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TransformerTesting|TypeTestandRoutineTestofTransformer|Electrical4u

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TransformerTesting|TypeTestandRoutineTestofTransformer|Electrical4u

TransformerTesting|TypeTestandRoutineTestof
Transformer
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Forconfirmingthespecificationsandperformancesofanelectricalpowertransformerit
hastogothroughnumbersoftestingprocedures.Sometestsaredoneatmanufacturer
premisesbeforedeliveringthetransformer.Mainlytwotypesoftransformertesting
aredoneatmanufacturerpremisestypetestoftransformerandroutinetestof
transformer.Inadditiontothatsometransformertestsarealsocarriedoutatthe
consumersitebeforecommissioningandalsoperiodicallyinregular&emergencybasis
throughoutitsservicelife.

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TypeofTransformerTesting
Testsdoneatfactory

1. Typetests
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2. Routinetests

3. Specialtests

Testsdoneatsite

1. Precommissioningtests

2. Periodic/conditionmonitoringtests

3. Emergencytests

TypeTestofTransformer
Toprovethatthetransformermeetscustomersspecificationsanddesignexpectations,
the transformer has to go through different testing procedures in manufacturer
premises. Some transformer tests are carried out for confirming the basic design
expectationofthattransformer.Thesetestsaredonemainlyinaprototypeunitnotin
all manufactured units in a lot. Type test of transformer confirms main and basic
designcriteriaofaproductionlot.

RoutineTestsofTransformer
Routine tests of transformer is mainly for confirming operational performance of
individual unit in a production lot. Routine tests are carried out on every unit
manufactured.

SpecialTestsofTransformer
Special tests of transformer is done as per customer requirement to obtain
informationusefultotheuserduringoperationormaintenanceofthetransformer.

PreCommissioningTestofTransformer
Inadditiontothese,thetransformeralsogoesthroughsomeothertests,performedon
it, before actual commissioning of the transformer at site. The transformer testing
performed before commissioning the transformer at site is called precommissioning
testoftransformer.Thesetestsaredonetoassesstheconditionoftransformerafter
installation and compare the test results of all the low voltage tests with the factory
testreports.
Typetestsoftransformerincludes
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1. Transformerwindingresistancemeasurement
2. Transformerratiotest.
3. Transformervectorgrouptest.
4. Measurementofimpedancevoltage/shortcircuitimpedance(principaltap)andload
loss(Shortcircuittest).

5. Measurementofnoloadlossandcurrent(Opencircuittest).
6. Measurementofinsulationresistance.
7. Dielectrictestsoftransformer.
8. Temperaturerisetestoftransformer.
9. Testsononloadtapchanger.
10. Vacuumtestsontankandradiators.
Routinetestsoftransformerinclude
1. Transformerwindingresistancemeasurement.
2. Transformerratiotest.
3. Transformervectorgrouptest.
4. Measurementofimpedancevoltage/shortcircuitimpedance(principaltap)andload
loss(Shortcircuittest).

5. Measurementofnoloadlossandcurrent(Opencircuittest)
6. Measurementofinsulationresistance.
7. Dielectrictestsoftransformer.
8. Testsononloadtapchanger.
9. Oilpressuretestontransformertocheckagainstleakagespastjointsandgaskets.

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ThatmeansRoutinetestsoftransformerincludeallthetypetestsexcepttemperature
riseandvacuumtests.Theoilpressuretestontransformertocheckagainstleakages
pastjointsandgasketsisincluded.
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SpecialTestsoftransformerinclude
1. Dielectrictests.
2. Measurementofzerosequenceimpedanceofthreephasetransformers
3. Shortcircuittest.
4. Measurementofacousticnoiselevel.
5. Measurementoftheharmonicsofthenoloadcurrent.
6. Measurementofthepowertakenbythefansandoilpumps.

7. Testsonboughtoutcomponents/accessoriessuchasbuchhlozrelay,temperature
indicators,pressurereliefdevices,oilpreservationsystemetc.

TransformerWindingResistanceMeasurement
TransformerwindingresistancemeasurementiscarriedouttocalculatetheI2Rlosses
andtocalculatewindingtemperatureattheendofatemperaturerisetest.Itiscarried
outasatypetestaswellasroutinetest.Itisalsodoneatsitetoensurehealthinessof
a transformer that is to check loose connections, broken strands of conductor, high
contactresistanceintapchangers,highvoltageleadsandbushingsetc.
Therearedifferentmethodsformeasuringoftransformerwinding,likewise
Currentvoltagemethodofmeasurementofwindingresistance.
Bridgemethodofmeasurementofwindingresistance.
KelvinbridgemethodofMeasuringWindingResistance.
MeasuringwindingresistancebyAutomaticWindingResistance Measurement
Kit.
NB:Transformerwindingresistancemeasurementshallbecarriedoutateachtap.

