_i

-_

NASA

"

<
Z

TECHNICAL

NOTE

D-882

i)
,

TN

STRESS

CONCENTRATIONS

IN

FILAMENTARY

STRUCTURES

By

John

Langley
Langley

NATIONAL
WASHINGTON

AERONAUTICS

M.

Hedgepeth

Research
Field,

AND

Center
Va.

SPACE

ADMINISTRATION
May

1961

"_

D-882

t_

IA

NATIONAL

AERONAUTICS

AND

TECHNICAL

STRESS

NOTE

CONCENTRATIONS
By

IN

John

SPACE

M.

ADMINISTRATION

D- 882

FILAMENTARY

STRUCTURES

Hedgepeth

SUMMARY

Theoretical
sheet

of

analyses

parallel

are

filaments

made

which

of

the

carry

normal

in a matrix
which
carries
only
shear.
infinity
is assumed
and small-deflection
Static
and dynamic
stress-concentration
ments
being
broken
dynamic
overshoot
dynamic-response
broken
filaments

are determined.
resulting
when

the

is

obtained

distributions
loads

In

all cases,
elasticity
factors
due

Particular
filaments

factor
increases
from
is increased
from one

dynamic-response
factor
the filament
sheet.

stress

are

hole

is

imbedded

uniform
loading
at
theory
is used.
to one or more
fila-

attention
is
are suddenly

1.15 to 1.27
to infinity.

when

and

in

as
A

paid
the
broken.

The

the number
of
somewhat
lower

suddenly

caused

in

INTRODUCTION

or

Structures
fabricated
from
plied
are becoming
prevalent

fine filaments
that
are
in flight
applications.

wound,
Many

woven,
solid-

propellant
rocket-motor
cases,
for instance,
are being
constructed
by
winding
resin-coated
glass
filaments
on a mandrel.
The high-strength
glass
filaments
carry
the pressurization
loads
and the resin
forms
a
matrix

which

produces

a unitized

efficient

material.

tions
make
use of the good
foldability
of coated
large,
low-density
structures
into
small
volumes
by mechanical
means
or inflation
is desired.

Other

applica-

fabrics
to package
until
their
erection

One of the necessary

factors
in the rational
design
of any structure
is a knowledge
of the behavior
of stresses
in the neighborhood
of
discontinuities
such as holes
and reinforcements.
Whereas
much
information
is available
about
stress
concentration
in materials
which
can
be
of

considered
filamentary
Whenever

stress,
through
rium.

as continuums,
configurations.
one

or

more

little

fibers

is

is

known

suddenly

about

broken

such

in

stress

fabric

behavior

under

the load
in the broken
fiber
or fibers
must
be transferred
the matrix
to the adjacent
fibers
in order
to restore
equilibOf interest
is not only
the resulting
static
stress
state
but

2
also the dynamic overshoot which occurs during the transient phase. Both
of these results are obtained in this paper for several types of "cutouts"
in the simple case of an infinite
flat sheet of parallel
filaments
stressed in uniform tension along the direction
of the filaments.
The model treated is that which is commonin shear-lag analyses;
that is, it is composedof tension-carrying
elements connected by purely
shear-carrying material.
The static problem is solved first
and the
details of the dynamic analysis are relegated to the appendix. The
results are essentially
exact within the framework of small-deflection
elasticity
theory.
SYMBOLS
a,b

major

filament

EA

extensional

Gh

shear

Kc

stress-concentration

factor

for

Ke

stress-concentration

factor

for

an

stress-concentration

factor

for

load

in

for

mass

per

n_m

indexes

applied

force

Pn

load

nth

Pn

dimensionless

number

R( )

real

and

minor

axes

ellipse

spacing
stiffness

stiffness

in

of

nth

part

length

on

filament

matrix

filament

at

broken

nth

filaments

variable

filament

hole

elliptical

broken

with

filament

in

circular

influence-function

associated

each

load

of

the

filament

unit

of

of

of

hole

filaments

solution

filament

infinity

3
S

Laplace

time

transform

displacement

variable

of nth

filament

dimensionless

displacement

dimensionless

displacement

Z_

of nth

filament

L
_i:_ 1

displacement

filament

for influence-function

coordinate

parallel

coordinate

normal

complex

_c

dynamic-response

factor

for a circular

hole

_r

dynamic-response

factor

for

filaments

transform

:2
:F

of nth

to filaments
to filaments

variable

broken

variable

dimensionless

coordinate

(l

dimensionless

stress

dimensionless

time

cp,_

elliptical

v2:

+
_x 2

solution

parallel

to

filaments

coordinates

)
8y2

an asterisk

denotes

Laplace

transform

in time

ANALYSIS

The configuration
with the coordinate
and
by a constant
distance
upward.
The coordinate

under consideration
is shown in figure i together
notation
systems.
The filaments
are separated
and are numbered
from
-_
to
_
from the bottom
along the filaments
is denoted by
x
and the

" .

i'

displacement
by

of

Un(X,t).

sion)

is

the

nth

filament

Similarly,

called

the

Pn(X,t)

at

location

force

and

in

the

is

given

in

Pn

= EA-

nth

and

time

filament

terms

of

is

given

(positive

un

in

ten-

by

Bun

where

EA

force

per

ment

is

is

the

unit
Gh(un+

matrix.

extensional

length
I

in

Un)/d

Equilibrium

of

stiffness

the

bay

of

between

where
an

Gh

element

is
of

In

figure

i,

remainder
are
0_n
<= r - i
conditions

filament.

nth

the

the

ax--

assumption
with
the

the

the

EA a2un + Gh

where
the
associated

(I)

ax

shear

nth

and

are

shear

l)st

stiffness

of

then

filathe

requires

a2un

= m at2

has been made

that the mass
nth filament
is concentrated

filaments

The
(n +

filament

shown
intact.
In
denote
the broken

and

shown

general,
for
filaments.

per unit
length
at that
filament.

broken
r
The

(2)

at

= 0

and

the

broken
filaments,
let
appropriate
boundary

are:
h
Pn(O,t)

= 0

(0 _

n _

r -

I)

(3)

un(0, t)

For
x
uniform

large,
applied

of course,
the force
in
force
which
is denoted
pn(_,t)

are

For the
required:

= 0

time-dependent

problem,

(n <

each
filament
as
p.
Thus

or

n _

approaches

r)

f
the

= p

the

(4)

following

initial

conditions

(_)
Pn(X'O)
aUn-(x,O)
= P: o

at
J

_"i./,

:3

.:_',
:. :']',

Nondimensionalization
/

In

order

to

obtain

convenient

form

Pn

= PPn

un

=P_U

for

the

problem,

let

(6)
L
i<

t=m
From
tion

these
equations
is obtained:

the

1"

following

partial-differential--difference

_2U n

_2U n

--b_2 +

with

boundary

Un+ I -

2U n +

initial

Un_ I

(7)

bT2

conditions

Un(O,_): 0

(n

<

Pn(O, T)

(0

<: n <=

Pn(_+%

and

equa-

T)

= 0

or
r -

_
i)

r)

(8)

= 1

conditions
A

Pn(_,O)

The

dimensionless

forces

and

= i

bun
b-C (_,o) : o

displacements

are

related

(9)

by

(lO)

Solution

The
equation
conditions
ary

conditions

at

Pn

this

difficulty.

solely.

The

Influence-function
applied
edge
load

intact.

Static

Problem

boundary-value
problem
for static
loading
is constituted
by
(7) with
the right.hand
side set equal
to zero and boundary
(8).
The solution
is complicated
by the fact that
the bound-

nor

no

of

Displace

and

the

tain
zero displacement
the resulting
forces

are

mixed;

following

technique.in which

end

of

that

is,

approach

is

Consider
a
all filaments

the

zeroeth

at
x = 0
of
and displacements

of influence
functions
can then
lem in the following
manner:

they

be

apply

convenient

filament
but the

filament

to
for

unit

neither

sheet
which
zeroeth
one
amount,

all the other

filaments,
by
Ln(_)
and
Vn(_).

superposed

to

obtain

the

Un

overcoming

has
are

main-

and denote
This
set
actual

prob-

OO

= 1

Pn(_)

/,
m

--

Ln_m(_)

Um(O

Vn-m(_)

Um(O)

oo

O0

Un(_)

_
m__

But

boundary

conditions

(8)

yield

first
r-1

m=O
(11)
r-1

Un(_)

= _ + /___ Vn-m(_)

Um(O)

m=O

since

Um(O)

= 0

for

other

values
r-i

= 1 +

/,

J
of

m,

and

second

Ln_m(O)

Urn(O)

(0 <= n <r=

i)

m=O
which

is

the

specification

of

the

boundary

conditions

on

the

loads.

(12)

5
0
2

Equations
Um(0).
the

They

entire

(12)
can

constitute

solved

substituted

solution.

Determination
for
_ > 0

stated

be

and

First,

of
as

the

set

of

however,

influence

equations
back

the

in

Ln

for

values

functions

the

equations

Ln.-

must

The

unknowns

(ll)
be

problem

to

yield

determined.

can

+ vn+l- 2Vn + Vn_l = 0

be

(13)

L
1

_5

with

the

conditions

0
2

Vn(O) : 1

(n

= 0)

Vn(O) : 0

(n

/ O)

(14)

dVn

dq- (_)--0
In

order

to

solve

this

problem,

let

OO

V(_,8)

n=or,

Vn(_)

/.

e -in8

(15)

oo

inversely,

Vn(_ ) _ 1

(16)

V(_,e) einede

2x

Then,

multiplying

equation

(13)

by

e -in8

4 sin 2

Similar

treatment

of

the

boundary

and

eV=o

= 1

over

all

gives

(17)

conditions

V(o,e)

summing

(14)

yields

(18)

(_,e): o

The

solution

satisfying

equations

(17)

_
V=e

Thus,

from

equation

and

(18)

is

-21sin--_ I_

(16)

Vn (_)

= i

cos

/0 _

n0

e-2_sin_

Bessel

and

de

(19)
.L

which
nary

can

be

expressed

argument.

necessary

For

since

in
the

terms

of

present

attention

purposes_

will

be

Weber

however_

centered

on

functions
the

of

reduction

Ln(O ) - dVn

(0)

imagi-

is

not

which

d_
is

given

simply

by

Ln(O ) =

(20)

(4n
2that

Stress-concentration
the maximum
force

adjacent
for

virtue

to

the

broken
of

factors.Inspection
of the
occurs
at
_ = 0
in the first

broken

ones.

filaments

symmetry.

is

Thus_
given

the
by

problem
intact

stress-concentration

Pr(O)

which

Lr_m(O)

Um(O)

equals

indicates
filament
factor

P_I(O)

Kr
by

Now,
r-i

Pr(O)

= i + _

(21)

m=O

Solution

of

equations

equation
(21) yields
been
carried
out for
following

the
an

(12)

for

the

Um(O)

stress-concentration
r
of i to 6 and

the

table
r

Kr

i
2

4/3

3
4
5
6

64/35

8/5
128/63
512/231
1,o24/429

and
factor.
results

substitution

into

This
process
are given
in

has
the

Inspection

of

these

values

K r

Although
ness
for
values

that

they

can

be

(2r

2)

(2r

i)

written

as

(22)

this
result
has not
the first
six values

of

show

been
established
lends
credence

in general,
its correctto its validity
for all

r.

L
i

Solution

of

Dynamic

taken

of

Problem

5
0
2

If

a Laplace

transform

is

the

time-dependent

equation
(eq.
(7)) and boundary
conditions
(eq.
(8)),
tions
are similar
in form
to the static
equations
and
approach
can be
are considerably
resulting

used
for their
solution.
more
complicated
and are

timewise

variation

of

the

of

calculation

upper
limit
on the
the next
section.

and

dynamic

stress-concentration

because

of

overshoot.

As

can
an

be

seen

value,
as the energy
oscillations
for
r
to

those

of

from

oscillation

figure
that

OF

2,

the

decays

in

is carried
away
= i
and
r = 2

one-degree-of-freedom

principal

result

to

be

extracted

The

dynamic_response

maximum

filaments

stress
are

given

factor

and

the

static

in

the

following

existence

_r

upper

for
the

of

limit

is

shown

greater
increasing

an

is

apparent

discussed

stress-concentration
a few

system.

from

equaof

in

RESULTS

cycles

For

to

factor
the

steady-state

by wave motion.
The
simple
and are similar
r

3,

the

oscillatio:_

component
appearing
in the
is the largest
one; the value
dynamic
overshoot
and is the
the

Dynamic-Response

the

the

to infinity
are fairly

is more
complex,
an apparent
second-mode
history.
In all cases,
the first
peak
the stress
at this
peak
determines
the

factor

Solutions
because
of

This

DISCUSSION

exhibits

resulting
same type

The details
of the solutions
contained
in appendix
A.
The

in figure
2 for I, 2, and 3 broken
filaments.
numbers
of broken
filaments
were
not obtained
difficulty

differential

the
the

dynamic

time
of

analysis.

Factor
is

defined

stress.
table:

Values

as

the

for

i_

ratio
2,

between
and

3 broken

{,

, "

"

_ i

10

The dynamic
overshoot
of broken
filaments.
to

be

the

highest

_r

1.15

1.19

i. 20

thus
apparently
The overshoot

in

the

limit

as

increases
with
can therefore
be

the

number

of

increasing
reasonably

number
expected

broken

filaments

filaments.-

As

approaches

infinity.
Results
noted,
ficulty
to

the
of

an

infinite

number

greater
the number
solution;
but the

analysis

The
stringer
stiffness
in
is

for

and

is

treated

of

broken

of broken
filaments,
limiting
case
itself

in

appendix

has

been

the greater
the difis readily
amenable

B.

