Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objective
Theory
An operational amplifier is a direct-coupled high amplifier usually
consisting of one or more differential amplifiers and usually followed by
a level translator and an output stage. The output stage is generally a
push-pull complementary-symmetry pair. An operational amplifier is
available as a single integrated circuit package.
Experimental Development
Simulation
Picture 4.
With the
potentiometer at 1.5 k
Operation
The voltage drop against the each resistor is 3.5 volt.
So when the Vin = 0v or less than 3.5v the output of all op-amp are at Vsat. The
silicon diodes protect the light emitting diodes against excessive reverse bias
voltage.
When Vin is increased from a value of 3.5v to 4v, only the output of op-amp#1
goes positive to light which indicate a very low voltage of the input signal.
When Vin is increased from a value of 4v to 8v, the output of op-amp#1 and opamp#2 are at +Vsat and goes positive to light which indicate low voltage of the
input signal. When Vin is increased from a value of 8v to 12v, the output of opamp#1, op-amp#2 and op-amp#3 are at +Vsat and goes positive to light which
indicate a medium voltage of the input signal. Similarly, when Vin is increased
to 16v or higher, the output of all op-amps are at +Vsat and all op-amps output
goes positive to emit light of all LEDs which indicate full or high voltage of the
input signal.
Conclusion
With this system we can measure the water level in a tank, gas density in a car
or octant level of a filing station or even more relevant for our field of study,