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Introduction
The strength and composition of materials when affected by force can be calculated using specific
formula theoretically. However, generating accurate values can only be achieved by means of
testing, experimentation and formulation. Since the advancement of technology, this values can
now be generated using a software application, this is called the Finite Element Analysis. One
example of this is the Solidworks where it can generate the accurate values without
experimentation.
The Technical Report will compare the result of two figures with the same area and material but
with different shapes (cube & cylinder) using both theoretical and solidworks results. The
difference in values will be recorded for multiple trials, each having different set of forces ranging
from 100 kN to 500 kN.
Software: Solidworks
SolidWorks Version 2015 or higher will be used as testing medium for the software side. The FEA
(Finite Element Analysis) capability of SolidWorks is integrated to the Simulations add-ins package
with the capability to do linear and non-linear analysis.
Stress
Stress is used to express the loading in terms of force applied to a certain cross-sectional area of an
object. From the perspective of loading, stress is the applied force or system of forces that tends to
deform a body. From the perspective of what is happening within a material, stress is the internal
distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.
Strain
Strain is the ratio of change in length to the original, or
quantity since it is the ratio of displacement.
. Strain is a dimensionless/unitless
Displacement
It is the shortest distance from the initial to the final position of a point when a force is applied. In
rigid body, the tern displacement may also include the rotations of the body.
Modulus of Elasticity
The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic
deformation region. A stiffer material will have a higher elastic modulus. The unit of Elastic of
Modulus has the same unit of stress.
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Figure 1. The slope of stress and strain is denoted by the constant E. (image from Total material website)
Von Mises Yield Criterion
Solidworks Simulation uses the Von Mises Yield Criterion to calculate the Factor of Safety of many
ductile materials. Von Mises Criterion computes the stress along all planes.
URES: Resultant Displacement
Solidworks Simulation uses the URES: Resultant Displacement to calculate the elongation of the
material when a force is applied. URES: Resultant Displacement computes the displacement along
all planes.
ESTRN: Equivalent Strain
Solidworks Simulation uses ESTRN: Equivalent Strain to calculate the strain when a force is applied
to a material. ESTRN: Equivalent Strain computes the strain along all planes
Sensors
Four sensors are placed to both specimen to measure its max Von misses, Principal Stress,
Equivalent Strain, and Resultant Displacement.
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Treated As
Volumetric Properties
Solid Body
Mass:75060 kg
Volume:27
Density:2780 kg/
Weight:735588 N
Area: 9
Boss-Extrude1
Document Path/Date
Modified
Figure 2. Information about the Solid Cube Figure generated in the SolidWorks through report
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Treated As
Volumetric Properties
Solid Body
Mass: 84685.8 kg
Volume: 30.4625
Density: 2780 kg/
Weight: 829921 N
Area:
Boss-Extrude1
Document Path/Date
Modified
Figure 3. Information about the Solid Cylinder Figure generated in the SolidWorks through report
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Formula
The following will be used for the theoretical part of validation.
Results
Cube
Stress (Pa)
Trial Area
(
Force
)
Simulated (SW)
Theoretical
Von misses
(
Difference
Percent
Difference
11178.8
8897.59
44%
Principal
(
100
11111.11
200
22222.22
40017.4
22357.6
17795.18
44%
300
33333.33
60026.2
33536.3
26692.87
44%
400
44444.44
80034.9
44715.2
35590.46
44%
500
55555.56
100044
55894.1
44488.44
44%
Table 1. Summary of 5 trials of cube using both theoretical and simulation method for stress
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Area
Force
Simulated (SW)
Theoretical
Von misses
(
Difference
Percent
Difference
11155.7
5324.79
32%
Principal
(
100
11111.11
200
22222.22
32871.7
22311.5
10649.48
32%
300
33333.33
49307.6
33467.2
15974.27
32%
400
44444.44
65743.4
44623
21298.96
32%
500
55555.56
82179.3
55778.6
26623.74
32%
Table 2. Summary of 5 trials of cylinder using both theoretical and simulation method for stress
Interpretation of the Table
The values of the Von Mises stress are found to be higher than the theoretical for all the trials on
both shapes. The difference of the said stresses is determined to be increasing with the increasing
value of load/force. The percentage difference however is generally constant for the generated data
at a certain range in the table
Figure 4. Comparison result of stress for 4 trials of cube by means of static simulation
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Figure 5. Comparison result of stress for 4 trials of cylinder by means of static simulation
Conclusion
The theoretical data that has been gathered from the formula given is less than the data gathered
from the solidworks. The data also denotes a constant percent difference of both Von misses and
theoretical. Comparing Von misses data (max) to the principal average, the principal average has a
nearer value from the theoretical rather than the Von misses. The researcher concludes that the
value of Von misses is at max limit of the material rather than the average value that is computed by
the theoretical.
Part 2: Displacement Validation
Method
A material under fixed geometry fixture with constant area of two different shapes is subjected to
different values of force in compression which will result to different values of displacement.
Results for both the theoretical and simulated will be presented in tabular form. This is later
compared and interpreted.
Formula
The following will be used for the theoretical part of validation.
(7.24 x
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Area
Force
Simulated (SW)
Theoretical
URES: Resultant
Displacement
(
)
Difference
Percent
Difference
100
0.19%
200
0.18%
300
0.13%
400
0.18%
500
0.17%
Table 3. Summary of 5 trials of cube using both theoretical and simulation method for displacement
Cylinder
Displacement ( )
Trial
Area
Force
Simulated (SW)
Theoretical
URES: Resultant
Displacement
(
)
Difference
Percent
Difference
100
2%
200
2%
300
2%
400
2%
500
2%
Table 4. Summary of 5 trials of cylinder using both theoretical and simulation method for displacement
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Figure 6. Comparison result of displacement for 4 trials of cube by means of static simulation
Figure 7. Comparison result of displacement for 4 trials of cylinder by means of static simulation
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Formula
The following will be used for the theoretical part of validation.
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Area
Force
Simulated (SW)
Theoretical
ESTRN: Equivalent
Strain
(
Difference
Percent
Difference
100
22%
200
22%
300
22%
400
22%
500
22%
Table 5. Summary of 5 trials of cube using both theoretical and simulation method for strain
Cylinder
Strain
Trial
Area
Force
Simulated (SW)
Theoretical
ESTRN: Equivalent
Strain
(
Difference
Percent
Difference
100
7%
200
7%
300
7%
400
7%
500
7%
Table 6. Summary of 5 trials of cylinder using both theoretical and simulation method for strain
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Figure 8. Comparison result of strain for 4 trials of cube by means of static simulation
Figure 9. Comparison result of strain for 4 trials of cylinder by means of static simulation
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