Unit (1): Force and Motion - Lesson (1): Mass and weight

Mass: The amount of matter in an object.

G.R: Mass of 2 eggs equals the mass of searchlight: Because both of them contain the same amount of matter.
Properties of matter:
1- Mass increases when amount of matter increases.
2- All matter have mass whatever their physical states (solids, liquids or gases).
3- All shapes of matter(piece, powder or mixture) have mass.
4- All matter have mass at any place (on moon or any other planet).
5- The mass of any matter is a fixed value and doesnt change by changing the place of matter.
Ex: The mass on Earths surface is the same mass on the moon.
Measuring units of mass:
Gram (gm)
- Equal the mass of paper clip.
- Measures small masses (jewelry).
1 ton = 1000 kilogram

Kilogram (kg)
- Equal the mass of 1 liter of distilled water..
- Measures large masses (fruits- vegetables).

Ton
Measures very
big masses.

1 kilogram = 1000 gram.

Measuring devices of Two-arms

mass: scales:
scale
Types of scales
One-arm scale
Balance scale
Measures large masses
(Cheese- vegetables)

Sensitive scale
Measures small masses
(Gold-chemicals)

Mass of solid object equals the total of the standard masses.

Mass of liquid = M2 M1

Digital scale

Scale with pointer

 Weight: Its the force with which a body is attracted to the Earth. Or: its the gravitational force by which a body is attracted to the Earth.
Effect (direction) of weight is directed to Earth center. But in space objects are in a state of weightlessness.
Measuring unit of weight: is Newton
Newton: measuring unit of weight and it is almost equal to weight of object of 100 grams on Earths surface.
Measuring device of weight: spring scale: by determining the extension of its spring.
Factors affecting weight:
1- The objects mass:

Weight = object mass acceleration of Earth gravity

Acceleration of Earth gravity = 10 m/s2
W = m 10

2- The planet where the object exists:

- As mass of the planet increases, its gravitational force for an object increases, so weight of object increases.
- It means that: Earths mass (big), but moons mass (small).
- The weight of object on the moons surface = one sixths (1/6) of its weight on the Earths surface: (G.R)
Because Earth has greater mass and gravitational force than moon..
3- The distance between the object and the center of the planet:
Weight of object decreases when The distance between the object and the center of the planet increases:(G.R)
As the gravitational force decreases.

Unit (2): Thermal Energy

Lesson (1): heat conduction
Heat: Its a form of energy that transfers from the higher temperature object to the lower temperature object.
Importance of heat:
1- in our daily life:
a. Warming the house.
c. heating water.

b. Cooking.
d. Drying the washed clothes.

2- In industry:
a. Making and processing food. b. Manufacture of glass, paper and textile
Temperature: Its the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.
Thermometers: measures temperature.
Materials are classified according to conduction of heat into:
Type

Heat conductors
(good conductors of heat):
Definition materials that let heat flow through.
Example
Life

Heat insulators
materials that dont let heat flow through.

iron copper stainless aluminum.

Leaving spaces between railway iron bars: (G.R)
application To avoid train accidents where iron is good
conductor of heat, so it expands and twists by heat.
Some metals conduct heat faster than the other:
- Copper conducts heat faster than aluminum.
- Aluminum conducts heat faster than iron.
Usage of good and bad conductors of heat:
Element
Type
Aluminum and stainless
Good heat conductor
Plastic and wood
Heat insulator
Wool
Heat insulator

wood glass-wool-plastic-rubber-liquids-gases
In cold countries, people use air in making insulating glass window: (G.R)
As air is an insulator material where it keep heat (prevent the leakage of heat).

Usage: Used in making:

Cooking pots - kettles
Handles of: Cooking pots (utensils) - kettles (boilers) iron
Heavy blankets and woolen clothes, so theyre used in winter: (G.R)
To keep the body warm and prevent leakage of heat.

Lesson (2); Measuring Temperature

Importance of measuring Temperature:
1- Helping us to know our bodies temperature.
2- Helping us to know the weather temperature which affects our life skills.
3- Some processed food industries require a certain temperature
Touching cant measure the temperature.
Thermometer: Its a device thats used to measure temperature
Main idea of thermometer:
Changing the volume of liquid by changing the temperature where, liquids expands by heating and contract by cooling.
Types of thermometers:
Type
Def.

Medical thermometer
Thermometer thats measures the temperature of the human being.
1- Transparent thick glass tube.
2- A capillary tube closed from one of its ends.
3- Mercury bulb.
structure
4- Constriction is above mercury bulb in the capillary tube: (G.R)
To prevent the mercury from going back to the bulb quickly to read
the measurement easily.
- From 35 C to 42 C.
Scale

How to
use

- Each degree is divided into 10 parts (each part = 1/10 degree).

Sterilize thermometer
Using ethyl alcohol
Dry thermometer
Using tissue paper
Shake thermometer
Until mercury goes back to the bulb
Dont seize thermometer firm To avoid breaking as mercury is toxic
Reading depend on level of mercury surface

Celsius thermometer
Thermometer thats measures the temperature of liquids.
1- Transparent thick glass tube.
2- A capillary tube closed from one of its ends.
3- Mercury bulb.
- There isnt constriction is above mercury bulb.
- Andres Celsius created scale from zero (lower fixed point)
(ice melting point or water freezing point) to 100 C (upper)
(boiling point of water).
- Each degree divided into 100 parts (each part =1 degree)
- Put the thermometer in hot liquid until mercury rises and
stops to record temperature.
- While reading, the thermometer must be vertical and
direction of sight is perpendicular to the thermometer.

G.R: Mercury is used in making thermometers; as its:

1- Liquid metal: can be seen easily.
2- Good conductor of heat.
3- Regular expanding metal, so it gives an accurate estimation.
4- Impossible to stick to the walls of the capillary tube.
5- Liquid between -39 C and 307 C; this gives a wide range to temperature measurement

Unit( 3): The Atmosphere Lesson (1): Oxygen

Atmosphere: Its a mixture of gases surrounding the earth.
Atmosphere is attracted to the earth by gravity.
Importance of the Atmosphere:
1- It protects the Earth by absorbing ultraviolet radiations coming from outer space.
2- It adjusts the temperature of the earths surface.
Nitrogen (78%)
Oxygen (21%) Carbon dioxide and other gases (water vapor, argon, neon, helium) (1%)
Structure of
Atmosphere:
Air pollutants (dust and smoke) help in condensation of water vapor and formation of rains or snow.
Oxygen gas
Structure of oxygen: Oxygen molecule consists of two oxygen atoms.
Source and cycle of oxygen:
- Green plants are the main source of oxygen gas: as they produce it during photosynthesis process.
- Oxygen is consumed in respiration an combustion processes.
- So, the ratio of oxygen (21%) is fixed.
Photosynthesis process:
Plants take Carbon dioxide (from air) + Water and mineral salts (from soil) + Sunlight (Light energy)

Producing

Nutrients + Oxygen

G.r: The ratio of oxygen in the atmosphere is fixed:

Because consumed oxygen gas during respiration and combustion processes is compensate by the green plants during photosynthesis process.
Activity (1): Proving that the percentage of oxygen is 21%:
1- Fix a lighted candle inside a basin containing colored water.
Steps
2- Cover the candle with a graduate cylinder.
3- Determine the level of water inside and outside the cylinder.
Observation The lighted candle extinguishes and water rises inside the cylinder with one fifth of its volume
1- Air inside the cylinder loses its fifth volume (is oxygen) thats consumed in candle burning.
Explanation
2- Water replaces consumed oxygen.
Preparation of oxygen in laboratory:
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (oxygen water) in presence of manganese dioxide (catalyst) into water and oxygen gas
Catalyst: Its a chemical substance that remains without any change in its quantity and properties during the chemical reaction.
Activity (2): Showing the preparation of oxygen in the laboratory:
1- Put some manganese dioxide in the flask.
Steps
2- Fill the funnel with hydrogen peroxide.
3- Open the faucet (tap) to allow the leaking of some hydrogen peroxide on manganese dioxide.
Observation The formation of a gas at the top of the cylinder.
1- Oxygen gas replaces water in the cylinder and is collected at the top of the cylinder.
Explanation

2- This way is called downward displacement of water thats used to prepare oxygen: (G.R): as oxygen rarely dissolves in water
Activity (3): Exploring the properties of oxygen:
Steps
1- Test color and smell of oxygen cylinder
2- Upside down cylinder of oxygen in water container
3- Put 2 litmus paper (red and blue) in oxygen cylinder
4) a- Turn oxygen cylinder over another contains air.
b- Insert burning fragment in upper and lower cylinder
4- Wet some iron nails with water and leave them for
several days in a humid air.

Observation
It has no color or smell.
Very little amount of water rises in the
cylinder and doesnt reach the normal
level of water in the container.
Two litmus paper color doesnt change
The burning fragment is still burning in
the lower cylinder only.
Iron nail lose its metallic luster and rust

Oxygen combines with elements in two ways:

Combination
Definition
Slow combination between oxygen and
Oxidation
element in the presence of moisture (water).
Rapid combination (union) between oxygen an
Burning
element producing heat and light

Problems
Causes erosion and damage of
ironware as bridges pillars
Element weight increases after
combustion with oxygen

Conclusion
Oxygen is colorless, tasteless and odorless.
Oxygen scarcely dissolves in water.
Oxygen has a neutral effect on litmus paper.
1- Oxygen doesnt burn, but helps in burning
2- Oxygen is heavier than air, so it replaces it
Oxygen has the ability to combine (unite)
directly with most elements forming oxides.
Example
Iron rusting
Combustion of a piece
of cleansing wire

Activity (4): Showing that the weight the element increases after combination with oxygen:
1- Make two balls of cleansing wire having the same weight by using a scale.
Steps
2- Using a pair of tongs, put one ball on the flame.
3- When the inner part of the ball becomes re, put it on an aluminum plate until extinguishes.
4- Compare between the weight of the burnt ball and the other ball by using a scale.
- The weight of the burnt ball is heavier than the other ball.
Observation - The iron nail doesnt burn.
The cleansing wire burns, while the iron doesnt burn.
Explanation This is because: the other surface of the wire is large enough to react with oxygen so,
combustion occurs forming iron oxide.
Importance of oxygen
1- Used in respiration of living organisms to produce energy that necessary for vital processes.
2- Used in formation of water where oxygen combines with hydrogen.
3- Used in formation of ozone layer that protects earth from harmful radiations that come from the sun. (ozone molecule consists of 3 oxygen atoms)
4- Oxygen is compressed in iron cylinder to be used:
a- During surgeries.
b- In mechanical ventilation: for patients who suffer from breathing difficult.

c- During diving and climbing mountains: (G.R) As oxygen is heavier than air, so its percentage decreases if we rise above earths surface
d- With acetylene gas to produce oxy-acetylene flame which is used for cutting and welding metals: (G.R) as its temperature rises to 3500 C

Lesson (2): Carbon dioxide

Structure: One carbon atom (C) linked with two oxygen atoms (O2).
1- Respiration of living organisms during exhalation process.
2- Combustion of organic materials (Wood Coal Oil Gasoline Tobacco).
Carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis process.
Sources:

Factors that increases the percentage of Carbon dioxide:

1- Removal of forests.
2- Combustion of massive (big) amounts of fuel.
Note:
Clear lime water is used to detect presence of carbon dioxide, where clear lime water turbid (becomes milky): (G.R)
Due to the reaction of clear lime water with carbon dioxide forming a substance called calcium carbonate (insoluble in water).
Activity (1): Proving that Carbon dioxide is produced during the exhalation.
Steps
1- Put an amount of clear lime water in a test tube.
2- Blow in limewater for two minutes using the juice straw
Activity (2): Proving that Carbon dioxide is produced during the respiration of plants:
Steps
1- Put some germinated bean seeds in a jar.
2- Make a hole in the jar cover and insert a plastic tube through it.
3- Insert the other end of the tube in a jar contains clear limewater and leave them for a
while.
Activity (3): Proving that Carbon dioxide is produced during Combustion of a candle:
Steps
Put a lighted candle in a cylinder, then cover the cylinder with a glass cover
Remove the glass cover and pour a little amount of clear limewater inside the cylinder.

