Appendix 9

Construction Materials Report

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JPZ Consulting (Bangladesh) Ltd

Environmental Quality and Management System (EQMS)

Contents
Executive Summary..ii
List of Figures......vii
List of Tables.ix
List of Plates..x
Acronyms and Abbreviation..xii
1.1 OBJECTIVE
1.2 SCOPE

OF THE

OF THE

1.3 APPROACH

MATERIAL SURVEY..............................................................................1

MATERIAL SURVEY...................................................................................1

OF THE

MATERIAL SURVEY..............................................................................1

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1.4 SURVEY PHILOSOPHY.................................................................................................... 1
1.5 METHODS

PHILOSOPHY................................................................................................. 2

1.6 DATA

PROCESSING....................................................................................................... 2

1.6.1

Bridge materials:............................................................................................. 3

1.6.2

The road materials.......................................................................................... 4

1.7 MATERIAL

TYPES AND SPECIFICATION...............................................................................6

1.7.1

Cement........................................................................................................... 6

1.7.2

Water.............................................................................................................. 6

1.7.3

Fine aggregate................................................................................................ 7

1.7.4

Coarse aggregate........................................................................................... 7

1.7.5

Metals............................................................................................................. 8

1.7.6

Timber and preservative.................................................................................8

1.7.7

Soil and soil modification................................................................................9

1.7.8

Finely divided minerals...................................................................................9

1.7.9

Calcium Chloride............................................................................................. 9

1.7.10

Sodium Chloride.......................................................................................... 9

1.7.11

Portland cement concrete...........................................................................9

1.7.12

Bituminous materials..................................................................................9

1.8 SOURCE
1.9 COST

OF AVAILABILITY OF

MATERIALS.........................................................................10

OF THE MATERIALS............................................................................................. 10

1.10

CONCLUSION........................................................................................................ 11

1.11

RECOMMENDATION................................................................................................. 11

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1.1

Appendix-

Objective of the Material Survey

The material survey analyzes the current state of the construction and bridge materials markets. The survey
covers the main economic indexes, the construction market, the bridge and the road materials market. The
surveys identifies key market participants, such as the manufacturers, importers and lessors. The survey also
outlines basic trends of the construction and building materials markets in general. This survey aims to review
the tradition used and available construction materials in Bangladesh and to introduce materials used for
construction of the bridge. In addition, this survey aims to indicate and explore the economics issues and
marketing matters. Therefore, the survey is structured as the following:

1. The major types of bridge construction materials have been presented, Identifying bridge materials and
components,
2. The cost items of various types of construction materials, have been analyzed.
3. The
location of bridge and road materials are analyzed .From this suitable location for constructing
materials are found out.

1.2

Scope of the Material Survey

The scope of the materials survey are wide and comprehensive. It includes:

1. Material research: Material means goods and services which are sold to consumers. Material research
studies the individual materials. It studies the making and marketing of the materials .It studies the color,
size, shape, quality, packaging, brand name and price of materials. It also deals with the material
modification, material innovation, material life cycle etc.
2. Pricing survey: Pricing research studies the pricing of the products. It selects a suitable method of
pricing. It fixes the price of the product. It also fixes the discount and commission which are given to
middleman. It studies the market price trends. It also studies future price trends.
3. Advertising
research: Advertising research studies the advertising of the materials. It fixes the
advertising objectives .It also fixes advertising budget. It decides about advertising message, layout,
copy, slogan, headline etc. It selects a suitable media for advertising. It also evaluates the effectiveness
of advertising and other sales promotion techniques.
4. Sales survey: Sales research studies the selling activity of the company. It studies the sales outlets,
sales territories, sales forecasting, sales trends, sales methods, effectiveness of the sales force etc.
5. Internationals marketing survey: international marketing survey studies the foreign market. It
collects data about consumers from foreign countries. It collects data about the economic and political
situation of different countries. It also collects data about the foreign competitors. The data is very useful
for the exporters.

1.3

Approach of the Material Survey

The approaches of the material survey are as follows:

1. Decide how the data will be used.
2. Draft an initial outline and get early buy in,
3. Write statistically the valid question,
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4. Edit the survey line

5. Put the survey questions at the correct order,
6. Incorporates a separate copy edit round

1.4

Survey philosophy

Our survey is based on market research of constructing materials. The cost and location play vital role in this
aspect. Marketing research can give a business a picture of what kinds of materials and services may bring a
profit. For products and services already available, marketing research can tell companies whether they are
meeting their customers' needs and expectations. The survey features include analysis of the properties of the
materials. In the market there are different types of materials .The choice of selecting materials largely depends
on the quality of the materials. The features of the survey are:
1. Making a comparison of different materials to find out the best suited materials,
2. Making a field visit to the market and find out the cost and location of the materials.
3. Making a comparison of the quality of different materials to select the correct materials.

1.5

Methods philosophy

There are some ways to do market research of various types of materials. The types of market research are as
follows:
1. Primary research: The goal of primary research is to gather data from analyzing current sales and the
effectiveness of current practices. Primary research also takes competitors' plans into account, giving
the information about competition.
Collecting primary research can include:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Interviews (either by telephone or face-to-face)

Surveys (online or by mail)
Questionnaires (online or by mail)
Focus groups gathering a sampling of potential clients or customers and getting
their direct feedback some important questions might include:
e. What factors are considered when purchasing this material?
f. Likes or dislikes about materials currently on the market?
g. What areas are suggested for improvement?
h. What is the appropriate price for a material?

2. Secondary Research: The goal of secondary research is to analyze data that has already been
published. With secondary data, benchmarks are identified and target segments are selected. The
segments are materials which are selected to construct the bridge.

1.6

Data processing

There are two categories of data collection: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative methods employ
mathematical analysis and require a large sample size. The results of this data shed light on statistically
significant differences. One place to find quantitative results if there is a website is in the web analytics. This
information can help to determine many things, such as where the materials are found, what are the properties of
the materials and what the cost of the materials is.
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Qualitative methods help to develop and fine-tune the quantitative research methods. They can help business
owners define problems and often use interview methods to learn about customers' opinions, values and beliefs.
With qualitative research, the sample size is usually small. Many new business owners, often strapped for time
and money, may take shortcuts that can later backfire. Here are three pitfalls to avoid.

Common Marketing Mistakes:

1. Using only secondary research: Relying on the published work of others doesn't give the full picture. It
can be a great place to start, of course, but the information you get from secondary research can be
outdated.
2. Using only web resources: When one uses common search engines to gather information, one gets
only data that are available to everyone and it may not be fully accurate. To perform deeper searches
while staying within one's budget, use the resources at one's local library, college campus or smallbusiness center.
3. Surveying only the people known: Small-business owners sometimes interview only family members
and close colleagues when conducting research, but friends and family are often not the best survey
subjects. To get the most useful and accurate information, one needs to talk to real customers about
their needs, wants and expectations.

1.6.1Bridge materials:
1.6.1.1

Natural stone

Natural stone is one of the oldest bridge construction materials. It is strong and able to resist erosion caused by
wind and water. Materials such as granite and limestone are naturally attractive and will last for centuries with
little or no maintenance. At the same time, stone is heavy and has high installation costs. The advantages of
using natural stone are:
1. It is often used to build bridge piers and footers, which allow the upper portions of the bridge to be built
from more affordable and lighter materials.
2. The most relevant characteristics of natural rock are hardness.
3. Natural stones are suitable for the resistance to different stress type.
4. Natural stones are very stable material compared to other materials.

1.6.1.2

Cement

Concrete is popular for all types of bridge construction because of its affordability and strength. Concrete
requires little maintenance, although it tends to hold up poorly against saltwater and erosion though it can be
easily shaped and formed, concrete is often thought of as unattractive because of its dull, gray finish. When used
on longer spans, concrete can be reinforced with steel bars or subject to a treatment known as "pre-stressing" to
help increase its strength. The advantages of using concrete:
1. Gains strength overtime and not weakened by moisture, mould or pests.
2. Cement structure can withstand natural disasters such as earthquake and hurricane.
3. Compared to other bridge materials concrete is less costly to produce and remains extremely
affordable.
4. Concrete is fire resistant and C02 emissions from concrete is relatively small.
5. Cement can be locally produced and can be found everywhere.
6. Producing cement uses less energy than producing other comparable bridge materials.
7. A study quoted by NRMCA concluded that the energy required to produce one ton of concrete was 1.4
GJ/t compared to 30 GJ/t for steel and 2 GJ/t for wood.

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1.6.1.3

Appendix-

Steel

Steel is the one of the strongest bridge materials available, and can be used to span distances that are not
possible with other products. It is 10 to 100 times stronger than concrete and weighs less. Steel bridges are
susceptible to rust and corrosion, however, and tend to require a lot of maintenance. Many steel bridges are
painted to improve their appearance. Aluminum is sometimes used in place of steel because of its anti-corrosive
properties. The advantages of using steel are:
1. The high strength to weight ratio of steel minimizes substructures costs, which is particularly beneficial
in poor ground conditions. In addition, it facilitates very shallow construction depths, which overcome
problems with headroom and flood clearances, and minimizes the length of approach ramps.
2. Steel is a high quality material, which is readily available worldwide in various certified grades, shapes
and sizes. Prefabrication in controlled shop conditions leads to high quality work at minimum cost.
3. The speed of steel bridge construction reduces the durations of rail possessions and road closures,
which minimizes disruption to the public using those networks. The light-weight nature of steel permits
the erection of large components, and in special circumstances complete bridges may be installed
overnight.
4. Steel suits a range of construction methods and sequences. Installation may be by cranes, launching,
slide-in techniques or transporters. Steel gives the Contractor flexibility in terms of erection sequence
and program. Components can be sized to suit access restrictions at the site, and once erected the
steel girders provide a platform for subsequent operations.
5. Steel bridges are adaptable and can readily be altered for a change in use.
6. Steel is a 'sustainable' material. When a steel bridge reaches the end of its useful life, the girders can be
cut into manageable sizes to facilitate demolition, and returned to steelworks for recycling.
7. Steel bridges now have a proven life span extending to well over 100 years.

1.6.1.4

Wood

Wood is not as reliable as other bridge construction materials, and should only be used on relatively simple
structures. Wood bridges are primarily chosen for their natural beauty, and are used for pedestrian access or
light vehicle traffic. Because wood can swell and rot when exposed to moisture, wood bridges will last longer
when protected from rain by a chemical treatment. The advantages of using wood are:
1. It is one of the more affordable bridge-building materials, and is easy to work with using basic tools and
equipment.
2. In case of wood it is easier to extract, manufacture, transport and construct.
3. Wood needs less energy than other materials in case of bridge.
4. The emission of carbon dioxide is less for wood than other materials.
5. Wood is friendly for environment than other materials.

1.6.1.5

Composite

Composite products made of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) are one of the newest materials to be used for
bridge construction. They weigh 70 percent to SO percent less than steel yet are just as strong and durable.
While even the strongest steel or reinforced concrete bridge will require substantial maintenance over the years,
FRP requires virtually no upkeep. It will also not corrode in saltwater, making it the superior choice for
construction in the water. This product has only been used to construct bridges since 1975, so its long-term
properties are still under evaluation.
FRP can be applied to strengthen beam, column and slabs of bridges. It is possible to increase the strength of
structural members even after they have been severely damaged due to loading conditions. In the case of
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damaged reinforced concrete members, this would first require the repair of the member by removing loose
debris and filling in cavities and cracks with mortar or epoxy resin. Once the member is repaired, strengthening
can be achieved through wet, hand lay-up of impregnating the fiber sheets with epoxy resin then applying them
to the cleaned and prepared surfaces of the member. The advantages of using fiber reinforced plastic are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

It is a strong material. So it is feasible.

The
FRPs have very low weight and a high strength to weight ratio.
The FRPs have high tensile strength and high fatigue resistance.
FRPs do not exhibit chloride corrosion problems which has been a continued challenge for bridge
engineers.
In case of FRPs the maintenance cost is lower.
It has also been observed that FRP composites maintain their superior qualities even under a wide
range of temperatures.
Other highly desirable qualities of composites are high resistance to elevated temperature, abrasion,
corrosion, and chemical attack.
Some of the advantages in the use of composite structure include the ease of manufacturing,
fabrication, handling, and erection, which can result in short project delivery time.

1.6.2The road materials

1.6.2.1

Sub-base material

generally comprising of a mixture of well-burnt brick chips and fine sand compacted to obtain a minimum CBR
value of 25%.In highway engineering, sub-base is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade, on which
the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic on the pavement, but it is
necessary for surfaces used by vehicles.
Subbase is often the main load-bearing layer of the pavement. Its role is to spread the load evenly over the
subgrade. The materials used may be either unbound granular, or cement -bound. The quality of subbase is very
important for the useful life of the road.
Unbound granular materials are usually crushed stone, crushed slag or concrete, or slate.
Cement-bound materials come in multiple types. Mass concrete is used where exceptional loads are expected,
with thickness usually 100-150 mm, and optional reinforcement with steel mesh or polymer fibers. Other cement
bound materials (CBM), with less strength but also lower cost, are used. They are rated by strength, from the
weakest CBM 1 (also formerly known as soil cement) through CBM 2 to CBM 3, 4, and 5, which are more similar
to concrete and are called "lean mix.
The thickness of subbase can range from 75-100 mm for garden paths through 100-150 mm for driveways and
public footpaths, to 150-225 mm for heavy used roads, and more for highways.
Low quality subbase material should not be accepted, including large pieces of rock and concrete.

1.6.2.2

Base course material

The base course or basecourse in pavements is a layer of material in an asphalt roadway that is located directly
under the surface layer. It is in two layers namely base type-1 for the upper layer and base type- 2 for the lower.
The upper base course material generally comprises of a mixture of well graded crushed stones and coarse
sand, compacted to obtain minimum CBR values of 80% at 100% modified compaction. The lower layer of base
course generally comprises of well burnt brick chips and medium sand compacted to obtain a minimum CBR
value of 50%.
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If there is a subbase course, the base course is constructed directly above this layer. Otherwise, it is built directly
on top of the subgrade. Typical base course thickness ranges from 4 to 6 inches and is governed by underlying
layer properties. Generally consisting of a specific type of construction aggregate, it is placed by means of
attentive spreading and compacting to a minimum of 95% relative compaction, thus providing the stable
foundation needed to support either additional layers of aggregates or the placement of an asphalt concrete
wearing course which is applied directly on top of the base course.
Aggregate Base (AB) is typically made of a recipe of mixing different sizes of crushed rock together forming the
Aggregate which has certain desirable properties. 3/4 inch Aggregate Base, Class 2, is used in roadways and is
an aggregate made of a specific recipe of different sizes and quality of rock inclusive of 3/4 in (19.05 mm) to fine
dust. An aggregate is normally made from newly quarried rock, or it is sometimes allowed to be made from
recycled asphalt concrete and/or Portland cement concrete.

1.6.2.3

Bituminous Surface course material

Comprising of bitumen of penetration grade 80-100 as binder, coarse aggregate comprising of crushed boulders
and gravel, fine aggregate comprising of coarse sand and mineral filler. Bituminous surface treatment (BST) or
chipseal is used mainly on low-traffic roads, but also as a sealing coat to rejuvenate an asphalt concrete
pavement. It generally consists of aggregate spread over a sprayed-on asphalt emulsion or cut-back asphalt
cement. The aggregate is then embedded into the asphalt by rolling it, typically with a rubber-tired roller. This
type of surface is described by a wide variety of regional terms including "chip seal", "tar and chip", "oil and
stone", "seal coat", "sprayed seal or "surface dressing".
The ease of application of BST is one reason for its popularity, but another is its flexibility, which is important
when roadways are laid down over unstable terrain that thaws and softens in the spring.
Other types of BSTs include micro paving, slurry seals and Nova chip. These are laid down using specialized and
proprietary equipment. They are most often used in urban areas where the roughness and loose stone
associated with chip seals is considered undesirable.

1.6.2.3.1

Thin membrane surface

A thin membrane surface (TMS) is an oil treated aggregate which is laid down upon a gravel road bed producing
a dust free road. A TMS road reduces mud problems and provides stone free roads for local residents where
loaded truck traffic is negligible. The TMS layer adds no significant structural strength, and so is used on
secondary highways with low traffic volume and minimal weight loading. Construction involves minimal subgrade
preparation, following by covering with a 50 to 100 millimeters (2.03.9 in) cold mix asphalt aggregate.

1.6.2.3.2

Otta seal

Otta seal is a low-cost road surface using a 1630-millimetre (0.631.18 in) thick mixture of bitumen and
crushed rock.

1.6.2.4

Improved subgrade materials

Geogrid is used for the improvement of subgrade condition. A geogrid is defined as a geosynthetic material
consisting of connected parallel sets of tensile ribs with apertures of sufficient size to allow strike-through of
surrounding soil, stone, or other geotechnical material. Commercial geogrid products marketed and sold today
include extruded punched-and drawn geogrids, woven and coated geogrids, welded geogrids, and geogrid
composites. Structural biaxial geogrids can be used to reinforce earth fill over soft ground and provide a stable
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subgrade under flexible and rigid pavements, unpaved roads, railroad track beds, and industrial yards,
equipment work platforms, parking areas, and building foundations.

1.7

Material types and specification

1.7.1Cement
1) Portland cement
Portland cement shall be according to AASHTO M 85, and shall meet the standard physical and chemical
requirements. The Contractor has the option to use any type of Portland cement listed in AASHTO M 85 unless a
specific cement is specified for a construction item. Inorganic processing additions shall be limited to granulated
blast-furnace slag according to the chemical requirements of AASHTO M 302, Class C or F fly ash according to
the chemical requirements of AASHTO M 295, and cement kiln dust.
2)

Portland-pozzolan cement

Portland-pozzolan cement shall be according to AASHTO M 240 and shall meet the standard physical and
chemical requirements. The Contractor has the option to use portland-pozzolan cement unless a specific cement
is specified for a construction item. Inorganic processing additions shall be limited to granulated blast-furnace
slag according to the chemical requirements of AASHTO M 302, Class C or F fly ash according to the chemical
requirements of AASHTO M 295, and cement kiln dust. The pozzolan constituent for Type IP using Class F fly
ash shall be a maximum of 25 percent of the weight (mass) of the portland-pozzolan cement. The pozzolan
constituent for Type IP using Class C fly ash shall be a maximum of 30 percent of the weight (mass) of the
portland- pozzolan cement. The pozzolan constituent for Type IP using microsilica or high-reactivity metakaolin
shall be a maximum of ten percent. The pozzolan constituent for Type IP using other materials shall have the
approval of the Engineer.
3) Portland Blast-Furnace Slag Cement
Portland blast-furnace slag cement shall be according to AASHTO M 240 and shall meet the standard physical
and chemical requirements. Contractor has the option to use Portland blast furnace slag cement unless a
specific cement is specified for a construction item. Inorganic processing additions shall be limited to granulated
blast-furnace slag according to the chemical requirements of AASHTO M 302, Class C or F fly ash according to
the chemical requirements of AASHTO M 295, and cement kiln dust. The blast-furnace slag constituent for Type
IS shall be a maximum of 35 percent of the weight (mass) of the portland blast-furnace slag cement.
Portland blast-furnace slag cement may be used in concrete mixtures when the air temperature is below 40 F (4
C), but the Engineer may request a trial batch of the concrete mixture to show the mix design strength
requirement will be met.
4) Rapid hardening cement
1. The cement shall have a maximum final set of 25 minutes, according to
2. The cement shall have a minimum compressive strength of 2000 psi (13,800 KPa) at 3.0 hours, 3200
psi (22,100 KPa) at 6.0 hours, and 4000 psi (27,600 KPa) at 24.0 hours, according to Illinois Modified
AASHTO T 106.
3. The cement shall have a maximum drying shrinkage of 0.050 percent at seven days, according to
Illinois Modified ASTM C 596.
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4. The cement shall have a maximum expansion of 0.020 percent at 14 days, according to Illinois Modified
ASTM C 1038.
5. The cement shall have a minimum 80 percent relative dynamic modulus of elasticity; and shall not have
a weight (mass) gain in excess of 0.15 percent or a weight (mass) loss in excess of 1.0 percent, after
100 cycles, according to Illinois Modified AASHTO T 161, Procedure B.
5)
Calcium Aluminate Cement
The cement shall meet the standard physical requirements for Type I cement according to AASHTO M 85, except
the time of setting shall not apply. The chemical requirements shall be determined according to AASHTO T 105
and shall be as follows: minimum 38 percent aluminum oxide (AI2O3), maximum 42 percent calcium oxide
(CaO), maximum 1 percent magnesium oxide (MgO), maximum 0.4 percent sulfur trioxide (SO3), maximum 1
percent loss on ignition, and maximum 3.5 percent insoluble residue.

1.7.2Water
a) Acidity and alkalinity when tested according to AASHTO T 26.
Acidity - 0.1 Normal NaOH
HCI

2 ml max.* (2) Alkalinity--0.1 Normal

10 ml max.*

*To neutralize 200 ml sample.

b) Solids when tested according to the following.
1. Organic (AASHTO T 26) 0.02% max.
2. Inorganic (AASHTO T 26) 0.30% max.
3. Sulfate (S04) (ASTM D 516-82) 0.05% max.
4. Chloride (ASTM D 512) 0.06% max.
c) The following tests shall be performed on the water sample and on deionized water. The same cement
and sand shall be used for both tests.
1. Unsoundness (ASTM C 151).

2. Initial and Final Set Time (ASTM C 266). (3) Strength (ASTM C 109).
1.7.3Fine aggregate
1. Sand. Sand shall be the fine granular material resulting from the natural disintegration of rock.
2. Silica Sand. Silica sand shall be composed of not less than 99.5 percent silica (Si02).
3. Stone sand shall be produced by washing, or processing by air separation, the fine material resulting
from crushing rock quarried from undisturbed, consolidated deposits, or crushing gravel.
4. Chats. Chats shall be the tailings resulting from the separation of metals from rocks in which they occur.
5. Wet Bottom Boiler Slag. Wet bottom boiler slag shall be the hard, angular by-product of the combustion
of coal in wet bottom boilers.
6. Slag Sand. Slag sand shall be the graded product resulting from the screening of air cooled blast
furnace slag. Air cooled blast furnace slag shall be the nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of
silicates and alumino-silicates of lime and other bases, which is developed in a molten condition
simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace.
7. Granulated Slag Sand. Granulated slag sand shall be the graded product resulting from the screening of
granulated slag. Granulated slag shall be the nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and
alumino-silicates of lime and other bases, which is developed in a molten condition simultaneously with
iron in a blast furnace. Granulated slag sand is formed by introducing a large volume of water under
high pressure into the molten slag.
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8. Steel Slag Sand. Steel slag sand shall be the graded product resulting from the screening of crushed
steel slag. The acceptance and use of steel slag sand shall be according to the current Bureau of
Materials and Physical Research's Policy Memorandum, "Slag Producer Self-Testing Program".
9. Crushed Concrete Sand. Crushed concrete sand shall be the angular fragments resulting from crushing
portland cement concrete by mechanical means. The acceptance and use of crushed concrete sand
shall be according to the current Bureau of Materials and Physical Research's Policy Memorandum,
"Recycling Portland Cement Concrete into Aggregate".
10. (
Construction and Demolition Debris Sand. Construction and demolition debris sand shall be the
angular fragments resulting from mechanical crushing/screening of unpainted exterior brick, mortar,
and/or concrete with small amounts of other materials. Construction and demolition debris sand shall be
according to the current Bureau of Materials and Physical Research's Policy Memorandum,
"Construction and Demolition Debris Sand as a Fine Aggregate for Trench Backfill.

1.7.4Coarse aggregate
1. Gravel. Gravel shall be the coarse granular material resulting from the reduction of rock by the action of
the elements and having subangular to rounded surfaces. It may be partially crushed.
2. Chert Gravel.Chert gravel shall be the coarse granular material occurring in alluvial deposits resulting
from reworking by weathering and erosion of chert bearing geological formations and containing a
minimum of 80 percent chert or similar siliceous material.
3. Crushed Gravel. Crushed gravel shall be the product resulting from crushing, by mechanical means,
and shall consist entirely of particles obtained by crushing gravel. The acceptance and use of crushed
gravel shall be according to the current Bureau of Materials and Physical Research's Policy
Memorandum, "Crushed Gravel Producer Self-Testing Program".
4. Crushed Stone. Crushed stone shall be the angular fragments resulting from crushing by mechanical
means the following types of rocks quarried from undisturbed, consolidated deposits: granite and similar
phanerocrystalline igneous rocks, limestone, dolomite, massive metamorphic quartzite, or similar rocks.
Dolomite shall be a carbonate rock containing 11.0 percent or more magnesium oxide (MgO).
Limestone shall be a carbonate rock containing less than 11.0 percent magnesium oxide (MgO).
5. Wet Bottom Boiler Slag. Wet bottom boiler slag shall be the hard, angular by-product of the combustion
of coal in wet bottom boilers.
6. Crushed Slag. Crushed slag shall be the graded product resulting from the processing of air cooled
blast furnace slag. Air cooled blast furnace slag shall be the nonmetallic product, consisting essentially
of silicates and alumino-silicates of lime and other bases, which is developed in a molten condition
simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace. It shall be air cooled and shall have a compact weight
(Illinois Modified AASHTO T 19) of not less than 70 Ib/cu ft (1100 kg/cu m).The acceptance and use of
air-cooled blast furnace slag shall be according to the current Bureau of Materials and Physical
Research's Policy Memoranda, "Crushed Slag Producer Certification and SelfTesting Program" and
"Slag Producer Self-Testing Program".
7. Crushed Sandstone.Crushed sandstone shall be the angular fragments resulting from crushing, by
mechanical means, a cemented sand composed predominantly of quartz grains. Sandstone shall have
an Insoluble Residue of 50.0 percent or higher.
8. Crushed Concrete. Crushed concrete shall be the angular fragments resulting from crushing Portland
cement concrete by mechanical means. The acceptance and use of crushed concrete shall be
according to the current Bureau of Materials and Physical Research's Policy Memorandum, "Recycling
Portland Cement Concrete Into Aggregate".
9. Chats. Chats shall be the tailings resulting from the separation of metals from the rocks in which they
occur.
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Appendix-

10. Crushed Steel Slag. Crushed steel slag shall be the graded product resulting from the processing of
steel slag. Steel slag shall be the nonmetallic product which is developed in a molten condition
simultaneously with steel in an open hearth, basic oxygen, or electric fumace.The acceptance and use
of crushed steel slag shall be according to the current Bureau of Materials and Physical Research's
Policy Memorandum, "Slag Producer Self-Testing Program".

1.7.5Metals
A. Corrugated Steel Pipe and Corrugated Steel Pipe Arch; Bituminous Coated Corrugated Steel Pipe and
Bituminous Coated Corrugated Steel Pipe Arch; Perforated Corrugated Steel Pipe; Zinc and Aramid
Fiber Composite Coated Corrugated Steel Pipe; and Aluminized Steel Type 2 Corrugated Pipe and
Corrugated Pipe Arch. The pipe and arch shall be according to AASHTO M 36 and the following.
1. Bituminous coatings shall be according to AASHTO M 190, Type A. Bituminous coating for the
connecting bands will not be required. Any bituminous coating damaged shall be repaired.
2. The perforations in Perforated Corrugated Steel Pipe shall have a nominal diameter of 3/16 in. (5mm)
when fine aggregate is used for backfill.
3. The sawed or cut ends of all corrugated steel pipe shall be coated according to the methods described
in the Repair of Damaged Coatings in AASHTO M 36.
4. Round pipes 48 in. (1200 mm) in diameter and smaller may be fabricated with the smooth sleeve-type
coupler listed in AASHTO M 36. The gasket material on the coupler shall be polyisoprene or equal with
a durometer hardness of 45 5 (ASTM D 2240, Shore A).
B. Precoated Galvanized Corrugated Steel Pipe and Precoated Galvanized Corrugated Steel Pipe Arch.
The precoated steel sheets used to fabricate these items shall be according to AASHTO M 246, Grade
250/250. The precoated pipe and pipe arch shall be according to AASHTO M 245. The sawed or cut
ends of corrugated pipe shall be coated according to the methods described in the Repair of Damaged
Coatings in AASHTO M 245. Precoating for the connecting bands will not be required. When the
smooth sleeve-type coupler is used, the gasket material on the coupler shall be polyisoprene or equal
with a durometer hardness of 45 5 (ASTM D 2240, Shore A).

1.7.6Timber and preservative

This Specification covers structural timber for bridges and guardrail, sign posts, timber piling, guard and guide
posts, bracing stakes, woven wire fence posts and braces, and preservative treatment. Inspection of both treated
and untreated products shall be according to the current Bureau of Materials and Physical Research's Policy
Memorandum, "Inspection Procedures and Approved Inspection Agencies for Timber and Preservative-Treated
Timber Products".
A. Preservative Treatment: Preservative treatment shall be according to AASHTO M 133, except Copper
Azole (CA-B and CBA-A) and ACQ (Type B, C, and D) shall not be used for sign posts.

1.7.7Soil and soil modification

1.7.7.1

Soil for Soil Modification

When lime (slurry or dry) is used as the modifier, the soil shall have a minimum clay content of 15 percent,
determined according to AASHTO T 88; and shall have a maximum organic matter content of 10 percent,
determined according to AASHTO T 194.

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1.7.7.2

Appendix-

Soil for Lime Stabilization

The soil shall have a minimum clay content of 15 percent, determined according to AASHTO T 88; and shall have
a maximum organic matter content of 10 percent, determined according to AASHTO 0194.

1.7.7.3

Soil for Soil-Cement Base Course

The soil shall consist of the existing soil in the roadway, imported soil or aggregate, or a mixture of existing soil
and imported soil, approved by the Engineer. Imported soil or aggregate shall pass a 11/2 in. (37.5 mm) sieve
and shall contain a maximum of 15 percent retained on a 1 in. (25 mm) sieve. The soil, whether consisting
entirely of existing roadway soil, imported soil or aggregate, or a mixture of existing soil and imported soil, shall
all pass a 3 in. (75 mm) sieve and a maximum of 45 percent shall be retained on the
No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve.

1.7.8Finely divided minerals

Finely divided minerals shall include fly ash, microsilica (silica fume), high-reactivity metakaolin (HRM), and
ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBF). The finely divided minerals will be approved according to the
current Bureau of Materials and Physical Research's Policy Memorandum, "Acceptance Procedure for Finely
Divided Minerals Used in Portland Cement Concrete and Other Applications".

1.7.8.1

Fly ash

Fly ash shall consist of the finely divided residue that results from the combustion of ground or powdered coal,
transported from the combustion chamber by exhaust gas, collected by mechanical or electrical means, and
stored in stockpiles or bins. Fly ash shall be according to AASHTO M 295.

1.7.8.2

Microsilica (silica fume)

Microsilica is an amorphous silica of high silica content and purity possessing high pozzolanic activity. The
microsilica used in portland cement concrete shall be according to AASHTO M 307.

1.7.8.3

Mineral filler

Mineral filler shall consist of dry limestone dust, fly ash, cement kiln dust, or lime kiln dust.

1.7.9Calcium Chloride
Calcium chloride shall be according to AASHTO M 144.

1.7.10 Sodium Chloride

Sodium chloride shall be according to AASHTO M 143, Type 1, Grade 1, except that the sodium chloride (NaCl)
content shall be a minimum of 96.0 percent.

1.7.11 Portland cement concrete

This item shall consist of the materials, proportioning, mixing, transporting, curing, and protecting Portland
cement concrete.

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1.7.12 Bituminous materials

Bituminous materials shall include asphalt binders, emulsified asphalts, rapid curing liquid asphalt, medium
curing liquid asphalts, slow curing liquid asphalts, asphalt fillers, and road oils. All bituminous materials used in a
given construction shall be uniform in character, appearance, and consistency.

1.8

Source of availability of Materials

Source of availability of each of the above-mentioned material was studied and the study results are as follows:
1. Cement: Good quality Ordinary Portland Cement (CEM-II) are available in plenty of Local or foreign
origin.
2. Reinforcing Steel bars: Reinforcing steel bars are manufactured in Bangladesh in sufficient quantity to
meet the requirement. Cold Twisted deformed bars produced in Bangladesh, meeting the standard
requirement may also be used.
3. Pre-stressing Tendons and accessories: These materials are not available in Bangladesh and are to be
imported.
4. PTFE Pot Type Bearing: These materials are not available in Bangladesh and are to be imported.
5. Coarse and Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate materials of boulders and gravel are available in the
river beds in Sunamgonj which meets the. Natural Sylhet sand usually meets the standard requirement
of fineness modulus (FM 2.8) and specific gravity (=2.6).
6. Construction water: Construction water shall be free from dissolved mineral salts such as chlorides and
sulphates). Normally a deep tubewell should be installed.
7. Brick chips: brick chips are available in plenty in local areas/markets.
8. Bitumen: This material is manufactured in the Eastern Refinery in Chittagong as a by-product of
petroleum and is available in Bangladesh throughout the year.
9. Embankment fill materials: Soils for embankment fill materials are available in local areas/markets.
10. Improved sub-grade materials: Local sand for improved sub grade materials are available in plenty in
local areas/markets

1.9

Cost of the materials

The cost of the material plays an important role in choosing the materials. The availability of materials depends
on the cost of the materials. The less the cost, the more the availability of the constructing materials. Beside the
cost, the location of the materials plays an important role in choosing the materials too. The cost of the materials
are mentioned below:
1. Cement
Name of the cement
Prize (TAKA) per bag
Anwer cement

430

Fresh cement

413

Crown cement

435

2. Steel:
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Name of the cement

Appendix-

Prize (TAKA) per ton

BSRM

61000

Shafiul Alam

56000

RSRM

60000

3. Stone:

Stone size

Prize (TAKA) per cft

inch
inch

160
120

4. Shinky:

Its cost is 115 taka per cft.

5. Sand:
Sand type
White sand
Red sand

Cost (Taka) per cft

12
36

6. Brick:
First class bricks cost 8 taka per piece.

1.10 Conclusion
The amount of available information varies from year to year because of the change of market policy. Although
the rate is changing, importance of using the materials remains the same. So proper materials survey is needed.
Choice of the materials depends mainly on the materials survey. In this arena, the quality, cost, location,
availability of the material plays significant role to find out the correct material to construct the bridge.
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1.11 Recommendation
Here good quality cement meeting standard of AASHTOM85 or BS-12 is recommended. Well burnt first class
brick chips should be selected coarse aggregate should standard requirement of Los Angeles Abrasion Value
(LAAV) and Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV). Natural Shylet sand should meet the standard requirement of
Finess modulus 2.8 and specific gravity 2.6. The chloride and sulphates in construction watershould be within
turbidity limits of 1000 to 2000 parts per million (PPM). Water from streams and wells should be allowed to stand
in settling basin and the impurities should be treated before use. The bitumen produced in eastern refinery is
good enough to be used. Mild Steel (MS grade 40) and High Yield Tensile Steel (HYTS, grade 60) should be
used for steel reinforcing bar.

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