TransformerRatioTest
Theperformanceofatransformerlargelydependsuponperfectionofspecificturnsor
voltage ratio of transformer. So transformer ratio test is an essential type test of
transformer. This test also performed as routine test of transformer. So for
ensuringproperperformanceofelectricalpowertransformer,voltageandturnratiotest
oftransformeroneofthevitaltests.
The procedure of transformer ratio test is simple. We just apply three phase 415 V
supply to HV winding, with keeping LV winding open. The we measure the induced
voltages at HV and LV terminals of transformer to find out actual voltage ratio of
transformer.Werepeatthetestforalltappositionseparately.

MagneticBalanceTestofTransformer
Magneticbalancetestoftransformerisconductedonlyonthreephasetransformersto
checktheimbalanceinthemagneticcircuit.
ProcedureofMagneticBalanceTestofTransformer

1. Firstkeepthetapchangeroftransformerinnormalposition.
2. Nowdisconnectthetransformerneutralfromground.
3. Then apply single phase 230 V AC supply across one of the HV winding terminals
andneutralterminal.
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4. MeasurethevoltageintwootherHVterminalsinrespectofneutralterminal.

5. Repeatthetestforeachofthethreephases.
Incaseofautotransformer,magneticbalancetestoftransformershouldberepeated
forLVwindingalso.
Therearethreelimbssidebysideinacoreoftransformer.Onephasewindingiswound
in one limb. The voltage induced in different phases depends upon the respective
positionofthelimbinthecore.Thevoltageinducedindifferentphasesoftransformer
inrespecttoneutralterminalsgiveninthetablebelow.

Leftsidephase

Centralphase

Rightsidephase

AN

BN

CN

Voltageappliedatleftsidephase

230V

180V

50V

Voltageappliedatcentralphase

115V

230V

115V

Voltageappliedatrightsidephase

50V

180V

230V

MagnetizingCurrentTestofTransformer
Magnetizing current test of transformer is performed to locate defects in the
magneticcorestructure,shiftingofwindings,failureinturntoturninsulationorproblem
in tap changers. These conditions change the effective reluctance of the magnetic
circuit,thusaffectingthecurrentrequiredtoestablishfluxinthecore.
1. First of all keep the tap changer in the lowest position and open all IV & LV
terminals.

2. Then apply three phase 415 V supply on the line terminals for three phase
transformersandsinglephase230Vsupplyonsinglephasetransformers.

3. Measurethesupplyvoltageandcurrentineachphase.
4. Now repeat the magnetizing current test of transformertest with keeping
tapchangerinnormalposition.
5. Andrepeatthetestwithkeepingthetapathighestposition.
Generally there are two similar higher readings on two outer limb phases on
transformer core and one lower reading on the centre limb phase, in case of three
phase transformers. An agreement to within 30% of the measured exciting current
with the previous test is usually considered satisfactory. If the measured exciting
currentvalueis50timeshigherthanthevaluemeasuredduringfactorytest,thereis
likelihoodofafaultinthewindingwhichneedsfurtheranalysis.
Caution: This magnetizing current test of transformer is to be carried out
beforeDCresistancemeasurement.

VectorGroupTestofTransformer
In three phase transformer, it is essential to carry out a vector group test of
transformer.Propervectorgroupinginatransformerisanessentialcriteriaforparallel
operationoftransformers.
There are several internal connection of three phase transformer are available in
market. These several connections gives various magnitudes and phase of the
secondary voltage the magnitude can be adjusted for parallel operation by suitable
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choiceofturnratio,butthephasedivergencecannotbecompensated.Sowehaveto
choose those transformer for parallel operation whose phase sequence and phase
divergencearesame.Allthetransformerswithsamevectorgroundhavesamephase
sequence and phase divergence between primary and secondary. So before procuring
one electrical power transformer, one should ensure the vector group of the
transformer, whether it will be matched with his or her existing system or not. The
vectorgrouptestoftransformerconfirmshisorherrequirements.

InsulationResistanceTestorMeggerTestofTransformer
Insulationresistancetestoftransformerisessentialtypetest.Thistestiscarried
out to ensure the healthiness of over all insulation system of an electrical power
transformer.
ProcedureofInsulationResistanceTestofTransformer

1. Firstdisconnectallthelineandneutralterminalsofthetransformer.
2. Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to measure insulation

resistanceIRvalueinbetweentheLVandHVwindings.
3. MeggerleadstobeconnectedtoHVbushingstudsandtransformertankearthpoint
tomeasureinsulationresistanceIRvalueinbetweentheHVwindingsandearth.
4. MeggerleadstobeconnectedtoLVbushingstudsandtransformertankearthpoint
tomeasureinsulationresistanceIRvalueinbetweentheLVwindingsandearth.
NB:Itisunnecessarytoperforminsulationresistancetestoftransformerper
phase wise in three phase transformer. IR values are taken between the
windings collectively as because all the windings on HV side are internally
connected together to form either star or delta and also all the windings on
LVsideareinternallyconnectedtogethertoformeitherstarordelta.
Measurementsaretobetakenasfollows:
Forautotransformer:HVIVtoLV,HVIVtoE,LVtoE.
Fortwowindingtransformer:HVtoLV,HVtoE,LVtoE.
Threewindingtransformer:HVtoIV,HVtoLV,IVtoLV,HVtoE,IVtoE,LVtoE.
Oil temperature should be noted at the time of insulation resistance test of
transformer. Since the IR value of transformer insulating oil may vary with
temperature.

IRvaluestoberecordedatintervalsof15seconds,1minuteand10minutes.
Withthedurationofapplicationofvoltage,IRvalueincreases.TheincreaseinIRisan
indicationofdrynessofinsulation.
Absorptioncoefficient=1minutevalue/15secs.value.
Polarizationindex=10minutesvalue/1minutevalue.

DielectricTestsofTransformer
Dielectrictestsoftransformer is one kind of insulation test. This test is performed to
ensuretheexpectedoverallinsulationstrengthoftransformer.Thereareseveraltest
performedtoensuretherequiredqualityoftransformerinsulation,dielectrictestisone
of them. Dielectric tests of transformer is performed in two different steps, first one
called Separate source voltage withstand test of transformer, where a single phase
power frequency voltage of prescribed level, is applied on transformer winding under
testfor60secondswhiletheotherwindingsandtankareconnectedtotheearthandit
isobservedthatwhetheranyfailureofinsulationoccursornotduringthetest.Second
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oneisinducedvoltagetestofTransformerwhere,threephasevoltage,twiceofrated
secondary voltage is applied to the secondary winding for 60 second by keeping the
primaryofthetransformeropencircuited.Thefrequencyoftheappliedvoltageshould
be double of power frequency too. Here also if no failure of insulation, the test is
successful.
In addition to dielectric tests of transformer there are other type test for checking
insulation of transformer, such as lightning impulse test, switching impulse test and
partialdischargetest.

InducedVoltageTestofTransformer

Theinducedvoltagetestoftransformerisintendedtochecktheinterturnandlineend
insulationaswellasmaininsulationtoearthandbetweenwindings
1. Keeptheprimarywindingoftransformeropencircuited.
2. Applythreephase voltagetothesecondarywinding.Theapplied voltageshould
betwiceofratedvoltageofsecondarywindinginmagnitudeandfrequency.
3. Thedurationofthetestshallbe60second.
4. Thetestshallstartwithavoltagelowerthan1/3thefulltestvoltage,anditshall
bequicklyincreasedupto
desiredvalue.

Thetestissuccessfulifnobreakdownoccursatfulltestvoltageduringtest.

TemperatureRiseTestofTransformer

Temperaturerisetestoftransformerisincludedintypetestoftransformer.Inthis
testwecheckwhetherthetemperaturerisinglimitofthetransformerwindingandoilas
perspecificationornot.
In this type test of transformer, we have to check oil temperature rise as well as
windingtemperatureriselimitsofanelectricaltransformer.

ObjectiveQuestionsonTransformer(MCQs)
OpenandShortCircuitTestonTransformer
VoltageandTurnRatioTestofTransformer
TransformerWindingResistanceMeasurement
InsulationDielectricTestofTransformer
TransformerOilandWindingTemperatureRiseTest
ImpulseTestofTransformer
VectorGroupTestofPowerTransformer
SweepFrequencyResponseAnalysisTest|SFRATest
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