Effect of Paste Density Variation On Pervious Concrete

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 5, Issue 8, August 2015)
Effect of Paste Density Variation on Pervious Concrete

Husain N Hamdulay1, Roshni J John2
1
PG Student, Dept of Civil Engg, Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar-410210, India

Head of Civil Engineering Department, Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar-410210, India
Experimental study on cement replaced in concrete
matrix with FA from 10% to 50% by step in steps of 10%
observed that replacement of cement in any proportion
lowers the flexural tensile strength of concrete as well as
delays its hardening. [6]
Mix Design for Pervious Recycled Aggregate Concrete
paper reports the results of a content and recycled concrete
aggregate
for
sustainable
permeable
pavement
construction. High fineness ground granulated blast furnace
slag was used to replace up to 70 % cement by weight. The
properties of the pervious concrete were evaluated by
determining the compressive strength at 7 and 28 days,
void content and water permeability under falling head.[5]
Abstract Water is a basic source of living and its wastage

may lead to its scarcity. Pervious concrete helps in preventing
large amount of water waste by its percolation it into the
ground. In many developed countries, the use of pervious
concrete for the construction of pavements, car parks and
driveways is becoming popular. In order to develop material
specification for pervious concrete, it is necessary to conduct
testing to evaluate its performance. The effect of paste density
on properties of hardened concrete by addition of various
cementitious admixtures such as Fly ash and GGBS is
assessed in this paper.
Keywords Pervious concrete, Paste density, Flyash,
GGBS.
I. INTRODUCTION
III. ADVANTAGES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE
Pervious concrete is a mixture of Portland cement,

coarse aggregate, water, and admixtures, with little or no
fine aggregate. It is a zero-slump, no-fines, open graded
material. The right configuration of these materials
produces a product that allows water to pass though it at the
rate of 45-70 liters per minute per square foot. The void
structure of pervious concrete is typically between 18%25%. The pore structure contains interconnected voids that
allow water and air to pass through. It is also called nofines or permeable concrete.
The benefits of pervious concrete are not limited to its

infiltration capacities.
A number of studies have shown its potential to
remove pollutants from water,
Decreasing flooding possibilities, especially in urban
areas and reducing puddles on the road
Reduce noise, improve skid resistance, and
Help mitigate the heat island effect
It returns rain water to the ground, recharging ground
water and aquifers
The runoff from paved areas is reduced, which
reduces the need for separate storm water retention
Supporting vegetation growth
II. EARLIER RESEARCH

Experimental determination of Fresh and hardened
pervious concrete properties gave correlation between the
compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, flow
coefficient, and aggregate grading is analyzed. [6]
Experimentation study on permeability reduction in
pervious concretes due to physical clogging using both
experimental and modeling approaches have been
described. [3]
The laboratory results of the study undertaken to
determine the effect of shapes and size of aggregates on
permeability of pervious concrete indicates that
permeability of pervious concrete vary as a function of
angularity number of aggregates used. [1]
Pervious concrete also has some disadvantages:

Low strength due to high porosity
High maintenance requirement due to clogging
problem
IV. PROBLEMS AND ISSUES WITH PERVIOUS CONCRETE
- Due to the high percentage of voids and the lack of
fines, pervious concrete mixtures tend to have low
compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths (Beeldens,
2001).
208

- Research has shown that the relationship between the
strength and porosity of these mixtures is well
defined. Typically, this relationship is fairly linear. As
the porosity of the mix decreases, the strength
increases (Crouch et al., 2003; Haselbach et al.,
2006).
- Admixture proportioning is an important criterion as
it may lead to imperious surface at the bottom. To
facilitate the movement of water, interconnected voids
must be present in the hardened pervious concrete.
- There is a concern that the pores in the pervious
concrete might clog due to long-term deposition of
fine materials in runoff, or due to a catastrophic
events such as the failure of upstream erosion control
measures or flooding.
VI. MIX PROPORTION

Trial concrete mixes shall be prepared keeping water to
cementitious material ratio (W/Cm) constant for all the six
concrete mixes. The design mix proportions are as follows:
TABLE 1
MIX PROPORTIONS FOR PERVIOUS CONCRETE MIXES
Mix
Compos
-ition
V. MATERIAL USED
- Cement
Ordinary Portland cement of 53-grade will be used in
this study conforming to IS: 8112-1989 having Specific
gravity 3.15.
- Aggregates
The coarse aggregate passing through 20 mm and
retained on 10 mm sieve was used in research. Aggregates
of size 10 mm and 20 mm used in the project will be local
angular aggregates available with distributer.
- Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)
The GGBS used in research was obtained from JSW
Steel Plant. The specific gravity of about GGBS is 2.88.
Mi
x
Ab
bv
Quantity (Kg/m3)
Cem
ent
Fl
y
As
h
GG
BS
Wat
er
CA
10
CA
20
Admi
xture
C:FA/G
GBS =
100:0
PM
1
300
100
1780
C:FA/G
GBS =
100:0
PM
2
300
100
712
106
8
C:FA =
85:15
PM
3
255
45
100
1780
C:FA =
65:35
PM
4
195
10
5
100
1780
C:GGBS
= 75:25
PM
5
225
75
100
640
960
C:GGBS
= 50:50
PM
6
150
150
100
640
960
C: Cement; FA: Fly Ash; GGBS: Ground Granulated Blast

Furnace Slag
- Fly ash (FA)

Fly ash required for the project was obtained from local
fly ash brick manufacturer having its source from Nasik
Thermal Power Plant having a specific gravity of 2.15.
VII. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME

As part of project 6 samples of pervious concrete were
prepared. Practical preparation of concrete mixes for
various concrete/ aggregate mix proportions, use of
admixtures was done
Proportion 1- Use of only 10 mm aggregates (PM 1)
Proportion 2- Mix proportion of 10 mm and 20 mm
aggregates (PM 2)
Proportion 3- Higher strength mix (From above) + Fly ash
(15 %) (PM 3)
Proportion 4- Higher strength mix (From above) + Fly ash
(35 %) (PM 4)
Proportion 5- Higher strength mix (From above) + GGBS
(25 %) (PM 5)
- Admixtures
Water Reducing Admixtures is being used for preparing
the pervious concrete mix. BASF admixtures Master
Polyheed 8650 was used for the purpose.
- Water
Water quality used in pervious concrete should be the
same as that used in conventional concrete: potable water,
recycled water from the concrete industry, or tap water.
Due to the sensitivity of pervious concrete, water quality
control is very important.
209

Proportion 6- Higher strength mix (From above) + GGBS
(50 %) (PM 6)
The basis of mix design was based on trial and error
method as no exact design method is available for mix
design of pervious concrete.
VIII. TESTING METHODS AND PROCEDURES
All the six concrete mixes were tested for
A. Compressive strength at 3, 7 & 28 days following the
guidelines of IS 516,
B. Flexure test for beams at 28 days,
C. Split tensile test for cylindrical molds at 28 day
[7]
D. Water Permeability test at 28 days
Fig 3 Split Tensile Testing of pervious concrete specimen
Fig 1Compressive strength testing of Pervious Sample
Fig 4 Falling Head Permeability Testing of pervious concrete

specimen
IX. PASTE DENSITY

The density of the paste is derived from the collective
mass of all the constituents of the paste such as OPC, fly
ash, GGBS, water and admixture of unit composite volume
of paste
Fig 2 Flexure strength testing of Pervious sample
210

X. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TABLE 2
PASTE DENSITY OF DIFFERENT PERVIOUS MIXES
Paste
Mix
Mix Composition
Weight
Volume
Density
(Kg/m3)
C:FA/GGBS=100:0
PM 1
400
196.16
2.04
C:FA/GGBS=100:0
PM 2
400
196.16
2.04
C:FA=85:15
PM 3
400
202.81
1.97
C:FA=65:35
PM 4
400
211.67
1.89
C:GGBS=75:25
PM 5
400
198.40
2.02
C:GGBS=50:50
PM 6
400
200.63
1.99
Fig 4 graphs showing variation of paste density against compression

and flexural strength
Fig 3 Graph showing variation in paste density
The relationship graphs for paste density and strength of

various mixes show that paste density was `directly
proportional to the strength factor. Lower paste density
showed lower strengths for compression, split tensile and
flexural strength.
Density of concrete also varied the same way. For mix
containing Flyash had lowest paste density and the density
or unit weight for the mix was also the lowest.
Fig 4.4.1 shows Paste Density and its variation of the

different mixes. The paste density mix with 100% OPC
shows a constant paste density. Aggregate sizes do not
have any effect on the paste density. For mixes with flyash
show a reduction of 3.55% and 8% in paste density for
15% and 35% replacement of OPC. Replacement of GGBS
upto 25% showed negligible reduction in Paste density.
Even 50% replacement of cement also showed only a
decrease of 1% in paste density.
211

The presence of high porosity relative to conventional
concrete makes the pervious concrete to become light
weight concrete with limited compressive strength.
A proper gradation of aggregate and mix design is
important to get an optimum mix.
Flyash reduced the strength properties of the concrete,
the major reason may be the grade and quality of Flyash.
Paste density obtained for Flyash was very low than
OPC and GGBS due to its low specific gravity.
Relationship graphs showed that low Paste Density was
proportional to lower strengths while high paste density
showed high strength.
Permeability was not much varied due to variation in
paste density. Permeability is moreover related to
method of compaction and size of aggregates used.
REFERENCES AND STANDARDS
[1]
A.K. Jain, Dr. J.S. Chouhan, S.S. Goliya Effect Of Shape And Size
Of Aggregate On Permeability Of Pervious Concrete JERS/Vol. II/
Issue IV/October-December, 2011/48-5
[2] Marty Wanielista Manoj Chopra, Final Report Performance
Assessment of Portland Cement Pervious Pavement Stormwater
Management Academy University of Central Florida June 2007
[3] Omkar Deo, Milani Sumanasooriya, M, and Narayanan Neithalath
Permeability Reduction in Pervious Concretes due to Clogging:
Experiments and Modeling Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 7, July 1, 2010. ASCE, ISSN 08991561/2010/7-741751
[4] Will Goede, Liv Haselbach Investigation into the Structural
Performance of Pervious Concrete Journal of Transportation
Engineering, Vol. 138, No. 1, January 1, 2012. ASCE, ISSN 0733947X/2012/1-98104
[5] Rasiah Sriravindrarajah, Neo Derek Huai Wang, and Lai Jian Wen
Ervin Mix Design for Pervious Recycled Aggregate Concrete
International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials Vol.6,
No.4, pp.239246, December 2012 DOI 10.1007/40069-012-0024-x
ISSN 1976-0485 / ISSN 2234-1315
[6] S L Patil, Dr M V Baride, Dr M Husain, B V Mahajan Fly Ash
Concrete for
Road Pavement: A Techno Economic Analysis
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN
0976-3945 IJAET/Vol. I/ Issue III/Oct.-Dec.,2010/93-100
[7] Silvija Mrakovi, Nina eh, Vedrana Jugovac Effect of aggregate
grading on pervious concrete properties GRAEVINAR 66 (2014)
2, 107-113, DOI: 10.14256/JCE.977.2013.
[8] Yogendra O. Patil, Prof.P.N.Patil, Dr. Arun Kumar Dwivedi GGBS
As Partial Replacement Of OPC In Cement Concrete An
Experimental Study IJSR - International Journal Of Scientific
Research, Volume : 2 | Issue : 11 | November 2013 ISSN No 2277
8179
[9] Yukari Aoki, Thesis Report Development of Pervious Concrete,
University of Technology, Sydney, June 2009.
[10] IS 456 -2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
Fig 5 Graphs showing variation of paste density against Permeability

and Density of concrete
The relationship graphs between permeability and paste

density of mix does not show more variation. The variation
for 50% GGBS mix is slightly higher than other. The
variation may be due to low compaction in the sample.
XI. CONCLUSION
Pervious concrete has high water permeability due the
presence of interconnected air voids.
212

[11] IS 516 -1959 Methods of Tests for strength of concrete, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[12] IS 10262 -2009 IS Method of Mix Design, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
[13] IS 383: 1970 Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from
natural source for concrete
[14] IS 3812-1 (2003): Specification for Pulverized Fuel Ash, Part 1: For
Use as Pozzolana in Cement, Cement Mortar and Concrete
[15] IS 12089 (1987): Specification for granulated slag for the
manufacture of Portland slag cement.
213

Effect of Paste Density Variation On Pervious Concrete

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering