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Libas Leaves as Herbal

Laxative

Life Science
Investigatory Project
Proponent :
Trabajo, Hazel C.

Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety and
effectiveness of a herbal laxative in human out of Libas leaves by determining its
potential for antibacterial activity after observing the results of the study in taking the
experiment. Study on the effectiveness of the said Libas leaves found to be safe at the
doses 5grams/day. General behavior adverse effects and were determined for up to 5
days. In view of the dose of Spondias pinnata, kurz. consumed in traditional medicine,
there is a wide margin of safety for the therapeutic use of Libas leaves as herbal
laxative. Thus, the researcher recommend the following : Improvement of this herbal
laxative are likewise suggested to attract consumers such as making this herbal laxative
in form of another product. Further research should be conducted to make the herbal
laxative more effective and prolong its effectiveness.

Acknowledgement
The researcher duly acknowledges the magnanimity of various
editors and authors in permitting this writer to use excerpts of their
published materials with due acknowledgements. Thanks are also due to the
researchers first cousin for letting use her technology equipment in order to make my
study just a short-time process. And also for all the people who help me to get the raw
material of this study which is very difficult to find.

Dedication

Dedicated to Ms. Flordeliz O. Bucad who encourages me to seriously take this


study even at some point, I almost give up in making this study when it finds me difficult
in pursuing this. Dedication is also to my parents who were my inspiration and my
strength since then.

Table of Contents
A. Preliminaries
Title page
Abstract
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Table of Contents
Proposed Figures
B. Chapter 1
Introduction
Statement of the problem & Specific Questions
Significance of the Study
Delimitation of the Study
Definition of terms
C. Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
a) Local
b) Foreign
c) Other Readings

1
2
3
4
5-6
7
9-10
11
12
13
14
16-21

D. Chapter 3
Research design
Respondents/Content of the study
Sampling techniques
Data gathering Procedures
Statistical Treatment

23
24-26
27
28-29
30

E. Chapter 4
Analysis & Interpretation

32-33

F. Chapter 5
Conclusion
G. Chapter 6
Bibliographies
Others :
Appendices
Curriculum Vitae
Questionnaire / Interviewer Guide

35
37-40

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Readings & other Document

Proposed Figure

The figure shows the boiled leaves of Libas (Spondias pinnata)


which is the finish product of the present study.

Chapter I
Introduction
S. pinnata Kurz (syns. Mangifera pinnata L. f), family Anacardiaceae is found in
India, Sri Lanka and other South-East Asian countries. In India it is commonly seen in
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the deciduous to semi-evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, homesteads, fallows as


well as on the road sides. It is a deciduous, rigid and symmetrical tree of approximately
20m height. It is stately in appearance and has pinnate leaves (2060 cm in length),
composed of 9 to 25 glossy, elliptic or obviate-oblong leaflets (6.2510 cm long) and
finely toothed toward the apex.
The fruit is a fleshy drupe, up to 4.5 cm in diameter and contains a large stone.
The peels and seeds may amount to 60% of the total fruit weight. All parts of the plant
emit a fetid, turpentine like odor when broken or brushed; the smell varies from species
to species and is characteristic (Anonymous, 1992). The fruit is aromatic (the fragrance
resembles that of apricot), astringent and refrigerant and is used for toning and
treatment of rheumatic articular and muscular pain (Kritikar, 1975). The young leaves,
flowers, and fruits are edible.
The green fruit is pickled in brine and is commonly used in culinary preparations
such as curries, condiments, jams and sherbet in countries where it grows naturally. The
genus Spondias includes 17 described species, 7 of which are native to the neotropics
and about 10 are native to tropical Asia.

The

phytochemistry of this plant has been studied by Tandon and Rastogi (1976). Selection
of the fruit from literature (Maisuthisakul, Suttajit & Pongsawatmanit, 2007)wasmade on
the basis of its common use in the treatment of infectious diseases like fever, bronchitis,
ulcer, diarrhea, dysentery and skin diseases. Its bark has been reported for its large
amount of flavonoids, phenolic compounds and high antioxidant and free radical
scavenging activities (Hazra, Biswas, & Mandal, 2008).

In

spite of the use of Spondias pinnata, kurz. in traditional medicine and its potential for

toxicity, a 48 years old woman told the researcher that this kind of plant also having an
antibacterial activity, a laxative in human respectively. The said potential of this plant are
proven 40 years ago, stated by the woman. The researcher did not find any studies
related with these.

Therefore, the aim

of the present study was to investigate Spondias pinnata, kurz of what particular
substance it contains which has the potential for antibacterial activity that is very useful
when proven.

Statement of the problem & Specific Questions

-What particular substances do Spondias pinnata kurz contain in performing


antibacterial activity?
Objectives :
-General Objective
To discover that Spondias pinnata kurz can be a human herbal laxative effectively.
Specific Objective :
To prove that the Spondias pinnata kurz can truly perform an antibacterial activity, as a
herbal laxative in human respectively.
Specific Questions

What bacteria or a humans intestinal worms can be killed by this herbal laxative?
Is this kind of herbal laxative is safe, no harmful effects ?
What particular benefits it can give?
Is this kind of herbal laxative can be taken for all people who necessarily need it?

Significance of the Study

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The rationale of the study is to prove that Libas leaves really has the potential for
the antibacterial activity in humans organ / to prove that Libas leaves truly can be an
herbal laxative in human respectively.
Students : For the student, who know some person who suffers an intestinal
disorders? Then he/she can help them by recommending this study to them.
Parents : For the parents, they can easily use this study when a member of the
family can experience humans intestinal disorders.
Community : For the knowledge, Libas Leaves is not only a plant but it can also
be an alternative purgative in human respectively.
Researchers : For the researchers, we must figure out the other use/products
that can be very useful for the consumers out of Libas.

Delimitation of the Study


11

This study was conducted to investigate how real the Libas leaves can be a
herbal laxative in human. The aspects looked into were the herbal laxative, how it
lessens intestinal worms of human, and the performance of the product and the
problems and proposed solution of our product.

Definition of Terms

12

Libas
Libas is a tree reaching a height of about 25 meters and a diameter of about 60
centimeters. Bark surface is smooth, with irregular cracks, grey to pale reddish brown,
exuding a clear, sticky sap with a turpentine smell. Leaves are alternate, pinnately
compound, 20 centimeters or more in length. Leaflets are pointed at the apex, rounded
or abruptly pointed at the base, 7 to 14 centimeters in length. Flowers are small and in
panicles. Fruit is rounded, yellow, a one-seeded drupe, with a finely flavored, edible
pulp.

Herbal laxative
Herbal laxative can be obtained from a herb which has the antibacterial potential
to loosen stools and increase bowel movements. They are used to treat and
prevent constipation. Herbal laxatives vary based on how they work and the side effects
they have.

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Chapter II
Review of Related Literature

Review of Related Literature


(Local)

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Libas is widely distributed in the Philippines. The tree is used as shade and
living fence posts. Wood is utilized in temporary construction, mouldings, interior finish,
drawers, turnery articles, carvings, core stock of plywood and pulp. Because of its
lightness and softness, the wood is more suitable in the manufacture of matchsticks,
matchboxes, boxes and crates. Leaves have a sour taste are edible. When young
leaves are used as ingredient in meat stew and filling for fish sinanglay, a Bicolano
delicacy. Bicolanos also use dried young leaves in the preparation of laing, a favorite
and popular dish among the local people. Leaves are also used as feeds for cattle. The
fruits have a sour taste. They are eaten raw and can be made into jams, jellies and
juices. It is also given to pigs as feeds. The bark, leaves and fruits have medicinal
properties and is used in the treatment of wounds, sores and burns.
Studies shows that Libas leaves have sub acid components which made it to be
a better souring agent. Leaves and fruits are sour and used in stews and the filling for
the fish dish "sinanglay," a Bicolano delicacy.

In the Philippines , Libas (Spondias pinnata) is a very useful plant in the community.
It
s wood is employed for packing cases, tea chests and match splints.
The fruits are eaten as a vegetable when green and as a fruit when ripe. Fruits are very
nutritious and rich in vitamin A, minerals and iron content.
The bark is useful in dysentery and diarrhea, and is also given to prevent vomiting.
The root is considered useful in regulating menstruation.
The plant is reported to have anti-tubercular properties.
The leaves are aromatic, acidic and astringent. They are used for flavoring.
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The flowers are sour and used in curry as a flavoring and also eaten raw.
Through value addition of this wild edible fruit tree plant the local people make chutney,
jam and pickle. By production and marketing of these products, the local people may
increase their socio-economic status.

