The document summarizes revolutions and nationalism in Russia, China, India, and Southwest Asia between 1900-1939. It describes prominent revolutionary leaders including Sun Yixian, who established the Nationalist Party in China; Lenin, who led the Bolshevik revolution in Russia; and Gandhi, who advocated non-violent civil disobedience to achieve Indian independence. Key events discussed are the collapse of Chinese imperial rule, revolutions in Russia including Bloody Sunday and World War I, and the rise of nationalism in various countries.
The document summarizes revolutions and nationalism in Russia, China, India, and Southwest Asia between 1900-1939. It describes prominent revolutionary leaders including Sun Yixian, who established the Nationalist Party in China; Lenin, who led the Bolshevik revolution in Russia; and Gandhi, who advocated non-violent civil disobedience to achieve Indian independence. Key events discussed are the collapse of Chinese imperial rule, revolutions in Russia including Bloody Sunday and World War I, and the rise of nationalism in various countries.
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The document summarizes revolutions and nationalism in Russia, China, India, and Southwest Asia between 1900-1939. It describes prominent revolutionary leaders including Sun Yixian, who established the Nationalist Party in China; Lenin, who led the Bolshevik revolution in Russia; and Gandhi, who advocated non-violent civil disobedience to achieve Indian independence. Key events discussed are the collapse of Chinese imperial rule, revolutions in Russia including Bloody Sunday and World War I, and the rise of nationalism in various countries.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Sun Yixian *Chapter-Cram in 3 pages* • “Father of Modern China” 1900 ~ 1939 o first revolutionary of Kuomintang / Russia · China · India · Southeast Asia Nationalist Party • “Three Principles of the People” Prominent People 1. nationalism: end to foreign control 2. people’s rights: democracy 3. people’s livelihood: economic security for Revolutions in Russia all Chinese Nicholas I (clung to autocracy principles) • lacked authority and military support ↓ Alexander II (reform-minded but assassinated) Yuan Shikai ↓ • powerful general quickly betrayed Alexander III (turned Russia into police state filled w/ democratic ideals spies + informers) • sparked local revolts as military dictator ↓ Nicholas II Mao Zedong • stubbornly refused to surrender any power • “Great Helmsman” • created and dissolved the Duma • goal: to stage a Communist revolution in • abdicates throne after March Revolution China led by peasants Lenin • China’s greatest revolutionary leader • “Father of the Revolution” • believed in Marx and Lenin’s revolutionary • goal: to promote world-wide Communist ideals revolution led by workers Jiang Jieshi • engaging, ruthless organizer of radical • headed Kuomintang after Sun Yixian died Bolsheviks • feared creating socialist economy • avoided arrest by escaping to western • turned against and led Shanghai massacre Europe • restores order by economic and political reforms Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia Rasputin Gandhi • hypnotized Alexandra’s hemophilic son • Mahatma – “Great Soul” • allowed to make key political decisions • goal: to achieve Indian self-rule through civil o opposed reform measures disobedience o obtained powerful positions for his friends • lawyer who fought for independence o spread corruption throughout royal court movement and against racial prejudice • drowned after surviving poison cakes and • Salt March gun shots
Karl Marx Kemal
• wrote The Communist Manifesto • “Father of the Turks” • used the term communism to describe • brilliant commander overthrew last Ottoman classless society after workers seize power sultan • “dictatorship of the proletariat” • modernized Turkey with sweeping reforms o laws of nation and laws of Islam Stalin separated • “Man of Steel” religious courts abolished • goal: to perfect Communist Russia though new legal system based on totalitarian rule European law • appeared to provide sense of security and women rights to vote and hold give direction for future public office • command economy o gov’t-funded programs • Russian industrial and agricultural industrialization revolutions economic growth Reza Shah Pahlavi o imperialist Russia and Japan competes for • modernized Persia with sweeping reforms Korea and Manchuria o public schools, roads, and railroads o Russia breaks series of agreements over territories o industrial growth o women’s rights • Effects: o Japanese victories • kept all power o unrest and revolts in Russia • changed name of country (Persia Iran) Bloody Sunday Eminent Events • Causes: o bad working conditions o little personal freedom Revolutions in Russia o no elected national legislature pogroms • Effects: • Causes: o 500 – 1,000 unarmed people die o Alexander III makes Jews target of o wave of stakes and violence across Russia persecution by tagging worshipers outside o Nicholas II reluctantly promises more the Russian Orthodox Church as freedom dangerous and creating prejudice- encouraging laws Creation of the Duma (Russia’s first o Jews unable to buy land or live among pariliament) other Russians • Causes: o universities set strict quotas for Jewish o Bloody Sunday students • Effects: • Effects: o Nicholas II dissolves Duma of moderate o various incidents of neglected robbery, moderates after 10 weeks destruction, and murder against Jews
Russian Economic Growth World War I Entrance
• Causes: • Causes: o Minister Witte finances buildup of Russian o Nicholas II fatally decides to drag in Russia industries through higher taxes and despite that Russia is unprepared to foreign investments handle military and economic costs • Effects: • Effects: o number of factories doubles o over 4 million killed, wounded, or taken o boosted growth of heavy industry prisoner in less than a year from weak o Russia as fourth-ranking producer of steel generals and poorly equipped troops o revealed weakness of czarist rule and Construction of Trans-Siberian Railway military leadership o Alexandra and Rasputin runs gov’t while • Causes: Nicholas II is away o Witte pushes buildup of world’s longest o Russia troops’ morale destroyed continuous rail line with help of British and o dwindling food and fuel supplies French investors o wildly inflated prices • Effects: o Trans-Siberian Railway runs 5,800 miles March Revolution through Siberia across difficult terrain • Causes: o golden Easter egg created o people clamor for gov’t change and end to war Growth of Revolutionary Movement • Effects: • Causes: o Nicholas II abdicates throne o rapid industrialization o workers unhappy with low standards of o Duma establishes provisional gov’t living and lack of political power (temporary gov’t) headed by Kerensky o enormous gap between rich and poor Bolshevik Revolution • Effects: • Causes: o Russian Marxists split up (Mensheviks and o conditions worsen as WWI continues Bolsheviks) o angry peasants demand land o city workers grow more radical Russo-Japanese War o competitive social revolutionaries form • Causes: soviets (local councils of commoners) o Lenin returns in a sealed railway boxcar • Effects: o Treaty of Versailles gives Japan territories o provisional gov’t topples by Bolshevik Red and privileges previously belongs to Guards Germany o farmland distributed among peasants o intellectuals and commoners demonstrate o control of factories givcen to workers out of anger o Russia and Germany sign Treaty of Brest- • Effects: Litovsk o Chinese Communist Party founded o Sun allies Kuomintang with Communist Russian Civil War Party • Causes: o Lenin influences Nationalists with o angry Russians object to painful land communism ideals losses and Bolshevik policies o Jiang takes over Sun and later nearly wipes out Chinese Communist Party • Effects: o Trotsky and his Red Army crushes White Long March Army • Causes: o 15 million Russian die in war, famine, and o Jiang’s gov’t slowly becomes less flu democratic and more corrupt o peasants support and join Chinese Restoration of Order Communist Party • Causes: o Jiang’s army outnumbers Mao’s Red Army o Russian economy destroyed • Effects: o trade ceased o 10,000 to 30,000 out of 100,000 people o industrial production dropped reach safely in northwestern China o skilled workers moved to other countries o Communists gain new followers • Effects: o Japan invades Manchuria and forces a o New Economic Policy (NEP) truce between Jiang’s and Mao’s forces o Russia Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Nationalism in India and Southwest o Bolshevik Party Communist Party Asia o gradual recovery o Lenin dies Amritsar Massacre • Causes: o Indian National Congress/Congress Party Totalitarianism Transformation and Muslim League form and work toward • Causes: national independence o exiled Trotsky o Britain Empire neglects Indian demands o Stalin gains absolute power over and passes Rowlatt Act (allows protesters Communist Party and USSR to be jailed w/out trial) • Effects: o 10,000 Hindus and Muslims protest by o Five-Year Plans fasting, praying, and listening to political o collective farms: large, gov’t-owned farms speeches o kulaks (class of wealthy peasants) resist • Effects: and are executed/sent to work camps o General Dyer orders troops to fire on o Great Purge: Stalin eliminates threatening crowd without warning for 10 minutes Bolsheviks o nearly 400 die and 1,200 become wounded o millions of Indians change into Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule revolutionaries and nationalists and Creation of Republic of China demand independence • Causes: o Sun’s Revolutionary Alliance (forerunner of Salt March Kuomintang) overthrows last emperor of • Causes: Qing dynasty o Salt Acts force Indians to buy salt from • Effects: only the gov’t o Sun turns presidency to Yuan Shikai • Effects: o China divided and in chaos o Great Britain passes Government of India o warlord armies terrorize countryside Act (grants India self-rule) o millions die by famine
May Fourth Movement Influential Ideas
• Causes: New Economic Policy (NEP) • Lenin’s economic reform o steel • small-scale version of capitalism o coal • gov’t keeps control of major industries, o oil banks, and communication o electricity • encourages foreign investment • limited production on consumer goods
Communism Civil Disobedience (deliberate + public refusal to
• branch of socialism obey unjust laws) • noncooperation and nonviolence • pure communism: classless, oppression- • British authority and economic power free society weakens from Indian refusal to: • Karl Marx, Lenin, Mao Symbolism o buy British goods (especially cloth) pentangle: five continents (Eurasia counts as one) OR o attend gov’t schools five components of o pay British taxes communist society o vote in elections (peasants, workers, army, intellectuals, youth) hammer and sickle: unity between industrial + agricultural workers OR “Power and Efficiency” red: sacrifice and blood of workers OR “very good”
Totalitarianism (gov’t control of public and private
life) • Police Terror o Great Purge: Stalin eliminates threatening Communist Party members • Indoctrination and Education o state-supported youth groups o questioners risk losing job or facing imprisonment o high demand for skilled workers o university and technical training key to better life • Propaganda o socialist realism praised Soviet life and Communist values in literature, cinema, and arts • Censorship o tolerated no individual creativity o gov’t-controlled newspapers, motion pictures, radio, and other sources of information • Religious Persecution o League of the Militant Godless o “museums of atheism” o Russian Orthodox Church main target
Command Economy (gov’t makes all economic
decisions)
Five-Year Plans • promote o rapid industrial growth o national defense • set impossibly high quotas to increase input of: