validated by conducting mock drills.

Thus DRM practice will be institutionalized and a competent emergency

management system will be established in Mumbai with international
standards of practice.
Sasakawa Award

MUMBAI, MCGM

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COORDINATION WITH INTERNAL DEPARTMENTS

Sasakawa Award

MUMBAI, MCGM

64

COORDINATION WITH EXTERNAL AGENCIES

Sasakawa Award

MUMBAI, MCGM

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Concluding Comments
o Mumbai is subject to many natural and man-made hazards, and
is a highly vulnerable city due to its geographical characteristics,
a high urban density and about 8 million people living in
extremely vulnerable slums
o The city faces some of the complex challenges associated with
vulnerability and risk reduction
o Mumbai has made a remarkable shift from reactive to pro-active
disaster risk management within a few years
o Through sustained investments, leadership, scientific planning
and a participatory approach, the City has taken an irreversible
course towards addressing its challenges in DRR
o Initial signs of accomplishments and a resolve commitment
make Mumbai worth for consideration for the Sasakawa Award.
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Thank You.

Making Mumbai a better and safe place to live in

Sasakawa Award

MUMBAI,
MUMBAI,
MCGM
MCGM

67