Revolution and Nationalism Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule

Sun Yixian
*Chapter-Cram in 3 pages*
1900 ~ 1939
Russia · China · India · Southeast Asia
Prominent People
Revolutions in Russia
Nicholas I (clung to autocracy principles)
↓
Alexander II (reform-minded but assassinated)
↓
Alexander III (turned Russia into police state filled w/
spies + informers)
↓ •
Nicholas II
• stubbornly refused to surrender any power
• created and dissolved the Duma
• abdicates throne after March Revolution
Lenin
• “Father of the Revolution”
• goal: to promote world-wide Communist
revolution led by workers
• engaging, ruthless organizer of radical
Bolsheviks
• avoided arrest by escaping to western
Europe
• restores order by economic and political
reforms
Rasputin
• hypnotized Alexandra’s hemophilic son
• allowed to make key political decisions
o opposed reform measures
o obtained powerful positions for his friends
o spread corruption throughout royal court
• drowned after surviving poison cakes and
gun shots
• “Father of Modern China”
o first revolutionary of Kuomintang /
Nationalist Party
• “Three Principles of the People”
1. nationalism: end to foreign control
2. people’s rights: democracy
3. people’s livelihood: economic security for
all Chinese
• lacked authority and military support
Yuan Shikai
• powerful general quickly betrayed
democratic ideals
sparked local revolts as military dictator
Mao Zedong
• “Great Helmsman”
• goal: to stage a Communist revolution in
China led by peasants
• China’s greatest revolutionary leader
• believed in Marx and Lenin’s revolutionary
ideals
Jiang Jieshi
• headed Kuomintang after Sun Yixian died
• feared creating socialist economy
• turned against and led Shanghai massacre
Nationalism in India and Southwest
Asia
Gandhi
• Mahatma – “Great Soul”
• goal: to achieve Indian self-rule through civil
disobedience
• lawyer who fought for independence
movement and against racial prejudice
• Salt March