(Foreign)

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An investigation in Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, A.P India. was carried out


to evaluate the safety of an ethanol extract of Spondias pinnata, kurz. (EESP) by
determining its potential toxicity after acute and chronic administration in rats.
Study on acute toxicity of extract found to be safe at the doses 2000mg/kg body
weight orally as per OECD guidelines No.423. General behavior adverse effects and
mortality were determined for up to 14 days. In the chronic toxicity study, the EESP was
administered orally at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg once in a week for 6 weeks to
rats. Biochemical and hematological parameters were determined after 6 weeks.
In the acute study in rats, there was no toxicity/ death was observed at the dose of
2000mg/kg b.w. The onset of toxicity and signs of toxicity also not there. In the chronic
toxicity study, no significant treatment-related changes in the levels of haematological,
hepatic and renal parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, cholesterol, creatinine, urea, uric
acid, protein and glucose, and serum ALP activities were observed at the termination of
the study. It suggests that the ethanol extract of Spondias pinnata, kurz. does not
appear to have significant toxicity. In view of the dose of Spondias pinnata, kurz.
consumed in traditional medicine, there is a wide margin of safety for the therapeutic
use of the ethanol extract of Spondias pinnata, kurz.

The study of the Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh


786004, Assam, India examined the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of the
stem bark of Spondias pinnata, Moringa oleifera and Alstonia scholaris.
The antibacterial activity of these plant materials was tested against six different
bacteria: Grampositive(Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus)

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and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa)


by the agar dilution method. Of the three plants investigated, Alstonia scholaris showed
highestantibacterial activity having a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 g/ml
against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis.
A recent study demonstrated a potential antioxidant capacity for raw Spondias pinnata
K., an exotic fruit of India. The authors suggest Spondias pinnata K. may contain
neutraceutical and therapeutic potential for chronic diseases like diabetes (Satpathy et al,
2011). Yang et al. review the potent therapeutic effects of Longan fruit, emphasizing its
potent antioxidant and antiglycated activity, hinting a role in prevention of diabetic
complications (Yang et al, 2011). "

Another study on June 22, 2010 at Centre for Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati


University, Santiniketan-731235, West Bengal, India , The antimicrobial activity of resin
of Spondias pinnata Kurz. (Anacardiaceae) was evaluated on Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sakazakii and Acinetobacter
baumannii.

Resin extracts were made in different organic solvents. In vitro antimicrobial


activities of resin extracts were studied by disc diffusion method and macrodilution
assays. The microorganism most susceptible to the resin extract was found to be B.
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subtilis, a Gram (+) bacteria. The extracts did not inhibit the growth of Gram (-) bacteria
and S. cerevisiae, a fungus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum
bactericidal concentration (MBC) were between 0.5 1.0 mg/ml for B.subtilis with
extracts obtained in petroleum ether. The thermal stability tests showed that the
antimicrobial activity found in the extracts was heat stable. In the phytochemical tests,
phytosterols and flavonoids gave positive results; carbohydrates and fixed oil also may
be present. Saponins, tannins and proteins appeared to be absent. Bioautography
experiments revealed the presence, in resin extracts, of one major component and four
minor components which inhibited the growth of Gram (+) bacteria.

Spondias pinnata (Anacardiaceae) stem heart wood are well known in India as
Jangliaam (Hindi), Adavimaamidi, Kondamaamidi (Telugu), Common hog plum, Indian
mombin (English) of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts was prepared and tested for
its hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced in rats. Alteration in the
levels of biochemical markers of hepatic damage like SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin were
tested in both treated and untreated groups. Carbon tetrachloride has enhanced the
SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin levels. Treatment with ethyl acetate extract of S. pinnata
stem heart wood (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) has brought back the altered levels of
biochemical markers to the near normal levels in the dose dependent manner.
This was evident from significant reduction in serum enzyme, SGOT, SGPT, ALP and
Total bilirubin (TB).Various pathological changes like centribular necrosis and
vacuolization were observed in CCl4 treated rats, which were significant protective
activity

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in groups treated with SP and silymarin. It was concluded from the study that ethyl
acetate and methanolic extracts of SP possess hepatoprotective activity against CCl4
induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

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Chapter III

21

Research Design
The researcher made use an experimental quantitative research utilizing
descriptive correlation techniques and use a standard format, with a few minor
interdisciplinary differences of generating a hypothesis to be proved or disproved. This
hypothesis must be provable by mathematical and statistical means, and is basis
around which the whole experiment is designed.
Quantitative experiments are useful for testing the results gained by a series of
qualitative experiments, leading to a final answer, and a tightening down of possible
directions for follow up research to take. This design was appropriate in this
investigatory project.

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Respondents/Contents of the study

Numerical Legend
5

Fair

Poor

Descriptive Legend
Outstanding

Very Good

Good

Effectiveness
Respondents
1.Rona Bestudio
2. Crystal Vistal
3. Marie Bestudio
4. Jeann Campuso
5. Phet Leonel
6. EJ Tundaan
7. Shelby Terio
8. Marites Buhian
9. Marites Buhian
10. Ruben Ecleo
11. Kristine Salmo
12. Daryll Pesa
13. Anna Eviota
14. Flor Fuentes
15. Joy Alejandro
16. Dayan Juntilla
17. Miggy Dot
18. Mika Banes
19. Dave Ybanez
20. Jaryll Tbalan
21. Jessa Monda
22. Mayate Henso

Herbal

Comm

Safeness

Cost

Herbal

Commer

Herbal

Comm2e

4
5
3
2
5
5

ercial
3
5
4
4
2
2

5
2
4
5
5
5

cial
5
5
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4
4

rcial
3
2
2
2
2
2

5
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
2
2
3
4
2
5
5
3

2
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
5
5

5
5
5
5
5
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

3
3
3
3
3
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

4
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
5
5
5

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
3
3
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23. Koko Alsola


24.Vince Alcoriza
25. John Verdoold
26.She Semac
27. Greg Hiya
28. Jane Lerio
29. Nadia Den
30. Doray Jegga

5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
2
2
2
2
3

5
4
3
4
3
4
4
4

4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

Item :

Effectiveness
Safeness
Cost

Herbal
4.13
4.47
4.37

Commercial
2.03
4.45
2.5

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Sampling Techniques
The process of conducting this study is known sampling (Labiondo-Wood &
Haber). A portion of libas leaves weigh 500 g is mixed with 1000 ml of water. Libas
leaves was gathered by the researcher. Now , it is being boiled so that the raw material
can be eaten. The data would have made possible to accomplish within the time
constraints which is available for conducting this research.

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Data Gathering and Procedures

Collecting Materials

Washing the leaves


Boiling the leaves
Collecting Materials
This unit discusses the materials and procedures that will be employed in the
present study to perform the experiment.

Washing the leaves

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Observing cleanliness of the raw material is a must. The researcher makes sure
that there were no nasty stuff in the raw material for the safety in performing the
expirement.

Boiling the leaves


After preparing the materials and cleaning the main materials, the researcher
boiled the leaves so that it can be eaten as herbal laxative as what the researchers
goal for this experiment.

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Statistical Treatment

We used Karl Pearsons formula in order to find the Mean Value, we must find
the middle value of each Age Range. Karl Pearsons formula is n/e. N stands for the
total rates while e stands for number of respondents. The data collected were tabulated
and analyzed. Analyses of data were guided by mean. This will produce the average
value of them.

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Chapter IV
Analysis & Interpretation

29

Analysis

The data gathered was seriously interpreted :


a. Melanosis coli, also pseudomelanosis coli, hookworms, roundworms, whipworm,
and pinworm can be eradicate by the present product.
b. The present product is not harmful to any respondents except pregnant women
and people with chronic diseases like sickle cell anemia. It is safe as well as in
the environment for it is natural and no harmful substances.
c. The present study can perform antibacterial activity in human respectively, can
treat and prevent constipation.
There is a significance difference among the chemical content of the herbal laxative
from the commercial ones.

Materials and Equipments


Below are the listed materials and equipments needed in this study to produce a
herbal laxative out of libas leaves.

Table 1.
The name of the ingredients and amount used to conduct this study.

500
1000

Grams
Ml

Libas leaves
Water
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Table 2
The equipment and their function uses in conducting the study.
Non- reactive pot
knife
plate
small basin

Used to help in boiling the libas leaves


Used in gathering the raw material
Used in order to place the finish product.
Used in washing the libas leaves

Graph presentation

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5

Herbal laxative
Commercial laxative

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Safeness

Effectiveness

Cost

\
The graph shows that the herbal laxative is more effective and more affordable than
the commercial ones but still both are having good performance during the application
to the respondents.

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Chapter V
Summary, Conclusion
& Interpretation

Conclusion

32

Arriving at the results and outputs , the researcher conclude after the hard
investigation produce on how to prove that libas leaves can perform antibacterial
activity as herbal laxative. The researcher found out that the present product can
truly, effectively, and so affordable that can be a herbal laxative in performing
antibacterial activity and since the raw material is in our sorroundings.

Moreover, it is proven that it is not harmful to any respondents except pregnant


women and people with chronic diseases like sickle cell anemia. It is safe as well as
in the environment for it is natural and no harmful substances.

33

Chapter VI

Bibliographies

34

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Agoramoorthy, G., Chandrasekaran, M., Venkatesalu, V., & Hsu, J. M. (2007).


Antibacterial and antifungal activities of fatty acid methyl esters of the Blindyoureye mangrove from India. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38, 739.742.
Ali, S. S., Kasoju, N., Luthra, A., Singh, A., Sharanabasava, H., Sahu, A., & Bora, U.
(2008).

Indian medicinal herbs as sources of antioxidants. Food Research International, 41


(1), 1.15.Almaraz-Abarca, N., Campos, G. M., Avila-Reyes, A. J., Naranjo-Jimenez,
N., Herrera- Corral, J., & Gonzalez-Valdez, S. L. (2004). Variability of antioxidant
activity among honeybee-collected pollen of different botanical origin. Interciencia,
29(10), 574.579.

Almela, L., Sanchez-Munoz, B., Fernandez-Lopez, J. A., Roca, M., & Rabe, V.
(2006). Liquid chromatograpic.mass spectrometric analysis of phenolics and free
radical scavenging activity of rosemary extract from different raw material. Journal of
Chromatography A, 1120, 221.229.

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Ames, B. N., Shigenaga, M. K., & Hagen, T. M. (1993). Oxidants, antioxidants and
the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 90 (8), 7915.7922.

Anonymous (1992). The wealth of India, a dictionary of Indian raw materials


publication and information directorate, Vol.10. (pp. 19.20)New Delhi: CSIR.
Bandoniene, D., Murkovic, M., Pfannhauser, W., Venskutonis, P. R., & Gruzdiene, D.
(2002). Detection and activity evaluation of radical scavenging compounds by
using DPPH free radical and on-line HPLC-DPPH methods. Eur. Food Res.
Technol., 214, 143.147.

Bravo, L., Goya, L., & Lecumberri, E. (2007). LC/MS characterization of phenolic
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compared to commonly consumed beverages. Food Research International, 40(3),
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Antioxidant activity of extracts from Acacia confusa bark and heartwood. Journal of
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Choi, H. S. (2003). Character impact odorants of Citrus Hallabong [(C. unshiu
Marcov~C. sinensis Osbeck)~C. reticulata Blanco] cold-pressed peel oil. Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 2687.2692.
2086 G. Satpathy et al. / Food Research International 44 (2011) 2076.2087

36

Souci, S. W., Fachmann, W., & Kraut, H. (1986). Food composition and nutrition
tables 1986/87. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschafi mbH. Germany: Stuttgart.
Stratil, P., Klejdus, B., & Kuban, V. (2006). Determination of total content of Phenolic
compounds and their antioxidant activity in vegetables . Evaluation of
spectrophotometric methods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(3),
607.616.

Suvimol, C., & Pranee, A. (2008). Bioactive compounds and volatile compounds of
Thai bael fruit (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa) as a valuable source for functional food
ingredients. International Food Research Journal, 15(3). Tandon, S., & Rastogi, R. P.
(1976). Studies on the chemical constituents of Spondias pinnata. Planta Medica,
29, 190.192.

Tyagi, Y. K., Kumar, A., Raj, H. G., Vohra, P., & Gupta, R. K. (2005). Synthesis and
comparative antioxidant evaluation of novel 4-methyl coumarins. European Journal
of Medicinal Chemistry, 40, 413.420.

Vagi, E., Simandi, B.A., & Hethelyi, E. (2005). Essential oil composition and
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Curicculum Vitae
37

HAZEL C. TRABAJO
Brgy. Penaplata , Samal District
Island Garden City of Samal
trabajo.hazel@yahoo.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary Education :

Samal National High School, Penaplata,

Samal District, IGACOS (2015)


Elementary Education : Matingbe Elementary School, San Jose, Dinagat
Province, Surigao del Norte
Personal Information :
Birth date : April 29, 1999
Place of birth : Matingbe, San Jose, Dinagat Province, Surigao Del Norte
Citizenship : Filipino
Status : Student
Age : 16
Father : Danilo Udarve Trabajo
Mother : Petronila Campuso Trabajo
Brother : Niel Campuso Trabajo
Sister : Kimverly Campuso Trabajo

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Permit to Conduct study

This research is entitled Libas leaves as Herbal Laxative , prepared and


submitted by Hazel C. Trabajo, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Science Investigatory Project, has been examined and is hereby recommended for
approval and acceptance.

JENNIFER A. EMBERADOR
Adviser

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