analysis
in appendix
B deals
with
the so-called
continuous
sheet
which
is an orthotropic
mediumwith
finite
extensional
in the longitudinal
direction,
infinite
extensional
stiffness

the transverse
direction,
and finite
shear
stiffness.
Its
governed
by the nondimensionalized
differential
equation

behavior

v2U _

(23)
_.r 2

which
order

is obtained
difference

either
by
in equation

direct
derivation
or by
(7) with
its appropriate

replacing
the
derivative

second-

equivalent.
The breaking
of an infinite
number
of filaments
is accomplished
by
placing
a finite-length
slit in the sheet.
As is well-known_
this
procedure
leads
to an infinite
stress-concentration
factor
in the static
problem,
the stress
tance
from the end
dynamic
problem.
the variation
of
with time.
This
can be seen,
discontinuities

the

varying
as the inverse
of the slit.
The stress

strength
arise
from

C
exhibits
discontinuities
in
the reflection
of waves
issuing

to obtain
and
The resulting

should

be

an

upper

regimes
Results

apparently
would
dynamic-response

_
which

power
of
similarly

the
in

disthe

Thus_
the dynamic
behavior
can be studied
by finding
the strength
or magnitude
of the stress
singularity
central
result
of appendix
B is shown
in figure
3As

of the slit.
Only
the first
two
with
the eventual
static
value.
difficult
stresses.

one-half
behaves

limit

on

= 1.27
mr-

are
for

shown
in
subsequent

not contribute
factor
is

slope.
from

These
the ends

figure
3 together
regimes
are very
any

greater

'"

Vt

_"

ii

Hole
in a stringer
sheet.In the foregoing
sections,
only
slits
have been
treated.
Of interest
also
is the case
in which
a hole
is
punched
out of the material.
Because
of the usefulness
of conformal
mapping

techniques,

the

static

problem

is

variety
of hole
shapes
for a stringer
tical
shapes,
the stress-concentration
to be

Ke

easily

sheet.
factor

= 1 +

analyzed

In
is

for

particular,
derived
in

large

for ellipappendix
C

(24)

L
i

where

sions
of
pertaining
elliptical

,0

is

coordinate

ratio

between

the

transverse

system

has

static

Kc

with

factor

longitudinal

dimen-

time

is

shown

in

figure

factor

of

boundary,
the dynamic
in appendix
C and the
4.

The

resulting

the

slit.

2.
problem
variation

is

dynamic-response

is

_c

which

is

considerably

less

than

= 1.08

that

for

CONCLUDING

that

and

stress-concentration

In this
latter
case
of a circular
tractable.
The analysis
is given

also
of

the

the elliptical
hole
in the nondimensional
coordinate
system
to equation
(23).
For example,
a stringer
sheet
with
an
hole that
transforms
into a circle
in the nondimensional

The
the

acting

results
highest

in

the

derived
in this
dynamic-response

neighborhood

of

REMARKS

paper
lead to the
factor
applicable

suddenly

induced

apparent
to the

discontinuities

This
value
was obtained
for the case of a long
slit in
packed
filaments.
Either
reducing
the number
of broken
opening
response

The

the slit
factor.

into

analysis

was

hole

based

can

on

be

expected

elastic,

conclusion
stresses

to

decrease

the

small-deflection

1.27.
closely
or

dynamic-

theory

of

two-dimensional
a large
number

medium.
In
of filaments

ments
themselves
weave
introduces
mations,
large

may
follow
Hooke's
law very well;
the matrix
or the
large
nonlinear
effects
in the form
of plastic
defordeflections,
and fiber
straightening.
These
factors

should
increase
overshoot

act

to

the

reduce

the

dynamic

relative

actuality,
filamentary
through
the thickness

is

sheet
of
filaments

stress

concentrations

overshoot.
to

the

possible

In

view
effects

of

sheets
usually
have
and, whereas
the fila-

and,
the
of

at

least,

smallness

these

other

of

not
the

factors,

dynamic
future

12

theoretical
work
on
lyzing
better
models

this
subject
of various

Langley
Research
Center,
National
Aeronautics
Langley
Field,

and
Va.,

would
seem to be best
devoted
to
types
of filamentary
construction.

Space
March

Administration,
20, 1961.

ana-

13

APPENDIX

DYNAMIC

h vi-

.:i

BEHAVIOR

OF

SHEET

WITH

SUDDENLY

time

of

BROKEN

FILAMENTS

Let
U_(_,s)
of

the

Laplace

where

equations

s
(7)

transform
is

and

the

in

transform

(8)

Un(_,T)

variable.

be

Then,

denoted

taking

by

transforms

yields

--+Un+

I- (2+

+Un_ i =-s_

(_)

U*(O,s)

= 0

(n <

s) =o
_
where
to

for

in

the

initial

condition

Again,
use
transformed

conditions
Un(_,O)

or

(O<=n<=r

n >= r)

i)

(Ae)

(9)

the

condition

on

Pn

has

been

converted

= _.

can be made
of the unit
loads
and displacements

solution
to
in the form

write

the

solution

r-1
P_(_,s)

= _

Ln_m(_,s)

U_n(O,s)

m=O

(A3)
r-i
U_(_,s)

= _

Vn_m(_,s

) I_(O,s)

m=O

from

which

the

following

equations

are

obtained

r-i

0=_+ 1

L*_m(O,
m=0

s ) Urn(O, s )

(0 <= n

<= r

i)

(A4)

14

and

from

formed

which

load

in

the

unknown

the

first

_(0,
intact

S)

be

can

filament

determined.

Also,

the

broken

trans-

is

r-i
P*(0, s)

= F +

Lr_m(0,

s)

U*(0,

s)

m=0

The

transform

filaments

As

of

is

the

set

before,

stress-concentration

equal

to

L_(_,s)

this

transformed

-_n

for

factor

(_,s)

load.

where

V*(_,s)

satisfies

(A6)

_2 + %+1 - (2+ s2)v_

+ N__ = o
and

the

conditions

v_(o,s)

=1

(n

Vn(O , s)

(n

_ O)

0)

(A7)

_n (_,s)= 0
In

order

to

solve

these

equations,

let
0O

(AS)
_(_,s,e)

Vn(_'s)

e-ine

n=or,

inversely,

v_(_,s)=

Then
equations
summing,

,,:

(A6)

'/ _i
'.

.<

and

!2=

/_

v-'_(_,,s,e)

(Ag)

einede

-/[

(A7) become,

after

multiplying

by

e -in8

and

"

'

i:

i' ,_ _

15

_2V*
(4

sin 2 e + s2)_-_

= o

_2

(_o)

%'_(0, s, e) = l
_v (oo,s,e)
The

solution

for

_>0

L
1

_5
0

is

V*=e
which

= o

-_4sin 2 e+s2
2

_
(All)

yields

_i/4sin 2 8

:Vn( _,s)
1
or,

cos nee

'

_ +

de

(AZ2)

finally

Ln(O,s ) -

the

70

s2

fo
_ I

1
x

cos ne

4 sin 2 _e + s2 de

Solving equations
(A4) and substituting
into
transform
of the stress-concentration
factor.

stringers,

this

procedure

(AI3)

equation
(A5) gives
For l, 2, and 3 broken

yields

Lq[

(A_4b)

K_(s)= ; \Lo + L1/

_(s) : _

-_
L0

where,
for brevity,
is omitted.

the

functional

....

-_

+ LoL 2 - 2L I

dependence

indicated

1
in equation

(AI3)

,i

16

take

The

task

the

inverse

requires
Ln

remains

evaluate

transform

integration

in

therefore,

of

and,

necessary.

Such

(Actually,

with

to

of
the

L_(0, s)

each

complex
as

study

can

be

of

shows

s-plane;

in

function

equations

functions
that

written

as

L_

of

study

the

has

terms

(AI4).
a

of

of
This

of

behavior

of
s

at

s = 2i,0.

elliptic

is

integrals

modulus

k=

These
elliptic
integrals
modulus
also
guided
the
But

the

square

root

essentially
as
need
not extend
a branch

cut

The

in

s
to

Since
Kr

have

can

be

along

no

zeros

contour

branch
points
of conformal

equation

the

(AI3)

imaginary

integral

integrand

closed

for large
values
infinity
and
L_

inversion

the

1+

have
choice

Kr(m ) =

except

around

axis

thought

of

Therefore,
made
single

between

p/7+i_
_7-i_

-2i

as

behaving

the branch
valued
by

and

cuts
placing

2i.

K*(s)eSmds

Jordan's

possibly

infinity
the

be

of
s.
can be

The form
of the
in the sequel.)

is

satisfies

around

can

at
k = i.
mapping
used

on

on

branch

lemma
the

the

and

branch

left-hand

cut.

the
cut,

side

denominators
the
and

of

integral
shrunk

path

to

the

Thus,
F_

Kr(m)

A
so

to

variable

points

complete

and

inversion

the

complex

branch

closed-form

that

suitable

series
is

as

evaluation
evaluation

1
2-_

of
is

_
_C

*
Kr(s)eSmds

this

integral

desirable.

One

is

probably

method

impossible

which

is

very

follows:

Let
S

This maps
the entire
of the unit
circle.

1
Z

s-plane
outside
the
The counterclockwise

branch
cut into
contour
around

the
the

interior
branch

2A

17

cut

maps

into

clockwise

contour

just

inside

the

unit

circle.

Furthermore,
.
Ln(0, z)

which
the

is
unit

expandable
circle.

in

J0

_l
cos

a power

2z2cos

n0

series

e +

z4

in

d0

that

is

convergent

inside

Thus,

L
1

....

z2)

k=O

where

is

the

binomial

Making

number.

the

change

of

variable

Kr(T ) =

The
at

integrand
the

has

origin

no

which

zeroeth

power

singularities
i_' an

of

in

the

series

for

and

(A14).

It

negative
If

even

the

bracketed

involves
po_ers

in

the

expansion

Z2

__ i

can

be

positive

i _

(A_8)

integration

except

-7
of
The

determined

of

powers

the

value

of

Kr(_)

other

from
of

z.

part

equations
So
must

only
be

(A17)
the
sought.

eo

Cn zn
n=-oo

path

dz

of

even

expansion

the

singularity.

Z - i)

z
2 z2+l

7e

residue
of the integrand
at
z = 0.
involves
finding
the coefficient
of

part

only

_+ 1

within

by the
residue

_Sg]

The

essential

is therefore
given
simply
The determination
of this
the

gives

(AI9)

18
there results
CO = -i
C n = J0(2T) + 2J2(2T)+ + 2Jn_2(2T
) + Jn(2T) - i

(n = 2,4,6,

.)

where

Jn

Proper
plotted
in
quite

is

the

Bessel

function

of

manipulation
and evaluation
figure
2.
Good
convergence

accurate.

the

first

kind.

of the series
gives
the results
is obtained
and the results
are

L
i

5
0
2

19
APPENDIX

The

DYNAMIC

BEHAVIOR

required

stress

OF A SUDDENLY

distribution

SLI_I_ED STRINGER

SHEET

can be written
_U

= 1 + 8x
where

satisfies

the

following

dimensionless

V2u-

i_2

(B1)
boundary-value

problem

82u

(B2)

8T 2

u(x,y,O)= _u (x,y,o)= o
_T
(BS)
_--_
(o,y,T)=-i
_x

(-i < y < i)

J

Also,
running

is regular
from

y = -i

everywhere
to

y = 1

in the x,y

plane

and approaches

except
zero

on the

slit

at infinity.

Rather than solve this boundary-value

problem
directly,
the use of
an analogy to obtain the stress behavior
near the ends of the sllt is more
convenient.
The problem as stated is in exactly the same mathematical
form as the problem of determining
the perturbation
velocity
potential
in steady supersonic
flow (with Math number of
_) over a thin rectangular wing (of span 2) with a very long chord.
The time coordinate
T
corresponds
to the coordinate
in the stream direction
and the x and
y coordinates
correspond
to the coordinates
in the crossflow
plane.
Zero time is equivalent
to the leading edge of the wing which has a
constant
slope of -1 in the stream direction.
Finally,
the stresses
along the y-axis are the same as the upwash velocities
in the tip
regions in the plane of the wing.
The existence
of this analogy allows the use of the well developed
methods of supersonic
wing theory; that of Eward
in reference
i is
particularly
applicable.
This method
obtains the upwash velocities
in
terms of explicit
quadratures
which are expressible
in terms of tabulated functions
for the regions close to the leading edge.

2O

The
and

actual

only

shows
is of

the

detailed

resulting

that
the
the form

analysis

by

formulas

stress

at

the

of

Eward's

interest

y-axis

in

the

method
are

is

somewhat

given

here.

neighborhood

of

tedious

The
the

analysis

tip

_ c(T__)
+ o(1)
where

C(T)

is

the

strength

of

the

singularity

(s4)
and

is

2
C(T)

= i

given

by

(o < I- < 2)

=:

(BS)

c(_)
where
K
ond kind

_2
and
with

and

the

The

quantity

E
are
modulus

primes

refer

is

complete

to

elliptic

functions

determined

of

from

snv
is
function.

Jacobi's
elliptic
(See ref.
2.)

the

the

integrals

of

the

first

and

sec-

comodulus

equation

= IT+ 2T

sine.

Finally,

snv

where
zeta

(2 < i- < 4)

Z(v)

is

Jacobi's

The results
are plotted
in figure
3.
As can be seen,
the maximum
value
of
C
is reached
at
T = 2.
The asymptotic
value
for large
T
is obtained
from
the solution
of the
static
problem:
V2u

=0

bu

(O,y,T) =-1

(-I

< y < l)

__'ii_i
I_

?r1i _::_L_
,,_-

p i I

_i

,_ _ _.i,r

21
r_ i_

9< q

_,i
_
The

solution

can be

seen

to be

:
whence

the

stress

+l-

x)

is

(x + iy)2 +
' L
In particular,
_

the

stress

at the y-axis

is

(_(O,y) = 0

(lyl< i)

_(O,y):
so that

c(_):

(y>l)

22

APPENDIX

STRESS

The stress
x-direction
at

CONCENTRATIONS

IN

STRINGER

SHEET

in an infinite
stringer
sheet
with
infinity
and with
a suddenly
induced

WITH

HOLE

uniform
stress
in the
hole
can be written

_U

- 8x

(Cl)

i
i

where

satisfies

0
2
272u - 82u

and

the

following

initial

conditions

u(x,y,O)

= x

5u (x,y,O) = 0
8T
and
at

boundary
the

(c3)

conditions

boundary

of

the

hole:

_u : o

(c4a)

_n
and

at

infinity:

_U

(c4b)

-- -_i
5x

These

equations

stresses
around
cular
hole.

an

are

solved

elliptical

in
hole

Static
For

the

first

case_

the

sequel

and

the

for

dynamic

Problem

let
x +

iy

c cosh(_

i_)

two

cases:

stresses

the
around

static
a

cir-

23

hen
the
olli(x)
2se
Iv\

The

differential

(bl

equation

= 1

and

L
1

maps

into

cosh

qD0

= a

sinh

_0

= b

boundary

82u

conditions

82u

where

= _0

become

(q_ >=q)o; o < _ < 2_)

5
0
2

_u(_o,_')
:o
u(m,_)
This

problem

has

the

c e_cos

(o < _ < 2_)

(_ >>q)o;

0 < _ < 2_)

solution

u(_,_) -

a-

(a

cosh

sinh

_)cos

Therefore,
1
a-

The
hole

maximum
on

the

stress

occurs

y-axis)

and

a-

at

cosh _ sinh.qD_
oos_
oos_/

= _,

= _0

(at

the

boundary

of

the

is

=i+

ba

As derived,
this
result
tion
for
a _ b
yields
tration
factor
is

is valid
the same

Ke
where
e
ellipse.

is

the

ratio

of

the

only
for
result.

= 1 +

transverse

> b

Therefore,

But

the

similar
stress

derivaconcen-

(C5)
and

longitudinal

axes

of

the

24

Dynamic
For

and

the

take

dynamic

the

problem

Laplace

boundary-value

with

transform

problem

Problem

circular

hole

= r

cos

@_

= r

sin

in

time.

of

unit

radius,

let

(C6)

(See

appendix

s2u *

= -sr

The

A.)

following

results

_+

8r2

T_-

cos

(c7)

r2 8e2

_u_ (1, e,s) = o

_r

(c8)
u*(r,e,s) ~

r cos

(r >>

l)

The

solution

is

(C9)

u*(r' e' s) - csIrse

_ere

KI

prime

is

denotes
The

the

modified

Bessel

iIs Kl(S
Kl(Sr)
)'

function

of

the

second

kind

and

differentiation.

transform

of

the

stress

at

= O,

= i

is

_/l__sh = ! _ ! Kl(S)
"/_2
s s2 Ki(s)
The

stress-concentration

equation

(ClO).

factor

The
by

integrand
placing

is

given

by

(Cl0)

the

inverse

KI(S)

eSTds

transform

of

Thus,

Kc(T)

valued

the

has

y+i_

(ell)

2_i JT-i_ _i(_) s2

a branch

a branch

cut

point
along

at
the

= 0

negative

and

can

real

be

axis.

made
The

single

....

: ?< k % i!_ _

25

integrand
plane

also

which

dues

at

into

the

has

two

arise

poles

from

the

located
zeros

these

poles,

the

integration

path

around

the

branch

rewritten

in

real

form

to

sOT

Kc(T) = 2-

in

K_.

By

taking

path

in

equation

the

left-hand

account

of

(CII)

cut.

This

latter

after

some

manipulation

can

integral

half-

the

resi-

be

can

warped

then

be

s0 T

.e

i +

+ Jo

yield

symmetrically

of

s02

i +

_02

e- T_d_

_
O3

(C12 )

o(_) - _
II(_
CO
!

where
are

sO

and

modified

the

s0

Bessel
value

of

zeros

of

KI/2,

by

the

(conjugate)

functions

The

refined

are

means

sO

was

K3/2,

of

of

the

found

zeros
first

of

2"

The

the

Newton

iteration

The

result

is

I0

and

and

II

kind.

approximately

and

Kl(S),

by

interpolation

approximate

method

by

value

using

the

by
was

using

then

series

expansion

for

K I.

sO

The
making

integral

the

in

= -0.64355

equation

(C12)

0.50118i

was

evaluated

numerically

after

substitution
V

Ten

intervals

in

the

range

are

accurate

0 <

--- e

-2m

v <

were

used

together

with

Simpson's

rule.
The

results

stress-concentration

ratios

forming
a term-by-term
the right-hand
side of
mation

except
for

inversion
equation

for

these

of the
(CI0).

smallest
values

values

were

of

obtained

T.

The

by

per-

asymptotic-series
expansion
of
The resulting
small-time
approxi-

is

T2

_c(T) = 1 + T - "4
The

the

small

results

are

plotted

in

figure

4.

T3

48 + "

(T << l)

(ClS)

26

REFERENCES

i. Eward,
John C.:
cal Aerodynamics
Rep. 951, 1950.

Use of Source Distributions

for Evaluating
Theoretiof Thin Finite Wings at Supersonic
Speeds.
NACA

2. Milne-Thomson,
L. M.:
Jacobian
lications,
Inc., 1950.

Elliptic

Function

Tables.

Dover

Pub-

P
0

8ci

<

_n

%uawDli3

_L

_1

OI

_'0

O'i

d_
l-=d

_'I

0"8

cO
OJ

ep_w

Oh
OJ

Xluappns

s! %!IS

0
oo
I

_'0

enlo^

o!%o$S

 aTo__-Lmo_Ta

pa_OT.m._

OJ
0

8
I

9
I

?
I

_
I

0
I

_'0

0"I

0"_

NASA TN D-882
National
Aeronautics
and Space Administration.
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
IN FILAMENTARY
STRUCTURES.
John M. Hedgepeth.
May 1961.
30p.
OTS price,
$0.75.
(NASA TECHNICAL
NOTE

I.
II.

Hedgepeth,
John Mills
NASA TN D-882

(Initial
NASA distrib utin:_
51, Stresses
and toads;
52, Structures.)

D-882)

NASA TN D-882
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
IN FILAMENTARY
STRUCTURES.
John M. Hedgepeth.
May 1961.
30p.
OTS price,
$0.75.
(NASA TECHNICAL
NOTE

I.
II.

Hedgepeth,
John Mills
NASA TN D-882

(Initial
NASA distribution:`
51, Stresses and toads;
52, Structures.)

D-882)

Theoretical
analyses
are made of the stress
distributions in a sheet of parallel
filaments
which carry
normal
loads and are imbedded
in a matrix
which
carries
only shear.
In all cases,
uniform
loading at
infinity
is assumed
and small-deflection
elasticity
theory is used.
Static and dynamic
stressconcentration
factors
due to one or more filaments
being broken
are determined.
Particular
attention
is
paid the dynamic
overshoot
resulting
when the filaments are suddenly
broken.

Theoretical
analyses
are made of the stress
distributions in a sheet of parallel
filaments
which carry
normal
loads and are imbedded in a matrix
which
carries
only shear.
In all cases,
uniform
loading
at
infinity
is assumed
and small-deflection
elasticity
theory.is
used.
Static and dynamic stressconcentration
factors
due to one or more filaments
being broken are determined,
particular
attention is
paid the dynamic overshoot
resulting
when the filaments are suddenly broken.

NASA
NASA

NASA TN D-882
National
Aeronautics
and Space Administration.
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
IN FILAMENTARY
STRUCTURES.
John M. Hedgepeth.
May 1961.
30p.
OTS price,
$0.75.
(NASA TECHNICAL
NOTE

I.
II.

Hedgepeth,
John Mills
NASA TN D-882

(Initial NASA distribution:

51, Stresses
andioads;
59., Structures.)

D-882)

NASA TN D-882
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
IN FILAMENTARY
STRUCTURES.
John M. I-ledgepeth. May 1961.
30p. OTS price, $0.75.
(NASA TECHNICAL
NOTE

I.
II.

Hedgepeth,
John
NASA TN D-882

(Initial NASA distrib utin:_

51, Stresses
and loads;
52, Structures.)

D-882)

Theoretical analyses are made of the stress distributions in a sheet of parallelfilaments which carry
normal loads and are imbedded in a matrix which
carries only shear. In allcases, uniform loading at
infinityis assumed and small-deflection elasticity
theory is used. Staticand dynamic stressconcentrationfactors due to one or more filaments
being broken are determined. Particular attentionis
19aidthe dynamic overshoot resultingwhen the filaments are suddenly broken.

Theoretical
analyses
are made of the stress
distributions in a sheet of parallel
filaments
which carry
normal loads and are imbedded
in a matrix
which
carries
only shear.
In all cases,
uniform loading
at
infinity is assumed
and small-deflection
elasticity
theory is used.
Static and dynamic stressconcentration
factors
due to one or more filaments
being broken are determined,
particular
attention is
paid the dynamic
overshoot
resulting
when the filaments are suddenly broken.

NASA
NASA

Milts