Ws

1.
A student investigated the antimicrobial properties of tea tree oil.

She cut three identical discs of blotting paper. She soaked disc 1 in 100% tea tree oil, disc 2 in
50% tea tree oil and 50% vegetable oil and disc 3 in 100% vegetable oil. She then placed all
three discs onto a single suitably-prepared Petri dish as shown in diagram 1.
She incubated the Petri dish at 25C for 24 hours. The results of the incubation are shown below
in diagram 2.
(a)
Suggest what is meant by the phrase suitably-prepared Petri dish.

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(2)
Al-NAjah Private School
(b)
(i)
Describe the function of disc 3.

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(1)
(ii)
Explain why clear zones are found around disc 1 and disc 2.
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(2)
(iii)
The clear zone around disc 1 is not a circle. Suggest how you would
calculate the mean diameter of this clear zone.
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(2)
(c)
The mean diameters of the clear zones around disc 1 and disc 2 were found to
be the same. This suggests that both strengths of tea tree oil had equally
effective antimicrobial properties.
Describe how you would determine the minimum strength of tea tree oil that
would be as effective as the 100% tea tree oil.
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(3)
(d)
Suggest one reason why it was good safety practice to incubate the Petri dish at
25C rather than at 37 C.
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)
2.
The diagram below shows the structure of a bacterial cell as seen using an electron
microscope.
C e ll w a ll
S to ra g e g ra n u le
(i)
Name the parts labelled A and B.

A ..............................................................................................................................
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B ..............................................................................................................................
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(2)
(ii)
Describe how the cell wall in this bacterial cell differs from that in a plant cell.
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(1)
(Total 3 marks)
3.
Read through the following passage on the structure of prokaryotic cells, then write on
the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.
Bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are prokaryotic organisms. One of the main
differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is that in a prokaryotic cell,
the bacterial chromosome is not surrounded by a ............................................. .
Prokaryotic cells store carbon compounds in the form of .............................................
and ................................................. and they may also contain one or more small
circular
DNA molecules, known as ................................................ . E. coli cells are motile due
to the presence of a......................................................... .
(Total 5 marks)
4.
The diagrams below show four stages of mitosis.
(a)
(i)
Write the letters of the stages in the sequence in which they occur during
mitosis.
........... .......... .......... ...........
(1)
(ii)
Name stage D.
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(1)
(b)
The graph below shows how the quantity of DNA varies with time in a cell cycle.
4
Q u a n tity o f D N A
/ a rb itra ry u n its
3
10
15
20
25
T im e /h o u rs
(i)
Explain the changes in the quantity of DNA that take place:

between 10 to 15 hours
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at 20 hours
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(2)
(ii)
What is happening- in the cell between 15 and 20 hours?

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(1)
(iii)
What is the minimum length of time that interphase would occupy in this
cell cycle?
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
5.
(a)
The diagram below shows a stage in the division of a cell taken from the testis of
an animal. The diploid number of chromosomes of the animal is 4.
Identify the stage of meiosis shown in the diagram.

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(2)
(b)
The life cycle of a human can be represented by the diagram below.

S p e rm
O vum
Z y g o te
A d u lt
E m b ry o
The diploid number of chromosomes in a human cell is 46.
State the number of chromosomes present in each of the following.
(i)
Sperm .....................................................................................................
(ii)
Zygote .....................................................................................................
(iii)
A cell in the embryo .................................................................................

(3)
(c)
Describe spermatogenesis in humans.

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(5)
(Total 10 marks)
10
6.
The diagram below shows cells from a root tip, prepared by the root tip squash method.
(a)
Describe how you would prepare a root tip squash so that mitosis can be studied.
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(4)
(b)
State which of the cells labelled AE is in:

(i)
metaphase ...................
(ii)
anaphase .....................
(2)
11
(c)
State two events that take place during interphase.

1. ..
2. ..
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
7.
The drawing below shows an animal cell, magnified 1000, undergoing mitosis.
(a)
Give two features that help to identify this as an animal cell.

1 ..............................................................................................................................
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2 ..............................................................................................................................
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(2)
(b)

A ..............................................................................................................................
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B ..............................................................................................................................
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(2)
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(c)
Name the stage of mitosis shown in the drawing.

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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
8.
(a)
The table below describes some of the key events that occur during mitosis
Complete the table by writing the name of the stage of mitosis next to its
description.
Key events
Stage
Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of

the dividing cell.
Chromosomes shorten and thicken. The nuclear
envelope breaks down and the spindle forms.
The spindle fibres break down, the nuclear
membrane re-forms and the chromosomes
elongate.
Chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell,
attached to spindle fibres by their centromeres.
(4)
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(b)
The graph below illustrates the change in DNA content during the cell cycle
M ass o f D N A /
a rb itra ry u n its
6
C
4
3
2
G
0
0
(i)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
T im e / h o u rs
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Calculate the percentage of the cell cycle time spent in G1.
Answer...................................................................
(3)
(ii)
At which point, A, B, C or D, does chromosome replication (the S phase)

begin? Explain your answer.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
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15
9.
The diagram below shows the structure of a chromosome as it might appear at the end
of prophase of mitosis.
(a)

A ..............................................................................................................................
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B ..............................................................................................................................
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(2)
(b)
During metaphase of mitosis, the chromosomes become attached to the equator

of the spindle. Name the stage of mitosis that follows metaphase and describe
the events that occur in this stage.
Stage .......................................................................................................................
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Events
occurring ........................................................................................................
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(3)
(c)
Explain the significance of the stage you have named and described in (b).
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(1)
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(d)
Mitosis forms part of the cell cycle. Name one other stage of the cell cycle and
state what occurs in the stage that you have named.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
10.
The diagram below shows a germinating pollen grain as seen using a light microscope.
(a)

A ..............................................................................................................................
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B ..............................................................................................................................
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(2)
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(b)
Describe the roles of the two male nuclei during fertilisation.

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(4)
(c)
An investigation was carried out into the effect of sucrose concentration on the
germination of pollen grains from two species of plants, Bauhinia purpurea and
Camellia japonica. The results are shown in the graph below.
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G e rm in a tio n
ra te (% )
25
20
B . p u rp u rea
15
C . ja p o n ic a
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
S u c r o s e c o n c e n tr a tio n ( % )
Graph J. B. E. Summer 2001, p. 150
(i)
What is the optimum concentration of sucrose for the germination of pollen

grains from both species?
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(1)
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(ii)
Compare the germination rate of these two species as the concentration of

sucrose increases from 20%.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
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11.
The phenotype of an individual is dependent on a variety of factors.

(a)
(i)
Complete the following sentence by writing the most appropriate word or

words on the dotted lines.
In polygenic inheritance, the phenotypes are affected by forms of genes
called
.......................................... found at many .......................................... on
chromosomes.
(2)
(ii)
The graph below shows some data on the numbers of students of different
heights.
Height is an example of polygenic inheritance.
State the heights that represents the median and the mode for this group of
students.
Median height ................................................... cm
Mode height ...................................................... cm
(2)
20
(b)
(i)
Complete the following short passage by writing the most appropriate word
or words on the dotted lines.
Animal fur colour is an example of a phenotype. The phenotype of
an animal can be the result of an interaction between
the .......................................... and the ..........................................
(2)
(ii)
The enzyme tyrosinase is involved in producing dark coloured fur in cats.

Tyrosinase is active at the cats body temperature.
Some cats have a defective form of tyrosinase. The defective tyrosinase is inactive
at normal body temperature, but becomes active in the cooler extremities of cats
living in a cold environment.
The diagrams below show four cats with different fur colour distributions. Shaded
areas represent dark coloured fur and non-shaded areas represent light coloured fur.
Place a cross
represents:
in the most appropriate box to select the diagram which
a cat with normal tyrosinase
a cat with defective tyrosinase, in

a hot country
a cat in a cold country with defective

tyrosinase
D
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
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12.
Read through the following account relating to sexual reproduction. Write on each
dotted line the most appropriate word to complete the account.
A sperm is produced by a special kind of nuclear division called......................................
In this type of division the chromosome number of the normal body cell is
..................................... The chromosomes are .................................... assorted which
increases genetic variation.
A sperm can only fertilise an egg by penetrating the jelly surrounding the egg
membrane. The head of the sperm releases .................................... which allow the
sperm to reach the egg membrane. This process is called the ....................................
reaction. Fertilisation produces a diploid cell called a .................................... which
divides by ..................................... to form an embryo.
(Total 7 marks)
13.
Stem cells are considered to be a potential treatment for many conditions. However,
research on stem cells needs to be regulated.
(a)
Explain the meaning of the term stem cell.

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(2)
(b)
State three potential sources of human stem cells.

1 ..............................................................................................................................
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3 ..............................................................................................................................
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(3)
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(c)
(i)
Suggest two reasons why there are regulating authorities for human
embryo research.
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(2)
(ii)
Suggest why these regulating authorities should include people involved in

human embryo research and people not involved in embryo research.
People involved in embryo
research.................................................................
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People not involved in embryo
research ..........................................................
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
14.
During an infection, some white blood cells make glycoproteins which become part of
their cell surface membranes. To make glycoproteins, the white blood cells must first
synthesise proteins on the surface of their rough endoplasmic reticulum.
(a)
Explain how these newly-made proteins end up as glycoproteins on the cell

surface membrane.
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(5)
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(b)
There are certain rare blood disorders in which there is a shortage of white blood
cells. One potential treatment would be to inject totipotent stem cells into
individuals with these disorders.
(i)
Explain what is meant by the term totipotent stem cell.

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(2)
(ii)
Suggest why injecting totipotent stem cells may benefit a person with a
shortage of white blood cells.
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(1)
(iii)
Suggest one risk to the person receiving the stem cells.

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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
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15.
(a)
Describe the structure of a plant cell wall.

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(3)
(b)
An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of two enzymes, enzyme A
and enzyme B, on the yield of apple juice.
An apple was cut into small pieces and blended in a food processor to produce
apple pulp.
Four samples of apple pulp of equal mass were mixed with various combinations
of enzyme A, enzyme B and water, as detailed in the table below. Both enzyme
solutions were at the same concentration.
Sample number
Mixture
Apple pulp + 5 cm enzyme A + 5 cm water
Apple pulp + 5 cm enzyme B + 5 cm water
Apple pulp + 5 cm enzyme A + 5 cm enzyme B
Apple pulp + 10 cm water
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The samples were incubated at 30 C for 15 minutes.

Each sample was then placed in a separate filter funnel and the apple juice collected into
a measuring cylinder. The volumes of the apple juice collected from each sample are
shown in the bar chart below.
V o lu m e o f a p p le ju ic e c o lle c te d / c m
40
30
20
10
(i)
2
3
S a m p le n u m b e r
Suggest why the apple pulp incubated with water only (sample 4) yielded
some apple juice.
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(1)
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(ii)
Describe the effect that enzymes A and B have on the yield of apple juice in
samples 1, 2 and 3.
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(2)
(iii)
Suggest how these enzymes increase the yield of apple juice.

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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
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16.
(a)
The diagram below shows two different stem cells and the differentiated cells that
they can form.
(i)
Use the diagram to explain why stem cell B is described as pluripotent.

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(2)
(ii)
Suggest one site where stem cell A may be found in an adult human.
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(1)
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(iii)
All the differentiated cells derived from stem cell B have the same genotype
but have very different structures and functions. This is due to differential
gene expression.
Explain how differential gene expression can enable cells which have the
same genetic material to have very different structures and functions.
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(3)
(b)
Three examples of how temperature affects organisms are given below. If the
example is due to differential gene expression, place a cross ( ) in the box to
the right of that example.
Examples
The rate of protein synthesis within a plant is temperature dependent.
The gender of turtles is determined by the temperature of the ground in
which the eggs are laid.
Asexual reproduction is more rapid in bacteria if the temperature is higher.
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
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17.
(a)
Three structures found in mammalian sperm cells are described in the table
below.
Give the name of each structure being described.
Description
Structure
Releases digestive enzymes to penetrate egg

Allows the sperm to swim to the egg cell
Provides the energy required for swimming
(3)
(b)
Give the term that describes the ability of a stem cell from an embryo to produce
all cell types.
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(1)
(c)
Describe how a cell loses the ability to produce other cell types and becomes
specialised.
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(3)
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(d)
Embryos have been produced from human egg cells which have not been
fertilised by sperm. These embryos never survive past a few days. This is
because some of the genes needed for development are only active in
chromosomes from the sperm.
It has been suggested that there will be less opposition to the medical use of
stem cells from these embryos than from normal embryos. Suggest reasons for
this.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
18.
(a)
A single stem cell can give rise to many genetically identical cells of different
types.
There are, for example, adult stem cells in the human brain which are capable of
producing the different types of brain cells including nerve cells (neurones).
Scientists are trying to find ways of growing such adult brain stem cells in the
laboratory.
(i)
Name the type of cell division by which a stem cell can give rise to many
genetically identical cells.
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(1)
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(ii)
Explain how cells produced from stem cells can have the same genes yet
be of different types.
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(2)
(iii)
Suggest why it might be useful to keep a supply of live stem cells from your
brain in a laboratory.
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(2)
(b)
Much research remains to be done and so it will be some time before adult stem
cell treatments will be available to those who might benefit from them. However,
research using embryonic stem cells is much further advanced.
(i)
Suggest why research with embryonic stem cells is further advanced than
research with adult stem cells.
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(2)
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(ii)
Some people hold the view that research into and the medical use of
embryonic stem cells is unethical and that we should await the results of
research on adult stem cells.
Are you for or against embryonic stem cell
research? .....................................
Using your scientific knowledge and your understanding of the ethical
issues associated with embryonic stem cell research, explain why you hold
this view.
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(4)
(Total 11 marks)
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19.
The diagram below shows the steps needed to produce human tissues from embryonic
stem cells. This procedure has not yet been successfully carried out although some
scientists hope that it will soon be possible. Perhaps one day new nervous tissue will
be produced that will enable people with spinal injuries to walk again.
S te p 1
fe rtilis a tio n
S te p 2
sp a re e m b ry o
S te p 3
g ro w n to fo rm b la s to c y s t
S te p 4
s te m c e lls is o la te d , re m a in s
o f b la s to c y s t d is c a rd e d
S te p 5
s te m c e lls c u ltu re d
S te p 6
c e ll d iffe re n tia tio n
S te p 7
h u m a n tis s u e s fo r
tra n s p la n ta tio n
(a)
(i)
Describe how scientists might obtain a supply of spare embryos (Step 2) to

produce tissues.
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(1)
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(ii)
After fertilisation, cells are totipotent but by the time a blastocyst has
formed the cells are pluripotent. Explain what is meant by the terms
totipotent and pluripotent.
totipotent ......................................................................................................
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pluripotent ....................................................................................................
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(2)
(b)
Explain why the following are important in producing tissues from stem cells.
(i)
stem cells cultured (Step 5)

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(2)
(ii)
cell differentiation (Step 6)

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(2)
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(c)
The use of embryonic stem cells to produce tissues in this way is controversial.
Some people think that it should be banned, whilst other people think that it
would be wrong not to try this technique. State whether you are for or against
using embryonic stem cells to produce new tissues.
For or against?.............................................
Use your knowledge of stem cell research issues to justify your view.
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(4)
(Total 11 marks)
20.
A newspaper recently published the following report.
Scientists find gene to halt ovarian cancer

A gene that can stop the development of cancer of the ovary has been identified. This
gene acts as a tumour suppressor. If the gene is switched off then a tumour develops.
Scientists have switched the gene back on in mice and the cancer cells stopped
developing.
Scientists hope to be able to find a drug to turn this gene back on. This could provide a
41
means of treating ovarian cancer in humans.
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(a)
(i)
If a suitable drug is found it will have to be carefully tested in clinical trials.

Describe the methods that would be used to trial a new drug to treat
ovarian cancer.
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(4)
(ii)
William Withering carried out trials of the digitalis soup which he used to
treat patients. Explain why his methods could not be used as part of a
modern clinical trial.
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(2)
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(b)
In the future, it may be possible to treat ovarian cancer by transplanting healthy

stem cells into a diseased ovary. Some people think that stem cell research
should not be carried out.
State whether you are for or against the use of stem cells to treat ovarian cancer.
For or against? ........................
Present an argument to explain why you hold this point of view (for or against)
using your biological knowledge of stem cell research and the ethical issues
connected with it.
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
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1.

A student investigated the antimicrobial properties of tea tree oil.

Suggest what is meant by the phrase suitably-prepared Petri dish.

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Describe the function of disc 3.

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Name the parts labelled A and B.

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The diagrams below show four stages of mitosis.

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Explain the changes in the quantity of DNA that take place:

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What is happening- in the cell between 15 and 20 hours?

Identify the stage of meiosis shown in the diagram.

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The life cycle of a human can be represented by the diagram below.

A cell in the embryo .................................................................................

Describe spermatogenesis in humans.

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State which of the cells labelled AE is in:

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State two events that take place during interphase.

Give two features that help to identify this as an animal cell.

Name the parts labelled A and B.

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Name the stage of mitosis shown in the drawing.

Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of

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Calculate the percentage of the cell cycle time spent in G1.

At which point, A, B, C or D, does chromosome replication (the S phase)

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Name the parts labelled A and B.

During metaphase of mitosis, the chromosomes become attached to the equator

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Name the parts labelled A and B.

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Describe the roles of the two male nuclei during fertilisation.

What is the optimum concentration of sucrose for the germination of pollen

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Compare the germination rate of these two species as the concentration of

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The phenotype of an individual is dependent on a variety of factors.

Complete the following sentence by writing the most appropriate word or

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The enzyme tyrosinase is involved in producing dark coloured fur in cats.

in the most appropriate box to select the diagram which

a cat with normal tyrosinase

a cat with defective tyrosinase, in

a cat in a cold country with defective

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Explain the meaning of the term stem cell.

State three potential sources of human stem cells.

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Suggest why these regulating authorities should include people involved in

Explain how these newly-made proteins end up as glycoproteins on the cell

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Explain what is meant by the term totipotent stem cell.