Karl Marx Kemal

• wrote The Communist Manifesto • “Father of the Turks”
• used the term communism to describe • brilliant commander overthrew last Ottoman
classless society after workers seize power sultan
• “dictatorship of the proletariat” • modernized Turkey with sweeping reforms
o laws of nation and laws of Islam
Stalin separated
• “Man of Steel”  religious courts abolished
• goal: to perfect Communist Russia though  new legal system based on
totalitarian rule European law
• appeared to provide sense of security and  women rights to vote and hold
give direction for future public office
• command economy o gov’t-funded programs
• Russian industrial and agricultural  industrialization
revolutions  economic growth
Reza Shah Pahlavi
 • modernized Persia with sweeping reforms
o public schools, roads, and railroads
o industrial growth
o women’s rights
• kept all power
• changed name of country (Persia  Iran) Bloody Sunday
Eminent Events
Revolutions in Russia
pogroms
• Causes:
o Alexander III makes Jews target of
persecution by tagging worshipers outside
the Russian Orthodox Church as
dangerous and creating prejudice-
encouraging laws
o Jews unable to buy land or live among
other Russians
o universities set strict quotas for Jewish
students
• Effects:
o various incidents of neglected robbery,
destruction, and murder against Jews
Russian Economic Growth
• Causes:
o Minister Witte finances buildup of Russian
industries through higher taxes and
foreign investments
• Effects:
o number of factories doubles
o boosted growth of heavy industry
o Russia as fourth-ranking producer of steel
Construction of Trans-Siberian Railway
• Causes:
o Witte pushes buildup of world’s longest
continuous rail line with help of British and
French investors
• Effects:
o Trans-Siberian Railway runs 5,800 miles
through Siberia across difficult terrain
o golden Easter egg created
Growth of Revolutionary Movement
• Causes:
o rapid industrialization
o workers unhappy with low standards of
living and lack of political power
o enormous gap between rich and poor
• Effects:
o Russian Marxists split up (Mensheviks and
Bolsheviks)
Russo-Japanese War
• Causes:
o imperialist Russia and Japan competes for
Korea and Manchuria
o Russia breaks series of agreements over
territories
• Effects:
o Japanese victories
o unrest and revolts in Russia
• Causes:
o bad working conditions
o little personal freedom
o no elected national legislature
• Effects:
o 500 – 1,000 unarmed people die
o wave of stakes and violence across Russia
o Nicholas II reluctantly promises more
freedom
Creation of the Duma (Russia’s first
pariliament)
• Causes:
o Bloody Sunday
• Effects:
o Nicholas II dissolves Duma of moderate
moderates after 10 weeks
World War I Entrance
• Causes:
o Nicholas II fatally decides to drag in Russia
despite that Russia is unprepared to
handle military and economic costs
• Effects:
o over 4 million killed, wounded, or taken
prisoner in less than a year from weak
generals and poorly equipped troops
o revealed weakness of czarist rule and
military leadership
o Alexandra and Rasputin runs gov’t while
Nicholas II is away
o Russia troops’ morale destroyed
o dwindling food and fuel supplies
o wildly inflated prices
March Revolution
• Causes:
o people clamor for gov’t change and end to
war
• Effects:
o Nicholas II abdicates throne
o Duma establishes provisional gov’t
(temporary gov’t) headed by Kerensky
Bolshevik Revolution
• Causes:
o conditions worsen as WWI continues
o angry peasants demand land
o city workers grow more radical
o competitive social revolutionaries form
soviets (local councils of commoners)
o Lenin returns in a sealed railway boxcar
• Effects:
 o provisional gov’t topples by Bolshevik Red
Guards
o farmland distributed among peasants
o control of factories givcen to workers
o Russia and Germany sign Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk
Russian Civil War
• Causes:
o angry Russians object to painful land
losses and Bolshevik policies
• Effects:
o Trotsky and his Red Army crushes White
Army
o 15 million Russian die in war, famine, and
flu
Restoration of Order
• Causes:
o Russian economy destroyed
o trade ceased
o industrial production dropped
o skilled workers moved to other countries
• Effects:
o New Economic Policy (NEP)
o Russia  Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR)
o Bolshevik Party  Communist Party
o gradual recovery
o Lenin dies
Totalitarianism Transformation
• Causes:
o exiled Trotsky
o Stalin gains absolute power over
Communist Party and USSR
• Effects:
o Five-Year Plans
o collective farms: large, gov’t-owned farms
o kulaks (class of wealthy peasants) resist
and are executed/sent to work camps
o Great Purge: Stalin eliminates threatening
Bolsheviks
Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule
Creation of Republic of China
• Causes:
o Sun’s Revolutionary Alliance (forerunner of
Kuomintang) overthrows last emperor of
Qing dynasty
• Effects:
o Sun turns presidency to Yuan Shikai
o China divided and in chaos
o warlord armies terrorize countryside
o millions die by famine
May Fourth Movement
• Causes:
o Treaty of Versailles gives Japan territories
and privileges previously belongs to
Germany
o intellectuals and commoners demonstrate
out of anger
• Effects:
o Chinese Communist Party founded
o Sun allies Kuomintang with Communist
Party
o Lenin influences Nationalists with
communism ideals
o Jiang takes over Sun and later nearly
wipes out Chinese Communist Party
Long March
• Causes:
o Jiang’s gov’t slowly becomes less
democratic and more corrupt
o peasants support and join Chinese
Communist Party
o Jiang’s army outnumbers Mao’s Red Army
• Effects:
o 10,000 to 30,000 out of 100,000 people
reach safely in northwestern China
o Communists gain new followers
o Japan invades Manchuria and forces a
truce between Jiang’s and Mao’s forces
Nationalism in India and Southwest
Asia
Amritsar Massacre
• Causes:
o Indian National Congress/Congress Party
and Muslim League form and work toward
national independence
o Britain Empire neglects Indian demands
and passes Rowlatt Act (allows protesters
to be jailed w/out trial)
o 10,000 Hindus and Muslims protest by
fasting, praying, and listening to political
speeches
• Effects:
o General Dyer orders troops to fire on
crowd without warning for 10 minutes
o nearly 400 die and 1,200 become
wounded
o millions of Indians change into
revolutionaries and nationalists and
demand independence
Salt March
• Causes:
o Salt Acts force Indians to buy salt from
only the gov’t
• Effects:
o Great Britain passes Government of India
Act (grants India self-rule)
Influential Ideas
New Economic Policy (NEP)
 • Lenin’s economic reform o steel
• small-scale version of capitalism o coal
• gov’t keeps control of major industries, o oil
banks, and communication o electricity
• encourages foreign investment • limited production on consumer goods

Communism Civil Disobedience (deliberate + public refusal to

• branch of socialism obey unjust laws)
• noncooperation and nonviolence
• pure communism: classless, oppression-
• British authority and economic power
free society
weakens from Indian refusal to:
• Karl Marx, Lenin, Mao Symbolism o buy British goods (especially cloth)
pentangle: five continents
(Eurasia counts as one) OR
o attend gov’t schools
five components of o pay British taxes
communist society o vote in elections
(peasants, workers, army,
intellectuals, youth)
hammer and sickle: unity
between industrial +
agricultural workers OR
“Power and Efficiency”
red: sacrifice and blood of
workers OR “very good”

Totalitarianism (gov’t control of public and private

life)
• Police Terror
o Great Purge: Stalin eliminates threatening
Communist Party members
• Indoctrination and Education
o state-supported youth groups
o questioners risk losing job or facing
imprisonment
o high demand for skilled workers
o university and technical training key to
better life
• Propaganda
o socialist realism praised Soviet life and
Communist values in literature, cinema,
and arts
• Censorship
o tolerated no individual creativity
o gov’t-controlled newspapers, motion
pictures, radio, and other sources of
information
• Religious Persecution
o League of the Militant Godless
o “museums of atheism”
o Russian Orthodox Church main target

Command Economy (gov’t makes all economic

decisions)

Five-Year Plans
• promote
o rapid industrial growth
o national defense
• set impossibly high quotas to increase input
of: