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The neural tube cranial to the 4th pair of somites develop into the brain.
3 dilatations and 2 flexures form at the cephalic end of the neural tube
during the 4th week.
primary brain vesicles
1) Prosencephalon (forebrain)
2) Mesencephalon (midbrain)
3) Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
flexures:
1) Cephalic flexure (midbrain region)
2) Cervical flexure (hindbrain-SC)
Brain flexures
Midbrain flexure-Cervical flexure.
Unequal growth of the brain between flexures produces
the pontine flexure in the opposite direction (5th week).
This flexure results in thinning of the roof of the hindbrain.
Initially, the primordial brain has the same basic structure as the
developing spinal cord.
However, the brain flexures produce variations in the position of
white and gray matter.
Hindbrain
Spinal cord-servical flexure-hindbrain
Myelencephalon
The caudal part of the myelencephalon (future closed part of medulla)
resembles the spinal cord.
Central canal
Neuroblasts from the alar plates migrate into the marginal zonenucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus
Pyramids
Metencephalon
Walls form the pons and cerebellum.
Cavity forms the superior part of the 4th ventricle.
Pons
Cerebellum
Develops from thickenings of dorsal parts of the alar plates (cerebellar swellings).
The swellings enlarge and fuse in the median plane, cerebellar vermis and
hemispheres forms.
The primary fissure forms and divides the cerebellum into anterior and
middle lobes.
Continued fissuration subdivides the expanding cerebellum into further
lobes and then, starting in the 3rd month, into lobules and folia.
Neuroblasts of the mantle zone of the alar plate migrate to the marginal zone,
differentiate into the neurons of the cerebellar cortex.
Other neuroblasts of the alar plates give rise to central nuclei (e.g. dentate
nucleus)
Choroid plexuses
Thin ependymal roof is covered by piamater with numerous blood vessels. This
vascular membrane together with the ependymal cells forms the tela choroidea
of the 4th ventricle.
Pia mater proliferates and tela choroidea invaginates the 4th ventricle and
differentiates into choroid plexus.
Similar plexuses develop in the roof of the third ventricle and the medial walls
of the lateral ventricles.
Midbrain
Forebrain
Rostral part- telencephalon- primordia of the cerebral hemispheres
Caudal part- diencephalon
Alar and basal plates and sulcus limitans are recognizable until the
junction of midbrain and forebrain!!!
Diencephalon
In the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle 3 swellings develop
Epithalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Telencephalon
Consists of a median part and 2 lateral cerebral vesicles.
The lateral ventricle in each hemisphere communicates with the third
ventricle through an interventricular foramen (of Monro).
The expansions of the neural canal in the brain vesicles and cerebral
hemispheres give rise to the cerebral ventricles.
Shh ventralizes the neural tube, induces the floor and basal plates.
BMPs increase the expression of dorsalizing genes; PAX3, 7 in the
alar and roof plates.
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