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Tuesday, 23 October 12
Tuesday, 23 October 12
Tuesday, 23 October 12
Cartilages
Bones
Joints
Ligaments
Other connective tissues
Cartilage
Embryo
More prevalent than in
adult
Skeleton initially mostly
cartilage
Bone replaces cartilage
in fetal and childhood
periods
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Tuesday, 23 October 12
Epiglottis flap
keeping food out of
lungs
Cartilaginous rings
holding open the air
tubes of the
respiratory system
(trachea and bronchi)
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Articular discs such as
meniscus in knee joint
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PERICHONDRIUM
Dense irregularly
arranged connective
tissue (type I
collagen)
Ensheaths the
cartilage
Houses the blood
vessels that nourish
chondrocytes
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CHONDROBLAST
Progenitor of
chondrocytes
Lines border
between
perichondrium and
matrix
Secretes type II
collagen and other
ECM components
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CHONDROCYTE
Mature cartilage
cell
Reside in a space
called the lacuna
Clear areas =
Golgi and lipid
droplets
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Chondrocytes
completely fill their
lacunae
RER and
euchromatic nuclei
Synthetically
active, secrete
matrix
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N
RER
Cartilage matrix
MATRIX
GROUND SUBSTANCE
Glycosaminoglycans
(chondroitin sulfates,
keratin sulfate, hyaluronic
acid)
Proteoglycans: GAGs +
core protein
Water
Basophilic
Territorial matrix - high [ ]
of sulfated
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CARTILAGE GROWTH
Appositional
Growth from outside
Chrondroblasts in perichondrium
(external covering of cartilage) secrete
matrix
Interstitial
Growth from within
Chondrocytes within divide and secrete
new matrix
Cartilage stops growing in late teens
(chrondrocytes stop dividing)
Regenerates poorly in adults
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TYPES OF CARTILAGE
HYALINE
ELASTIC
FIBROUS
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Types of cartilage: 3
1. Hyaline cartilage: flexible and
resilient
3. Fibrocartilage: resists
compression and tension
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Elastic Cartilage
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FIBROCARTILAGE
FUNCTION
Support with great
tensile strength
MATRIX
Type I collagen Oriented parallel to
stress plane
LOCATION
Intervertebral disks,
pubic symphysis
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Types of
Cartilage
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Bone Membranes
Periosteum
Provides anchoring points for
tendons and ligaments
Double-layered protective
membrane, supplied with nerve
fibers, blood, and lymphatic
vessels entering the bone via
nutrient foramina.
Inner osteogenic layer is
composed of osteoblasts and
osteoclasts
Endosteum
Delicate CT membrane covering
internal surfaces of bone
Covers trabeculae of spongy
bone
Lines canals in compact bone
Also contains both osteoblasts
and osteoclasts
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Table 6.1
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Osteons
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Cells in Bone
Osteoprogenitor cells precursors to osteoblasts
Osteocytes - mature bone cells between lamellae
Osteoclasts - bone-destroying cells, break down
bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Source of acid, enzymes for osteolysis
Calcium homeostasis
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1. Osteoblasts
Bone-building cells.
Synthesize and
secrete collagen
fibers and other
organic
components of
bone matrix.
Initiate the process
of calcification.
Found in both the
periosteum and the
endosteum
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2. Osteocytes
Mature bone
cells.
Osteoblasts that
have become
trapped by the
secretion of
matrix.
No longer secrete
matrix.
Responsible for
maintaining the
bone tissue.
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3.
Osteoclasts
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Bone Development
Osteogenesis or Ossification the
process of bone tissue formation that
leads to:
The formation of the skeleton in embryos
Bone growth until early adulthood
Bone thickness, remodeling, and repair
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Intramembranous Ossification
An ossification center
appears in the fibrous
connective tissue
membrane
Osteoblasts secrete
bone matrix within the
fibrous membrane
Osteoblasts mature
into osteocytes
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Intramembranous Ossification
The bone matrix develops
into trabeculae.
The trabeculae formed from
various ossification centers
fuse with one another to
create spongy bone.
Eventually the spaces
between trabeculae fill with
red bone marrow.
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Tuesday, 23 October 12
Endochondral Ossification
Chondrocytes at
the center of the
growing cartilage
model enlarge and
then die as the
matrix calicifies.
Newly derived
osteoblasts cover
the shaft of the
cartilage in a thin
layer of bone.
Blood vessels
penetrate the
cartilage. New
osteoblasts form a
primary ossification
center.
Enlarging
chondrocytes within
calcifying matrix
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphyseal
cartilage
Marrow
cavity
Primary
ossification
center
Bone
formation
Marrow
cavity
Blood
vessel
Secondary
ossification
center
Blood
vessel
Cartilage
model
Figure 6-5
1 of 6
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Epiphyseal Plate
Cartilage is organized for
quick, efficient growth
Cartilage cells form tall stacks
Chondroblasts at the top of
stacks divide quickly
Pushes the epiphysis away
from the diaphysis
Lengthens entire long bone
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Figure 6-6
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CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSPLASIA
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Bone - Remodeling/Homeostasis
Role of Remodeling in Support
RemodelingContinuous breakdown and
reforming of bone tissue
Shapes reflect applied loads
Mineral turnover enables adapting to new
stresses
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Bone Remodeling
Bone is active tissue small changes in bone architecture
occur continuously 5 to 7% of bone mass is recycled weekly
spongy bone is replaced every 3-4 years and compact bone
approximately every 10 years
Remodeling Units adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts
deposit and reabsorb bone at periosteal and endosteal
surfaces
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Bone Remodeling
Bone Depostition
Occurs when bone is injured or extra strength is needed
Requires a healthy diet - protein, vitamins C, D, and A, and
minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, etc.)
Bone Resorption
Accomplished by Osteoclasts (multinucleate phagocytic cells)
Resorption involves osteoclast secretion of:
Lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix
HCl that converts calcium salts into soluble forms
Dissolved matrix is endocytosed and transcytosed into the
interstitial fluid the blood
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Bone - Remodeling/Homeostasis
Homeostasis and Mineral Storage
Bones store calcium
Contain 99% of body calcium
Store up to two kg calcium
Hormones control storage/release
PTH, calcitriol release bone calcium
Calcitonin stores bone calcium
Blood levels kept constant
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Fractures
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Fracture
Repair
Step 1:
A. Immediately
after the
fracture,
extensive
bleeding
occurs. Over a
period of
several hours,
a large blood
clot, or fracture
hematoma,
develops.
B. Bone cells at
the site become
deprived of
nutrients and
die. The site
becomes
swollen,
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Step 2:
A. Granulation tissue is formed as the hematoma is
infiltrated by capillaries and macrophages, which
begin to clean up the debris.
B. Some fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that span
the break , while others differentiate into
chondroblasts and begin secreting cartilage
matrix.
C. Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone.
D. This entire structure is known as a
fibrocartilaginous callus and it splints the broken
bone.
Fracture
Repair
Step 3:
A. Bone trabeculae
increase in
number and
convert the
fibrocartilaginous
callus into a bony
callus of spongy
bone. Typically
takes about 6-8
weeks for this to
occur.
Step 4:
A. During the next several months, the bony callus is continually
remodeled.
B. Osteoclasts work to remove the temporary supportive structures
while osteoblasts rebuild the compact bone and reconstruct the
bone so it returns to its original shape/structure.
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Fracture Types
Fractures are often classified according to the
position of the bone ends after the break:
Open (compound) bone ends penetrate the
skin.
Closed (simple) bone ends dont penetrate the
skin.
Comminuted bone fragments into 3 or more
pieces.
Common in the
elderly (brittle bones).
Greenstick
bone breaks incompletely. One
side bent,
one side broken.
Common in children
whose bone contains more collagen and
are
less mineralized.
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Osteoporosis
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This bone:
a. Has been demineralized
b. Has had its organic component removed
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Joints
Rigid elements of the skeleton meet at joints
or articulations
Greek root arthro means joint
Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Articulations can be
Bone to bone
Bone to cartilage
Teeth in bony sockets
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Classification of Joints
Joints can be classified by function or
structure
Functional
Synarthroses immovable joints
Amphiarthroses slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses freely moveable joints
Structural
Fibrous joints - generally immovable
Cartilaginous joints - immovable or slightly
moveable
Synovial joints - freely moveable
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Functional Classification
Functional classification based on amount of
movement
Synarthroses immovable joints
Suture very short CT fibers, e.g. between cranial bones
Gomphosis teeth in sockets
Synchondrosis hyaline cartilage unites bones, e.g.
epiphyseal plate, costal cartilage of 1st rib and manubrium
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Classifications of Joints
Structural classification based on
Material that binds bones together
Presence or absence of a joint cavity
Structural classifications include
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
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Fibrous Joints
Bones are connected by fibrous
connective tissue
Primarily dense regular CT
Do not have a joint cavity
Most are immovable or slightly movable
Types
Sutures
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Figure 9.1c
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Cartilaginous Joints
Symphyses
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Symphyses
Fibrocartilage unites bones resists tension and
compression
Hyaline cartilage also present as articular cartilage
Slightly movable joints that provide strength with flexibility
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
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Synovial Joints
Most movable type of joint
All are diarthroses
Each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity
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(Gliding)
Figure 5.29ac
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tuesday, 23 October 12
Slide
(Ellipsoidal)
Figure 5.29df
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tuesday, 23 October 12
Slide
Tuesday, 23 October 12