Observation
Clear lime water turbid.

Observation
Clear lime water becomes turbid.

Observation
The candle is extinguished.
clear limewater becomes turbid.

Preparation of carbon dioxide in the laboratory: Reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate
Steps
Pour some dilute hydrochloric acid on calcium carbonate (is in the flask)
Observation Carbon dioxide evolves then passes in the tube to be collected in the cylinder
1- Carbon dioxide is prepared by adding dilute hydrochloric acid to calcium carbonate.
Conclusion 2- Carbon dioxide is prepared by upward displacement of air: because carbon dioxide is heavier than air.
3- Carbon dioxide is not collected by displacement of water: because carbon dioxide is easily dissolves in water.

 Carbon dioxide is prepared by adding lemon or vinegar to sodium bicarbonate (backing powder).

 Properties of carbon dioxide:

Steps:
Turn a cylinder filled with CO2 upside down on a lighted candle
Insert lighted magnesium ribbon in cylinder filled with CO2 using
Squeeze half lemon on beaker contains amount of sodium bicarbonate

Observation
The candle is extinguished.
magnesium ribbon keeps burning for short time, and
extinguishes forming magnesium oxide (white powder) and
carbon (black substance) deposits on the wall of cylinder.
Emission of carbon dioxide gas that has no color or smell.

Disadvantages of carbon dioxide: Increasing the percentage of carbon dioxide causes:

1- Suffocation of living organisms
2- Global warming.
3- Increasing the temperature of the Earths atmosphere.
4- Melting snow on the top of mountains and two poles causing the raise of the level of sea water, so some coastal towns will drown.
Importance of carbon dioxide: used in
1- Making soft drinks.
2- Photosynthesis process: to produce food and oxygen
3- Extinguishing fires: because it doesnt burn and doesnt help in burning.
4- Making bread bubbled, by adding yeast to dough it produces CO2 by fermentation which expanded by heat making bread porous and tasty.
5- Making dry ice which is used in refrigeration through pressure and cooling processes, where:
pressure
relieving
Carbon dioxide
Liquid
Dry ice
cooling
pressure

Lesson (3): Nitrogen

Nitrogen: is the most abundant in the atmosphere (represents 78%).
Nitrogen: is called azote: means lifeless: because
i. it doesnt help in burning.
ii. It isnt included in the respiration process.
Structure: Nitrogen molecule (N2) consists of two nitrogen atoms.
Existence of Nitrogen:
1- In the atmosphere (represents 78%).
2- In body of all living organisms (forms protein that builds up the body).
3- In soil: during lightning oxygen reacts with nitrogen forming nitrogen dioxide (reaches soil during raining)
4- In all protein substances and tissues of living organisms.
5- In legumes: such as (clover, peas and soybeans) that contain protein:
Legumes roots contain nodular bacteria that takes the atmospheric nitrogen and converts it into protein.
Preparation of nitrogen in laboratory:
Steps:
1- open the water tap to push the air inside the first flask.
2- Let the air passes through a solution of concentrated sodium hydroxide (to absorb carbon dioxide from air).
3- Let the air passes over hot copper (to remove c as hot copper combines with hot copper).
Observation: Formation of nitrogen gas at the top of the cylinder: by downward displacement of water: Because it scarcely soluble in water.
Properties of nitrogen:
1- Is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas.
2- Doesnt help in burning (lighted match is put off when it closes to opining of test tube filled with nitrogen.
3- Has neutral effect on litmus paper.
4- Reacts with a lighted magnesium ribbon producing a white substance that reacts with water producing ammonia gas (very pungent smell
emits) that has alkaline effect on red litmus paper that changes into blue.
5Steps
Observation
Conclusion
1- Condense nitrogen gas by cooling.
Nitrogen gas turns into liquid.
2- Immerse banana in a liquefied nitrogen Banana freezes and becomes solid.
Liquefied nitrogen is used in the rapid cooling of food,
medicines and vaccines which are spoiled by heat.
Importance or uses of nitrogen: is used in:
1- Treatment for skin tumors.
2- Small amounts to fill some types of lamps.
3- Cooling and preserving food products: to be transferred easily.
4- Making ammonia and ammonium nitrate: to be used in manufacturing of soil fertilizers.
5- Filling car tires: as it causes relative constancy of tires volume when the temperature changes.
6- Storing petroleum, liquefied explosives and flammable materials: as nitrogen is an inactive element.
7- Manufacturing of: gunpowder.
Electronic devices.
Stainless steel.

Unit (4): Structure and Function - Lesson (1); Human nervous system
When goalkeeper sees the ball, he moves towards it: Because his brain sends impulses to his body to move in the direction of the ball.
The nervous system: Its a communication and controlling body system.
The nervous system is the most important system inside our bodies: (G.R) because it:
1- controls and regulates all the vital operations of the body: (G.R)
As it receives information from the environment and from the body, then interprets this information and makes the body respond to it.
2- Is responsible for knowing if thing are: Hot or cold.
Sweet or bitter.
Rough or smooth.
3- Adjusts the responses that require emotions, so it makes you: Sad or happy. Angry or calm.
4- Oversees and regulates the multiple functions performed by the human body such as moving, feeding, digestion, breathing and thinking.
Neuron (nerve cell): is the building unit of nervous system.
Neuron: consists of two main parts:.
The cell body
The axon
a- A nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane.
a- Its a cylindrical axis covered with a fatty layer called myelin sheath.
b- Dendrites (branches extend from neurons body)
b- It ends with nerve endings called axon terminals.
Theyre connected to the neighboring neurons to form synapse.
Theyre connected to the muscles or form a synapse with other neurons.
Structure of the nervous system: Consists of two major systems:
1- central nervous system
2- peripheral nervous system.
A- the brain. B- the spinal cord.
Cranial nerves - Spinal nerves
1- The central nervous sys:
A- The brain:
- We can examine sheeps brain: due to similarity between humans brain structure and some animals.
- On longitudinal section of brain, we notice: the outer part is a grey matter, inner is a white.
- Is a nerve block containing millions of nerve cells (neuron) and its the main control center in the body.
- Location: inside a bony box called skull: to protect it.
- Function: likes the computer: directs and coordinates all the processes, ideas, behaviors and emotions.
- Structure: consists of three main parts: - cerebrum. - cerebellum. - medulla oblongata.
Cerebrum.
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
- Its the largest part.
- Lies at back area of
- Lies in front of cerebellum
- Its divided into two halves (two cerebral hemispheres): theyre:
brain, below the two
Separated by a fissure and attached to each other by nerve fibers.
cerebral hemispheres. - Function:
responsible for regulating body involuntary
- The outer surface of two hemispheres called cerebral cortex
- Function:
processes as:
and therere many convolutions and folds: to (Function):Maintains
body
balance
1- Regulating heartbeats.
1- Control voluntary movements (running in races).
during movement.
2- Regulating respiratory system movement.
2- Contain the centers of thinking and memory (concentration).
3- Regulating digestive system movements and
3- Receive nerve impulses from sense organs and send suitable
functions.
responses to them (eyes- ears nose- tongue- skin).
B- The spinal cord: Its a cylindrical cord from which the spinal nerves extend.
- Location: extends in a channel within a series of vertebrae in backbone (vertebral column) for protection.

- Structure: consists of:

1- Internal gray matter has the shape of letter H.
2- External white matter.
- Function:
1- Delivers the nerve messages from the body organs to the brain and vice versa.
2- Responsible for the reflexes such as the withdrawal of the hand quickly on touching a hot surface.
2- The peripheral nervous system: the nerves which emerge from central nervous system (brain-spinal cord).
- Structure: consists of:
Cranial nerves: Theyre 12 pairs of nerves emerge from brain. Spinal nerves: Theyre 31 pairs of nerves emerge from spinal cord.
- Function: It delivers sensory information and kinetic responses between central nervous system and all body parts.
The reflex action: its the automatic (spontaneous) response of the body to different stimuli.
Spinal cord: is the organ that responsible for reflexes.
Examples of reflexes action:
1- Sweating in hot days.
2- Trying balance during sliding down.
3- Blinking when something gets close to the eye.
4- Secreting saliva on seeing or smelling good food.
5- Withdrawal of the hand quickly on touching a hot surface.
6- Moving hand away quickly on touching a sharp thorns of a plant.
7- Constriction of the eye pupil intense light and its widening on dim light.
8- Running quickly on seeing a fast moving car coming towards you or heating a near explosion.
How is the reflex action occur: on touching a sharp thorns of a plant.
1- Thorns severity affect nerve endings in fingers producing nerve impulses.
2- Nerve impulses are transmitted to spinal cord through a sensory nerve fiber.
3- Some nerve impulses produced by spinal cord are transmitted through a motor nerve fiber to arm muscles.
4- So, muscles contract and the arm withdrew away from thorns.
5- Other nerve impulses produced by spinal cord are transmitted to the sensory centers in the brain which lead to the true sense of pain.
Ways of maintaining the human nervous system:
1- Doing physical exercises.
2- Staying away from tranquilizers and stimulants.
3- Keeping away from a long periods sitting in front of computer and TV: (G.R) to avoid sense organs exhausting.
4- Staying away from pollution sources: because they passively affect the nervous system.
5- Reducing the intake (drinking) of stimulating substances such as tea, coffee: (G.R) because they:
- affect sleeping periods and heartbeats.
- lead to nervous tension.
6- Staying away from addiction: because it passively affect the nervous system as:
a. Sleepless.
b. Sluggishness.
c. Nervous tension. d. Loss time sensation.
e. Retardation of memory and learning.

Lesson (2): Human locomotory system

Movement: is the ability of the organism to change its position from a place to another.
Human movement depend on participation and integration of: skeletal muscular nervous system.
Locomotory system: is responsible for applying the movement.
Movement depends on muscles and bones working together.
Locomotory system
A- The skeletal system.
1- Axial skeleton.
2- Appendicular skeleton.

B- The muscular system.

A- The skeletal system

1- Axial skeleton; consists of:
The skull
The backbone
The ribcage
Structure Bony box contains
- Consists of 33 vertebrae.
- Consists of 12 pairs of ribs.
cavities for eyes and nose. - Contains cartilages between vertebrae: G.R - First 10 pairs connected to sternum (breast bone) interiorly.
To prevent their friction during motion.
Function Protects brain.
1- Allows body to bend in different directions. 1- Protects lungs and heart.
2- Protects spinal cord.
2- Helps in inhalation and exhalation
2- Appendicular skeleton: consists of:
Bones of upper limbs
Bones of lower limbs
Structure Humerus bone, fore arm bones and hand bones.
Femur bone, shaft bones and foot bones.
Function Allow eating, drinking, writing and holding things.
Allow walking, running, standing and carrying the rest of the body.
The joint: its the location at which bones meet each other.
Joints function: they allow the movement between bones.
Type
Definition
Example

Types of joints:
Immovable joints
Slightly movable joints
Dont allow any movement. Allow movement in one direction
joints between skull bones.
Knee and elbow joints.

Freely movable joints

Allow movement in all directions.
Shoulder, wrist and thigh (hip) joints.

B- The muscular system: is the engine that moves the body: (G.R)
Because muscles generate the mechanical energy and movement when they contract and relax.
Types of muscles:
Type
Voluntary muscles
Involuntary muscles
Definition Can move willingly and can be controlled.
Can move automatically and cant be controlled.
Exampl Muscles of: limbs trunk face - abdominal wall Gastrointestinal tract blood vessels bladder

The role of muscles in the movement:

1- When front muscle contracts and back one relaxes: the arm (bending) moving up.
2- When front muscle relaxes and back one contracts: the arm (extending) moving down.
3- Tendons: links between muscles and bones, transfer effect of muscles contraction or relaxation to elbow joint.
Ways of maintaining the locomotory system:
1- Children vaccinating.
2- Avoid jumping from high places: to avoid fractures and sprains.
3- Avoid carrying heavy things: to protect the skeleton, especially the backbone.
4- Exposing body to sunlight: because the Sun provides the body with vitamin D.
5- Sitting and standing correctly: to avoid straining the neck or backbone vertebrae.
6- Eating food rich in calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D: to prevent bone disease like steomalacia and rickets.