De La Salle University Dasmarias

College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology

Electronics Engineering

ECET422La DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY

Experiment No. 3
Pulse Code Modulation

Submitted by:
Briones, Jaimecah P.

February 09, 2015

Engr. Joel C. Delos Angeles

Instructor

DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY DASMARINAS

Dasmarinas, Cavite
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Name: Briones, Jaimecah P.

Date: February 09, 2015

Course-Year & Section: ECE41

Rating:

Experiment No.3
Pulse Code Modulation
OBJECTIVES:
This experiment will enable the students to investigate on quantization and binary
encoding and observe the magnitude of the quantization intervals of linear quantization;
magnitudes of the quantization intervals of non-linear quantization of compressor,
expander and transmission characteristics. This also intend to familiarize the PCM as a
transmission method.
INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS NEEDED:
1 PAM modulator
1 PAM demodulator
1 PCM modulator
1 PCM demodulator
1 Function generator 0200 Hz
1 Frequency counter 0-10Mhz

736.061
736.071
736.101
736.111
726.95
726.99

Additionally required:
1 Power Supply + 15V, 3A
1 Digital Storage oscilloscope
1 10 bridging plugs, black
2 Cable pairs, black 100cm
1 Probe 1oMhz, 1:1/10:1

726.86
531 292
501 511
501 461
575 231

Additionally recommended:
1 CASSY interface
1 Measuring and evaluating
1 XY recorder

524 111
575 663

PROCEDURE:
1. Use the experiment set-up according to Fig. Ex5.2-1.

2. By pressing the MODE button several times switch to the operating mode: PCM,
linear quantization (recognizable when the appropriate LEDs light up).
Enable all of the bits. For this press the PCM modulator indicate ACTIVE.
3. The toggle switch on the PCM demodulator must be set to CH2.
5.2 Experiment on quantization and binary encoding
1. Linear Quantization
Set to -9.5V on the 10 stage potentiometer.
Alternately measure U1 and U2 using the multimeter and note down the
voltages together with the binary coded bit sequence of the PCM
modulator in Table 5.2-1 . The bit sequence of the PCM modulator is
displayed by LEDs whereby the least significant bit (LSB) is at the top.
Now increase the input voltage U1 in steps of approx. 1V and repeat the
recording of the measurement value until the upper modulation limit of the
PCM modulation is reached.

 Display the curve of U2 versus U1 as a quantization characteristic in

Diagram 5.2-1. Disable the three least significant
Measure the output voltage of the PCM demodulator and plot this versus
the input voltage in Diagram 5:2-2.
2. The magnitude of the quantization intervals
Repeat the experiment for any given input voltage U1 in range -10V
+10V and measure and note down the values.
3. Non-linear quantization
Switch to operating mode: Non-linear quantization by pressing the MODE
button several limes.
Record compressor and expander characteristics depending on the
required linearity and plot the diagrams for each type of companding
characteristics.
Record the non-linear characteristic
Disable the three least significant bits and vary the input voltage approx.
-9.5V up to 9.5V.
Measure the qoutput voltage and plot this versus the inpus voltage in
Diagram 5.2-6
5.3 The PCM as transmission method
1. Set up the experiment as shown in Fig. Ex5-3.

2. Follow the required settings of PAM, PCM, and oscilloscope.

3. Feed the DC voltage of the PCM modulator into the low pass input filter CH1 of
the PAM modulator. Display the output signal of the PCM modulator.
4. Vary the DC voltage.
5. Set a DC voltage of 5.5V. Sketch the signal curve of the PCM output signal in
Diagram 5.3-1.
6. Determine the rate of information transmission C for fp = 10 kHz.
7. Remove the DC voltage source connection to the PAM modulator and feed a
sinusoidal signal with fM = 500 Hz and AM = 6V there instead.
8. Observe what happens that would answer the necessary questions.

DATA AND RESULTS:

5.2 Experiment on quantization and binary encoding
1. Linear Quantization
Table 5.2-1: Linear quantization characteristic
U1/V
U2/V
Code
-9.5
-9.6
01111110
-9
-9
01110110
-8
-8
01101001
-7
-7
01011011
-6
-6
01001111
-5
-5
01000011
-4
-4
00110100
-3
-3
00100110
-2
-2
00011001
-1
-1
00001100
0
0
10000001
1
1
10001011
2
2
10011111
3
3
10100101
4
4
10110011
5
5
11000010
6
6
11001110
7
7
11011011
8
8
11100111
9
9
11110101
9.5
9.5
11111100
Diagram 5.2-1: Linear Quantization
Table
5.2-2: Size
Characteristic
8 bit

2. NonLinear

U1/V
-9.5
-9
-8
0
1
2

quantization
a) Compressor characteristics
b)
c)

Table 5.2-3: NonLinear Quantization

Compressor
Characteristic

d) U
1/
V
f) 9.

Diagram 5.2-1: Linear Quantization

of the quantization
interval 5 bit
Characteristic
U2-U1 = U/mV
-9.6+9.5 = 0.1
-9+9 = 0
-8+8 = 0
0-0 = 0
1-1 = 0
2-2 = 0

e) U
2
/
V
g) 7

5
h) -9

j) -8

l) -7

i) 9
.
6
k) 9
.
4
m) 9

n) -6

o) at) 9.
au)9
8
5
.
.
7
8
av)
p) -5
q) aw)
a) Diagram
5.2-4:
Non-Linear
8
ax) Expander
cn) Diagram 5.2-3: Non-Linear
Quantization
Expander
.
Quantization Compressor
Characteristic
Characteristic
6
b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k)
co) cp) cq) cr) cs) ct)
cu) cv) cw) cx)
r) -4
s) l) m) n) o) p) q) r) s) t) u)
cy) cz) da) db) dc) dd) de) df) dg) dh) 8
v) w) x) y) z) aa) ab) ac) ad) ae)
di) dj) dk) dl) dm)dn) do) dp) dq) dr) .
af) ag) ah) ai) aj) ak) al) am)an) ao)
ds) dt) du) dv) dw)dx) dy) dz) ea) eb) 1
ap) aq) ar)
t) -3
u) as)
- at) au) av) aw)ax) ay)
ec) ed) ee) ef) eg) eh)
ei) ej) ek) el)
az) ba) bb) bc)
bd) be) bf) bg)bh) bi)
em)en) eo) ep) eq) er) es) et) eu) ev) 7
bj) bk) bl) bm)bn) bo) bp) bq)br) bs)
ew) ex) ey) ez) fa) fb) fc) fd) fe) ff) .
bt) bu) bv) bw)bx) by) bz) ca) cb) cc)
fg) fh) fi) fj) fk) fl) fm) fn) fo) fp) 6
cd) ce) cf)w) cg)
v) -2
- ch) ci) cj) ck) cl) cm)
fq) fr) fs) ft) fu) fv)
fw) fx) fy) fz)
Characteristics
6
.
ay) Table 5.2-4: Non8
Linear Quantization
x) -1
y) Expander
Characteristic
5
az) U1
ba)U
.
/V
2
3
/
z) 0
aa)V
2
bb)bc) ab)1
ac) 5
9.
9
.
5
2
bd)-9
be)ad)2
ae)6
6
.
.
7
9
af) 3
ag)7
bf) -8
bg).
3
6
.
ah)4
ai) 8
7
.
bh)-7
bi) 1
2
aj) 5
ak) 8
.
.
3
6
bj) -6
bk) al) 6
am)
1
8.8
.
an)7
ao)9
3
ap)8
aq)9
bl) -5
bm)
.
-0.8
2
bn)-4
bo)ar) 9
as) 9
0
.
.
6

bp)-3

br) -2

bt) -1

bv) 0
bx) 1

5
bq)0
.
3
bs) 0
.
2
bu)0
.
1
bw)
0
by) 0

bz) 2
cb) 3
cd) 4
cf) 5
ch) 6

.
2
ca) 0
.
3
cc) 0
.
4
ce) 0
.
5
cg) 0
.
9
ci) 1

.
4

cj) 7

ck) 2
.
2

cl) 8
cn) 9

cm)
3.8
co) 6
.
6

cp) 9.
5
cr)

cq) 8
.
4

c) Non-linear transmission Characteristics

cs)
ct) Table 5.2-5: Non-Linear
Transmission
Characteristic

cu) U1
/V
cw) 9.5
cy) -9
da)-8
dc) -7

cv) U
2/
V
cx) 9.
4
cz) -9
db)7.
8
dd)6.
9
df) -6
dh)-5
dj) -4
dl) -3
dn)-2

de)-6
dg)-5
di) -4
dk) -3
dm) 2
do)-1
dp)-1
dq)0
dr) 0
ds) 1
dt) 1
du)2
dv) 2
dw) 3
dx) 3
dy) 4
dz) 4
ga)
Diagram
ea)5
eb)55.2jn) Diagram 5.2-5: Non-Linear
5: NonTransmission Characteristic
ec) 6
ed)6
Linear
8 bit
ee)7
ef) 7
Transmission
jo) jp) jq) jr) js) jt) ju) jv) jw) jx) eg)8
eh)7.
jy) jz) ka) kb) kc) kd) ke) kf) kg) kh)
9
ki) kj) kk) kl) km)kn) ko) kp) kq) kr)ei) 9
ej) 9
ks) kt) ku) kv) kw) kx) ky) kz) la) lb)ek) 9.5
el) 9.
lc) ld) le) lf) lg) lh) li) lj) lk) ll)
6
lm) ln) lo) em)
lp) lq) lr) ls) lt) lu) lv)
lw) lx) ly)en)lz) ma)mb)mc)md)me)mf)
mg)mh)mi)
eo)mj) mk)ml) mm)mn)mo)mp)
mq)mr) ms)mt) mu)mv)mw)mx)my)mz)
Characteristic 5 bit
ep)
gb) gc) gd) ge) gf) gg) gh) gi) gj) gk)
eq)
gl) gm)gn) go) gp) gq) gr) gs) gt) gu)
gv) gw)gx) gy) gz) ha) hb) hc) hd) he)
er)
hf) hg) hh) hi) hj) hk) hl) hm)hn) ho)
hp) hq) hr) hs) ht) hu) hv) hw)hx) hy)
es)
hz) ia) ib) ic) id) ie) if) ig) ih) ii)
ij) ik) il) im) in) io) ip) iq) ir) is)
et)
it) iu) iv) iw) ix) iy) iz) ja) jb) jc)
jd) je) jf) jg) jh) ji) jj) jk) jl) jm)

eu)
ev)
ew)
ex)
ey)
ez)
fa)
d) Magnitudes of Quantization intervals
fb)
fc) Table 5.2-6: The magnitudes of the
quantization intervals
fd) Interval
fe)
ff)

fg)
U

fh) 10V5V
fl) -5V2.5V

fi)
-

fj)
-

fk)
80

fm)
-

fn)
-

fo)
50

fp) 2.5V...1.25V
ft) 1.25V
0.625V
fx) 0.625V
0.312V
gb)0.312V
0.156V
gf) 0.156V

+0.156
V
gj) +0.156
V
0.312V
gn)0.312V

0.625V
gr) 0.625V

1.25V

fq)
-

fr)
-

fs)
10

fu)
-

fv)
-

fw)
0

fy)
-

fz)
-

ga)
10

gc)
-

gd)
-

ge)
10

gg)
0

gh)
0

gi)
0

gk)
0

gl)
0

gm)
-

go)
0

gp)
0

gq)
-

gs)
1

gt)
0

gu)
-

gv) 1.5V...
2.5V

gw)
2

gx)
1

gy)
-

gz) 2.5V
5V

ha)
3

hb)
2

hc)
-

hd)5V
10V

he)
8

hf)
7

hg)
-

hh)
hi)

hk)

hj) 5.3 PCM as transmission

method

hl)

qd) Diagram 5.3-1: PCM output signal,

CH1:5.5V, CH2: 0V

qe)
qo)
qy)
ri)
rs)
sc)
sm)
sw)

qf)
qp)
qz)
rj)
rt)
sd)
sn)
sx)

qg)
qq)
ra)
rk)
ru)
se)
so)
sy)

qh)
qr)
rb)
rl)
rv)
sf)
sp)
sz)

qi)
qs)
rc)
rm)
rw)
sg)
sq)
ta)

qj)
qt)
rd)
rn)
rx)
sh)
sr)
tb)

qk)
qu)
re)
ro)
ry)
si)
ss)
tc)

ql)
qv)
rf)
rp)
rz)
sj)
st)
td)

qm)
qw)
rg)
rq)
sa)
sk)
su)
te)

qn)
qx)
rh)
rr)
sb)
sl)
sv)
tf)

na) Diagram 5.3-2: Demodulated signal with

loss of parity bit

nb)
nl)
nv)
of)
op)
oz)
pj)
pt)

nc)
nm)
nw)
og)
oq)
pa)
pk)
pu)

nd)
nn)
nx)
oh)
or)
pb)
pl)
pv)

ne)
no)
ny)
oi)
os)
pc)
pm)
pw)

nf)
np)
nz)
oj)
ot)
pd)
pn)
px)

ng)
nq)
oa)
ok)
ou)
pe)
po)
py)

nh)
nr)
ob)
ol)
ov)
pf)
pp)
pz)

ni)
ns)
oc)
om)
ow)
pg)
pq)
qa)

nj)
nt)
od)
on)
ox)
ph)
pr)
qb)

nk)
nu)
oe)
oo)
oy)
pi)
ps)
qc)

hm)
hn) DISCUSSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS:
ho) This experiment, entitled Pulse Code Modulation, aims to study on
quantization and binary encoding of both linear and non-linear as well as
their magnitude and transmission characteristics. This also intend to
familiarize the PCM as a transmission method. This experiment was made
possible by using the necessary instruments given above and by cautiously
following the procedure. For the first part, the linear quantization was
observed by getting the measured value of U2 (in volts) with given values of
U1 for both 8 and 5 bit characteristics. To shift from 8 to 5 bit, the three LSB
was turned off. As it was shown on the yielded data for the 8 bit
characteristic, the values of U2 were just the same with the value of U1 and
only differs diminutively. The size of the quantization was perceived through
a given range and as it was shown on the given data, it is observed that the
linear quantization has a uniform quantization levels. This is very
contradicting to the values acquired in non-linear quantization, where
quantization levels vary as a function of amplitude. For the non-linear, the
quantizing intervals does not acquire an equal size. Small quantizing intervals
are assigned to small signal values (samples) and large quantization intervals
to large samples so that the signal-to-quantization distortion ratio is nearly
independent of the signal level. By looking at the acquired values of
commanding properties for non-linear quantization, it was observed that it is a
process in which compression is followed by expansion. The character
however, the values acquired for both transmission functions lead to distortion.
Although, both are active at the same time in standard operation. For this
matter, only two of the devices is in non-linear and the other is in linear mode
depending on what is required, contradicting to measuring the transmission
line, both are set to non-linear mode.

hp) CONCLUSION:
hq)

After conducting the experiment, the student was able to perform the

following objectives. Form the gathered data, it can be concluded generally that PCM is

a method of converting an analog signal into a digital signal and can be done by
sampling and quantizing. For quantizing, we limit the amplitude to a range of variable (x, x) and the quantized samples are coded and transmitted as binary pulses . Here, the
characteristic for linear and non-linear were observed and as we compared the
gathered data, the theoretical concept was satisfied and therefore, the objectives of this
experiment were successfully attained.
hr)