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Professione Volare Domande Human Factor

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Pagina domande 1 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
246) Which one of the following statements characterizes a 254) Early symptoms of hypoxia could be:
democratic and cooperative leadership style? 1. euphoria
If conflicts evolve, the leader 2. decreased rate and depth of breathing
3. lack of concentration
A decides what to do and pushes his own opinion through 4. visual disturbances

B tries to clarify the reasons and causes of the conflict with all A 1,2 and 4 are correct
persons involved
B 1,3 and 4 are correct
C mainly tries to reconcile all persons involved in the conflict
and tries to reestablish a nice and friendly atmosphere within C 1,2,3 and 4 are correct
the team

D keeps a neutral position and does not participate in arguing


D 1,2 and 3 are correct

253) The rate and depth of breathing is primary regulated by


257) Which of the following statements regarding
the concentration of:
interpersonal interactions are correct?
-1 If the sender finds the receiver competent, he/she
tends to A water vapour in the alveoli
reduce verbal redundancy content of his sentences
-2 If the interlocuter is of non-native tongue, the sender B oxygen in the cells
will reinforce
what he is saying by using more complicated words C carbon dioxide in the blood
so as to
optimize understanding D nitrogen in the air
-3 If he/she finds him incompetent, he tends to simplify
the content
of sentences
-4 Simplification of check list in a crew who know each 252) Which component(s) is/are transporting the oxygen in
other the blood?
essentially takes place in the case of interpersonal
conflict A Hemoglobin in the red blood cells.

The correct statement(s) is (are): B White blood cells.

A 1 and 2 are correct


C Plasma.

B 2 and 3 are correct D Blood fat.

C 3 and 4 are correct

251) Pulse rate is influenced by the following factors:


D 1 and 3 are correct
1. Adrenalin
2. Cortisol
3. Physical exercise.
256) The semicircular canals form part of the 4. Glucose concentration in the blood

A 1,3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false


A inner ear
B 1,2,3 and 4 are correct
B middle ear
C 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false
C ear drum
D 1,2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false
D external ear

250) The inner ear is able to perceive:


255) Which of the following statements concerning 1. angular acceleration
hypovigilance is correct ? 2. linear acceleration
Hypovigilance : 3. noise

A essentially occurs several minutes after the intense take-off A 2 is correct, 1 and 3 are both false
phase

B tends to occur at the end of the mission as a result of a


B 1 and 2 and 3 are correct
relaxation in the operators' attention
C 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false
C only affects certain personality types
D 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false
D may occur at any moment of the flight

Pagina domande 2 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
249) Which symptom does not belong to the following list: 244) A person being exposed to extreme or prolonged stress
factors can perceive:

A leans A stressors

B bends B distress (stress reactions)

C chokes
C coping stress

D creeps D eustress

236) How would you call the leadership style of a captain who 243) Barotrauma caused by gas accumulation in the stomach
primarily is interested in a friendly atmosphere within and intestinals can lead to:
his crew, who is always constructive and encouraging,
who usually compromises in interpersonal conflicts, A barotitis
who trusts in the capabilities of his crew-members, and
who leaves the crew freedom for own decisions, even if
this makes the process more difficult? B decompresion sickness

A Low task-orientation and low relationship-orientation C barosinusitis

B Low task-orientation and high relationship-orientation D pressure pain or flatulence

C High task-orientation and low relationship-orientation


242) With regard to decompression sickness associated with
D High task-orientation and high relationship-orientation flight, we know that :

A physical activity after decompression reduces the risks of


decompression sickness symptoms to appear
247) Our mental model of the world is based
B age, obesity and scuba diving are risk factors
A on both our past experiences and our motor programmes
C scuba diving does not pose any problem for a subsequent
B on both our past experiences and the sensory information flight
we receive
D sex is the prime risk factor, with two out of every three
C entirely on the sensory information we receive women being sensitive to it

D entirely on past experiences


241) With regard to short-term memory, we can say that :

260) The development of procedures makes pilots more A it is made up of everyday information for immediate use, and
effective and more reliable in their actions. This is called: is limited in its capacity for storing and retaining data

A knowledge-based behaviour B it is made up of everyday information for immediate use, and


is limited in terms of the time for which it retains data but not
B procedural confusion in its storage capacity

C it is a stable form of working memory, and thus not very


C procedural consistency sensitive to any disturbance

D mental model D it mainly contains procedural knowledge

245) The retina allows for the acquisition of colours as a 240) The maintenance of man's internal equilibrium is called :
result of the:

A rods located in its peripheral zone A Poikilothermy

B cones located in its central part B Homeostasis

C rods located in its central part C Heterostasis

D crystalline lens D Homeothermy

Pagina domande 3 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
239) Desorientation is more likely to occur when the pilot is: 270) You climb from 0 to 50.000 ft and measure the decrease
1. flying in IMC of the pressure per 5.000 ft. The absolute difference in
2. frequently changing between inside and outside barometric pressure is greatest between :
references
3. flying from IMC into VMC A 10.000 and 15.000 feet
4. having a cold
B 45.000 and 50.000 feet
A 1, 3 and 4 are correct
C 0 and 5.000 feet
B 1, 2 and 4 are correct
D 5.000 and 10.000 feet
C 1, 2 and 3 are correct

D 2, 3 and 4 are correct


189) The part(s) of the eye responsible for night vision

238) Mental training is helpful to improve flying skills A is the cornea

B are the rods


A only at a certain level of flying experience
C are the cones
B at all levels of flying proficiency
D are rods and cones
C only for student pilots

D only for instructor pilots


280) At rest the cardial output (the quantity of blood the heart
pumps in one minute) of an adult is approximately:

282) The use of check lists must be carried out in such a way A 5 liters/min
that:
B 450 ml/min
A their execution may be done simultaneously with other
actions
C 45 liters/min
B their execution is not lumped together with important tasks
D 75 liters/min
C it may be rejected since redundancy in the following check
list will serve as verification
279) Pilot stress reactions :
D their execution must not be done simultaneously with other
actions
A are related to an internationally recognized list of stressors
where the top-ten items should be avoided by all means
248) Disturbance of the biological clock appears after a:
1. bad night's sleep
B do not change with the environment or different situations
but mainly with the characters themselves
2. day flight Amsterdam - New York
3. day flight Amsterdam - Johannesburg
4. night flight New York - Amsterdam
C differ from pilot to pilot, depending on how a person
manages the particular stressors
A 2 and 4 are correct D seem to be always the same for most pilots

B 1,2 and 3 are correct

278) The sleep cycles repeat during the course of a night's


C 1 and 3 are correct
sleep.
1. Each succeeding cycle contains a greater amount of
D 1,2,3 and 4 are correct REM-
sleep.
2. Frequent interruption of the REM-sleep can harm a
human being
in the long run.

A 1 and 2 are both not correct

B 1 and 2 are both correct

C 1 is correct 2 is not correct

D 1 is not correct 2 is correct

Pagina domande 4 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
277) Having a serious cold, you are going to fly. What can 258) Which force(s) affect(s) the otoliths in the utriculus and
you expect: sacculus?

A bends A Gravity alone

B chokes B Linear acceleration and angular acceleration

C hypoxia C Angular acceleration

D pain in the sinuses D Gravity and linear acceleration

276) Hyperventilation can cause unconsciousness, because: 271) What is the sender's frequent reason to communicate
implicitly ('between the lines')?

A oxygen saturation of the blood is increased and the brain will A The receiver grasps quickly what the sender means.
be supplied with more blood than normal

B blood circulation to the brain is slowed down B He/she has not to adjust to the communication style of the
communication partner.

C oxygen saturation of the blood is decreased


C Afterwards he/she always can claim to have been
misunderstood.
D not enough time is left to exchange oxygen in the lungs
D There is no need to make up one's mind before starting to
communicate.
275) Trapped intestinal gases can cause severe pain.
When is this the case?
259) Which problem may be overlooked in the process of
A During descent as well as during climb, when the cabin making a decision?
pressure altitude is exceeding 2 000 FT
A Preparing decisions often leads to strategies of minimum
B More frequent when flying above 18 000 FT in a non- commitment
pressurized aircraft.
B Preparing decisions promotes the appearance of
C At lower altitudes. inflexibilities

D Only in pressurized aircraft when flying at higher flight levels. C The captain's superior knowledge, justified by his/her status

D Owing to great haste, bypassing analysis of the current


actual situation in order to apply the decision prepared
274) The Eustachian tube connects: beforehand

A the middle ear and the pharynx


269) It is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold. The
B the auditory duct and the inner ear reason for this is:

A swollen tissue in the inner ear will increase the rate of


C the semi circular canals
metabolic production resulting in hyperventilation

D the middle ear and the inner ear B because it will seriously affect peripheral vision

C the tissue around the nasal end of the Eustachian tube is


273) Which of the following mechanisms regulate body likely to be swollen thus causing difficulty in equalising the
temperature when expored to extreme high pressure within the middle ear and the nasal/throat area.
environmental temperatures? Pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly
-1 : Shivering during fast descents
-2 : Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
-3 : Sweating D although the change in air pressure during a climb at lower
-4 : Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels altitudes is very small, it increases rapidly at high altitudes. If
the tissue in the Eustachian tube of the ear is swollen,
A 1,3,4 gentle descents at high alltitude would result in damage to
the ear drum
B 2,3

C 1

D 3,4

Pagina domande 5 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
268) Without visual reference, what illusion could the pilot 263) A certain amount of water vapor saturated air (i.e.
get, when he is stopping the rotation to recover from a intestinal gases) is transported from sea-level up to 34
spin? He will get the illusion of 000 ft. In the same amount of dry air, the volume of this
gas is :
A climbing and turning into the original direction of the spin
A smaller
B spinning into the opposite direction
B constant
C spinning into the same direction
C first larger, then smaller
D straight and level flight
D larger

267) The first stage in the information process is


262) What is the effect of stress on performance ?
-1 : It always reduces performance.
A sensory stimulation -2 : Optimum performance is obtained with optimum
arousal.
B perception -3 : Excessive stress weakens performance.
-4 : Insufficient stress weakens performance.
C selective attention
The combination of correct statements is:
D the recognition of information
A 1,3,4

B 1,2,4
266) Stress management programmes usually involve:
C 2,3,4
A the prevention and/or the removal of stress
D 1,2,3
B only the removal of stress

C only the prevention of stress 261) Which biases relate to human decision making?
1. Personal experience tends to alter the perception of
D the use of psychoactive drugs the risk of an event occurring
2. There is a natural tendency to want to confirm our
decision even in the face of facts which contradict it
3. The group to which an individual belongs tends to
265) Which of the following tasks are possible to do influence the particular decision
simultaneously without mutual interference? 4. There is natural tending to select only objective facts
for decision-making purposes
A Maintain manual straight and level flight and solve a problem.
A 1,2,4
B Listen attentively and solve a problem.
B 1,2,3
C Talk and rehearse a frequency in working memory.
C 1,2
D Read and listen attentively.
D 3,4

264) During paradoxical sleep


235) Which of the following statements best fits the definition
A the tone of the muscles is similar to that in the waking state of an active error?
Active error is:
B respiration is very regular
A produced either by a front-line operator or by a remote
operator and results in a hidden or latent consequence at a
C the rhythm of the heart is very regular specific moment of the action

D rapid eye movements can be observed B essentially results from the application of a bad rule or the
poor application of a good rule by airplane designers

C rare in front-line actions and difficult to detect owing to the


fact that it usually occurs in a complex system of
uncontrolled and involuntary deviations

D produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected via the


effects and consequences which it induces on the overall
action

Pagina domande 6 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
272) In order to get colour vision, it is necessary : 208) Breathing 100% oxygen at 38000 ft is equivalent to
-1 : for there to be considerable amount of light (ambient breathe ambient air at :
luminosity)
-2 : at night to look at the point to be observed at an A 8 000 ft
angle of 15°
-3 : to allow the eye a period of time to get used to the B 14 000 ft
light
-4 : to avoid white light
C 18 000 ft
A 2,4
D 10 000 ft
B 3

C 1 207) Workload essentially depends on:

D 1,2,3 A the pilot's knowledge

B the task and the day's parameters (weather report, aircraft


199) When drugs against sleep disorders and/or nervosity load, type of flight, etc)
have been taken and the pilot intends to fly, attention
has to be payed to C the current situation, the pilot's expertise and the
ergonomics of the system
A schedule only those pilots, who show no reactions to these
medications D the pilot's experience and the ergonomics of the system

B the effect they have on reaction time and perceptional


awareness
206) A copilot has passed an upgrading course to become a
captain. Which psychological consequence is most
C the effect they have on hearing
likely?

D the fact that there is no difference in the quality of sleep A His/her self-concept is going to change because of new
produced under the influence of those drugs compared to roles and tasks which have to be incorporated.
normal drug-free sleep
B His/her self -concept is going to be stabilized because of the
higher status as a captain.
210) What are the main factors which bring about reduced or
low vigilance (hypovigilance) ? C The increased command authority leads to a higher
1. The monotony of the task professionalism.
2. Tiredness,the need for sleep
3. A lack of stimulation D An upgrading does not have any of the mentioned
4. Excessive stress psychological consequences.

A 1,2,3
205) What is a stressor?
B 2,4
A The adaptation response of the individual to his environment
C 1,3

D 3,4
B An external or internal stimulus which is interpreted by an
individual as beeing stressful

C All external stimulation are stressors since they modify the


209) An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the internal equilibrium
blood leads to:
D A psychological problem developed in a situation of danger
A an improving resistance to hypoxia

B shortness of breath 204) Most accidents are mainly caused by lack of:

C a decrease of acidity in the blood


A physical skills
D a reduction of red blood cells
B interpersonal relations

C good maintenance of aircraft

D good judgement

Pagina domande 7 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
203) Angular accelerations are picked up in the inner ear by 198) During a final approach under bad weather conditions,
you feel dizzy, get tingling sensations in your hands
and a rapid heart rate.
A the cochlea These symptoms could indicate:

B the semicircular canals A hyperventilation

C the tympanum B disorientation

D the saccule and the utricle C hypoxia

D carbon monoxide poisoning


202) Hyperventilation is:

A an accellerated heart frequency caused by a decreasing 197) According to Rasmussen's model, errors in rule-based
blood-pressure control mode are of the following type(s) :

B a reduction of partial oxygen pressure in the brain A handling errors

C a normal compensatory physiological reaction to a drop in B creative errors


partial oxygen pressure (i.e. when climbing a high mountain)
C errors of technical knowledge
D an accellerated heart frequency caused by an increasing
blood pressure D routine errors

237) Which of the following statements is true?


196) How can a pilot increase his tolerance to +Gz ?

A People are capable of living without stress.


A Relax the muscles, ducking the head and lean upper body
forward.
B Stressors accumulate thus increasing the likelihood to
exhaustion. B Tightening of muscles, ducking the head and perform a kind
of pressure breathing.
C Stressors are independent from each other.
C Tighten shoulder harness.
D Stress should always be avoided under any circumstances.
D Take an upright seat position.

200) The ozone-layer is situated in the


195) Why does a deficiency in vitamin A cause night-
blindness?
A thermosphere
A Vitamin A deficiency interrupts the oxygen supply to the
B ionosphere photosensitive cells

C stratosphere B The transfer of light stimulus from the rods to a nerve


impulse depends on vitamin A
D troposphere
C Vitamin A is essential to the regeneration of visual purple

D Accomodation is destroyed
213) The requirement of good sunglasses is to

A eliminate distortion in aircraft windshields 194) If during flight a pilot is in a mental condition of
"optimum arousal" he/she will be:
B increase the time for dark adaptation
A in a confused mental state
C absorb enough visible light to eliminate glare without
decreasing visual acuity, absorb UV and IR radiation and B prepared best to cope with a difficult task
absorb all colors equally

D fit to the pilots individual taste


C unprepared to handle a difficult situation

D approaching a condition of complacency or fatigue

Pagina domande 8 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
193) Concerning flying and blood alcohol content the 201) Incapacitation caused by barotrauma from gaseous
following statement is correct: expansion after decompression at high altitude may be
associated with the following part(s) of the body:
A flying with up to 0.08 % blood alcohol is safe, since driving is 1 the digestive tract
safe up to this limit 2 the ears
3 the eyes
B no flying under the influence of alcohol 4 the sinuses

C flying with up to 0.05 % blood alcohol A 1

D flying with up to 0.15 % blood alcohol B 1,2,3

C 2,3,4
192) Which of the following statements are correct ?
1 Hypothermia affects physical and mental abilities. D 2,4
2 Man has effective natural protection against intense
cold.
3 Shivering makes it possible to combat the cold to a 223) The "gestalt laws "formulates :
certain
extent, but uses up a lot of energy
4 Disorders associated with hypothermia appear at a A basic principles governing how objects are mentally
body organized and perceived
temperature of less than 35°C
B basic principles governing the relationship between stress
A 2,4 and performance

B 2,3,4 C basic principles governing the effects of habit and experience

C 1,3,4 D basic principles regarding to the relationship between


motivation and performance
D 1,2,3

234) The process of responding to a sender by confirming


the reception of a message is called
191) Coriolis illusion, causing spatial disorientation is the
result of: A feedback

A undergoing positive G B redundancy

B gazing in the direction of a flashing light


C synchronization

C normal deterioration of the semicircular canals with age D transference

D simultaneous head movements during aircraft manoeuvres

233) What are the main effects of a lack of sleep loss on


performance ?
376) When a pilot is facing a problem during flight he should
A It causes muscular spasms
A make up his mind before consulting other crew members
B It reduces concentration and fatigue only with sleep loss
greater than 48 hours
B take as much time as he needs and is available to make up
his mind
C It increases fatigue, concentration and attention difficulties,
the risk of sensory illusions and mood disorders
C always make up his mind quickly to give himself as much
spare time as possible D It increases fatigue and concentration difficulties, but
facilitates stress management by muscular relaxation,
D avoid making up his mind until the very last minute

232) Hypoxia will effect night vision

A and causes hyperventilation

B at 5000 FT

C less than day vision

D and causes the autokinetic phenomena

Pagina domande 9 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
231) Which of the following symptoms can mark a beginning 227) The planning and anticipation of future actions and
hyperventilation? situations makes it possible to:
-1 : create a precise reference framework.
A Slow heart beat -2 : avoid saturation of the cognitive system.
-3 : automate planned actions.
B Slow rate of breathing -4 : activate knowledge which is considered necessary
for the
period to come.
C Cyanosis (blueing of lips and finger nails)
The correct statement(s) is (are):
D Dizzy feeling
A 3 and 4 are correct

230) Stress is a reaction to adapt a specific situation. B 1, 2 and 4 are correct


This reaction
C 1 and 2 are correct
A can only be controlled by medical treatment
D 2 and 4 are correct
B is purely physiological and automatic

C may include various psychological and physiological


226) The consumption of medicines or other substances may
elements which one can learn to manage
have consequences on qualification to fly for the
following reasons:
D is always linked to excessive fear
1. The desease requiring a treatment may be cause for
disqualification.
2. Flight conditions may modify the reactions of the
229) 1. In case of conflicting information you can always trust body to a
your treatment.
Seat- of-the-Pants-Sense. 3. Drugs may cause adverse side effects impairing flight
2. In case of conflicting information between the sensory safety.
organs 4. The effects of medicine do not necessarily
and the instruments you must believe the instruments. immediately
disappear when the treatment is stopped.
A 1 and 2 are false
A Only 2 is false.
B 1 is false, 2 is correct
B 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
C 1 and 2 are correct
C 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
D 1 is correct, 2 is false
D 3 and 4 are false, 1 and 2 are correct.

228) The body loses water via:


1. the skin and the lungs 211) You can survive at any altitude, provided that
2. the kidneys

A 1 is correct and 2 is not correct


A 21% oxygen is available in the air you breath in

B 1 is not correct and 2 is correct


B pressure respiration is guaranteed for that altitude

C both are false C the temperature in the cabin does not drop below 10" C

D 1 and 2 are correct


D enough oxygen, pressure and heat is available

224) A pressurized cabin helps to prevent:


1. decompression sickness
2 .the problem of expansion of gases in the intestines
3. hypoxia
4. coronary desease

A 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

B 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

C 1, 3 and 4 are correct.

D 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

Pagina domande 10 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
212) What characterises the notion of role ? 219) One of the waste products of the metabolic process in
the cell is :

A The hierarchical position of the function and the associated A sugar


behaviour

B The function and behaviour associated with the particular B fat


role
C water
C Only the functions associated with role
D protein
D The characteristic behaviour associated with the description
of the various roles of a particular status
218) The most dangerous characteristic of the false mental
model is, that it
222) An non-synergetic cockpit :
A is frequently extremely resistant to correction
A is not very dangerous as each person checks everything
personally B will mainly occur under conditions of relaxation

B is characterised by withdrawn crewmembers and unclear C will only occur under conditions of stress
communication
D can easily be changed
C is characterised by a highly efficient crew, communicating
appropriately with the outside

D always results from an over-relaxed atmosphere 217) Which of the following are primary sources of
motivation in day-to-day professional life ?
1. Beeing in control of one's own situation
2. Fear of punishment
221) In civil air transport, linear accelerations (Gx): 3. Success (achievement of goals)
- 1 : do not exist 4. Social promotion, money
- 2 : have slight physiological consequences
- 3 : may, in the case of pull-out, lead to loss of A 3,4
consciousness
- 4 : cause sensory illusions on the pitch axis
B 2,4
A 2,4
C 1,2,3,4
B 1
D 1,2,3
C 3,4

D 3 216) Which of the following statements concerning stress is


correct?

A Stress will be evaluated differently depending on whether it


220) When consciously breathing fast or hyperventilating improves or reduces performance.
due to high arousal or overstress, the carbon dioxide
level in the blood is lowered, resulting in: B Stress always creates a state of high tension which
decreases cognitive and behavioural performance.
A a delay in the onset of hypoxia when flying at high altitudes
C Stress is evaluated as a positiv mechanism only in
B the activation of the respiratory centre, which in turn causes connection with precise tasks of the kind encountered in
hypoxia aeronautics

C less oxygen to be diffused into the cells D Stress is a necessary way of demonstrating one's own work.

D a poor saturation of oxygen in the blood


215) What is meant by the term 'complacency'?

A Physiological consequences on pilots because of fear of


flying

B Careless negligence or unjustified self-confidence

C To question possible solutions

D An agreement between captain and co-pilot due to Crew


Resources Management

Pagina domande 11 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
214) What are the most frequent and the least appropriate 351) If you approach an airfield VFR at a prescribed altitude,
reactions on the part of a co-pilot when faced with a exactly following the approach procedure, and you
highly authoritarian captain ? encounter no inexpected or new problems you show:
1. Self-assertion
2. A scapegoat feeling A knowledge based behaviour
3. Delayed reactions to observed discrepancies
4. Disengagement B rule based behaviour

A 3,4
C rule and skill based behaviour

B 1,3,4
D skill based behaviour

C 2,3,4

D 1,2 350) To facilitate and reduce the time taken to access


information in long-term memory, it is helpful to:

A structure irrelevant information as much as possible before


283) The risk of getting a spatial disorientation is growing, committing it to memory
when
B avoid to rehearse information which we know we will need
A there is contradictory information between the instruments soon
and the vestibular organs
C mentally rehearse information before it is needed
B the pilot is buckled too tight to his seat and cannot sense the
attitude changes of the aircraft by his Seat-of-the-Pants- D learn and store data in a logical and structured way
Sense

C the pilot is performing an effective instrument cross-check


and is ignoring illusions 349) In order to minimize the effects of crossing more than 3-
4 time zones with a layover more than 24 hrs, it is
D informations from the vestibular organ in the inner ear are advisable to :
ignored 1. Adapt as quickly as possible to the rhythm of the
arrival country
2. Keep in swing with the rhythm of the departure
country for as long as possible
225) Breathing 100% will lift the pilot's physiological safe
3. Maintain regular living patterns (waking ,sleeping
altitude to approximately:
alternation and regular meal pattern )
4. Try to sleep as much as possible to overcome
A 45 000 ft
negative arousal effects

B 38 000 ft A 2,3

C 10 000 B 1,3

D 22 000 ft C 2,4

D 1,4
340) The "Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense"

A is a natural human instinct which will always indicate the 348) A study by NASA has examined the relationships
correct body position in space between incidents linked with ground-to-crew
communication. Which of the following factors is the
B can be used, if trained, to avoid disorientation in space main reason for disturbances in the correct reception of
a message?
C can be used as a reference for determining attitude when
A Listening errors.
operating in visual and instrument meteorological conditions

D can give false inputs to body orientation when visual B Errors in understanding clearance values.
reference is lost
C Radio failure.

D Mother tongue differing from working language.

Pagina domande 12 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
347) Divided attention is the ability : 344) All pilots are going to suffer some hearing deterioration
1. to execute several mental activities at almost the as part of the process of growing old.
same time (i.e. when switching attention from outside The effects of aging
the aircraft
to the airspeed indicator on the instrument panel) A will not affect a pilot's hearing if he is wearing ear-plugs all
2. to monitor the progress of a motor programme (i.e. the time
flying or taxiing the airplane) on a relatively
subconscious level, B are to cut out the high tones first
while making a radio call at the same time (requiring a
rather C are to cut out the low tones first
conscious level)
3 .to select information and check if it is relevant to the
task in hand. At the same time no other operation can
D are to cut out all tones equally
be
performed.
4. to delegate tasks to the copilot while concentrating on 343) To optimise one's night-vision performance, it is
the procedures necessary :
- 1 : to spend some time getting adapted to low levels of
A 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false illumination
- 2 : to increase the instrument panel lighting by
B Only 3 is false reducing the
cockpit lighting
- 3 : not to focus on the point to be observed
C 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
- 4 : to avoid blinding
D 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
A 1,2,4

B 2,3,4
346) What are main signs indicating the loss of vigilance ?
1. Decrease in sensory perception C 2
2. Increase in selective attention
3. Sensation of muscular heaviness
4. Decrease in complacency
D 1,3,4

A 1,3
330) A stereotype and involuntary reaction of the organism
B 1,4 on stimulation of receptors is called:

C 2,3 A data processing

D 2,4 B control system

C change of stimulation level

345) Which of the following symptoms could a pilot get,


when he is subjected to hypoxia?
D reflex
1. Fatigue.
2. Euphoria.
3. Lack of concentration. 341) Dry air is a mixture of gases. Their volume percentage is
4. Pain in the joints. about:
5. Sensation of suffocation.
A 19% oxygen, 80% nitrogen, 1% other gases
A 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B 25% oxygen, 74% nitrogen, 1% other gases
B 4 and 5 are correct
C 21% oxygen,78% nitrogen, 1% other gases
C 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
D 18% oxygen, 80% nitrogen, 2% other gases
D Only 5 is false

Pagina domande 13 di 85
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354) Which statement is correct? 335) Symptoms caused by gas bubbles in the lungs,
following a decompression are called:

A There is no relation between inadequate communication and A creeps


incidents or accidents.

B Inconsistent communication behaviour improves flight safety. B leans

C Problems in the personal relation between crew members C chokes


hardly hamper their communication process.
D bends
D Problems in the personal relation between crew members
very likely hamper their communication process.
334) Rising the perceptual threshold of a sensory organ
means:
339) Where is the "critical threshold" at which a pilot not
using oxygen reaches the critical or lethal zone? A a greater sensitivity
It starts at:
B a greater selectivity
A 18000 FT

B It25000 FT
C a lesser selectivity

D a lesser sensitivity
C It38000 FT

D 22000 FT.
333) What impression do you have when outside references
are fading away (e.g. fog, darkness, snow and vapor)?

338) The area in front of a threshold descends towards the A Objects seem to be much bigger than in reality
threshold.
Possible danger is: B There is no difference compared with flying on a clear and
sunny day
A approach is lower than normal and may result in a short
landing C It is difficult to determine the size and speed of objects
B to misjudge the length of the runway
D Objects seem to be closer than in reality

C approach is higher than normal and may result in a long


landing
332) A large number of medical preparations can be bought
D to drop far below the glide path without a doctor´s prescription. In relation to using
these preparations, which of the following is correct:

337) The atmosphere contains the following gases:


A They have no side effects which would give problems to a
pilot during flight

A 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare B The side effects of these types of preparations are
gases sufficiently negligible as to be ignored by pilots

B 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare C They will cause a condition of over-arousal
gases
D A pilot using any of these preparations should get
C 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare professional advice from a flight surgeon if he intends to fly
gases and self-medicate at the same time

D 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest:


rare gases 281) A fatigued pilot

336) The part of blood without cell is called : A is acting similar as when encountering a state of depression

B will get precordial pain


A lymph
C considerably increases the ability to concentrate
B serum
D will show signs of increased irritability
C water

D plasm

Pagina domande 14 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
342) Although the anticipation of possible events is a good 372) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is:
attitude for pilots to acquire, it can sometimes lead to
hazardous situations. With this statement in mind, select
the response below which could lead to such a hazard: A higher than the pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood

A anticipating that the weather may deteriorate B lower than the pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric
air.
B anticipating that the flight will take longer time than planned
C lower than in the blood
C anticipating the sequence of items on a check list.
D almost the same as in the atmospheric air
D mishearing the contents of a reply from an air traffic
controller when a non-standard procedure was given but a
standard procedure was anticipated 371) During flight in IMC, the most reliable sense which
should be used to overcome illusions is the:

364) Starting a coordinated level turn can make the pilot A visual sense by looking outside
believe to
B visual sense, interpreting the attitude indicator
A climb
C "Seat-of-the-pants-Sense"
B descent
D vestibular sense
C turn into the opposite direction

D increase the rate of turn into the same direction 370) In decision-making, the selection of a solution depends :
1. on objective and subjective criteria
2. on the objective to be achieved
117) A pilot, trying to pick up a fallen object from the cockpit 3. on the risks associated with each solution
floor during a tight turn, experiences: 4. above all on the personality of the decision-maker

A pressure vertigo A 1,3

B coriolis illusion B 4

C autokinetic illusion C 1,2,3,4

D barotrauma D 1,2,4

374) During a climb, we can observe the following with 369) It is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold. The
regard to the partial oxygen pressure : reason for this is:

A an increase up to 10,000 ft followed by a sudden pressure A swollen tissue in the inner ear will prevent the air from
drop above that altitude ventilating through the tympanic membrane

B an increase which is inversely proportional to the decrease B swollen tissue in the Eustachian tube will cause permanent
in atmospheric pressure hearing loss

C an identical decrease to that for atmospheric pressure C pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly
during fast descents
D a decrease which is three times faster than the decrease in D gentle descents at high altitude can result in damage to the
atmospheric pressure ear drum

373) With regard to illusions due to perceptive conflicts, it


may be said that they:

A are caused by a conflictual disagreement concerning


attitudinal perception between the various members of a crew

B are mainly due to a sensory conflict concerning perception


of the vertical and the horizontal between the vestibular and
the visual system

C originate from a conflict between instrument readings and


external visual perceptions

D are caused by the absence of internal visual cues exclusively

Pagina domande 15 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
368) What elements establish synergy within the crew ? 353) Between which components is an interface mismatch
causing an error of interpretation by using an old three-
point altimeter?
A Synergy establishes itself automatically within the crew, right
through from briefing to debriefing A Liveware - Hardware
B Synergy is independent of the natural individual
characteristics of the group members (communication, B Liveware - Software
mutual confidence, sharing of tasks, etc.)
C Liveware - Environment
C It is only the captain's status which allows the establishment
of synergy within the crew D Liveware - Liveware

D Synergy must be built up from the start of the mission


(briefing) and be maintained until it comes to an end
(debriefing) 363) Altitude-hypoxia, when breathing ambient air, should
not occur (indifferent phase)

367) Motor programmes are:


A between 3 000 m and 5 000 m

B between 5 000 m and 7 000 m


A rules that enable us to deal with novel situations
C below 3 000 m
B rules that enable us to deal with preconceived situations
D up to 5 000 m
C stored routines that enable patterns of behaviour to be
executed only under continuous conscious control

D stored routines that enable patterns of behaviour to be 362) The maximum number of unrelated items that can be
executed without continuous conscious control stored in working memory is:

A unlimited

352) Any prolonged exposure to noise in excess of 90 db can


end up in
B about 7 items

A a ruptured ear drum C very limited - only 3 items

B noise induced hearing loss D about 30 items

C conductive hearing loss


361) The so-called Coriolis effect (a conflict in information
D presbycusis (eefects of aging) processing in the brain) in spatial disorientation occurs:

A on stimulating several semicircular canals simultaneously

365) When the pressoreceptors signal a lowering of the


blood-pressure there are adaptation mechanisms which
B on stimulating the saccule and the utricle of the inner ear
result in:
1. an increase of respiratory activity C on stimulating the cochlea intensely
2. the arteriols to constrict
3. an increase of cardiac output D when no semicircular canal is stimulated
4. the heart rate to rise

A 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false


360) You can overcome hyperventilation by breathing into a
plastic or paper bag. The intention is:
B 1,3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false
A to increase the amount of nitrogen in the lung
C 1,2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false
B to reduce blood pressure
D 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
C to raise the level of CO2 in the blood as fast as possible

D to prevent you from exhaling too much oxygen

Pagina domande 16 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
359) Adaptation is 355) We can observe the following in relation to a state of
hypothermia :

A the adjustment of the eyes to high or low levels of A a rapid fall in ambient temperature
illumination

B the change of the diameter of the pupil B greater capacity for adaptation than in a hot atmosphere

C the reflection of the light at the cornea C reasoning problems as soon as body temperature falls
below 37°C
D the adjustment of the crystalline lens to focus light on the D a substantial increase in internal body temperature whereas
retina peripheral temperature at the skin is stable

358) The purpose of action plans which are implemented 329) The kinesthetic sense does not orient an individual to
during briefings is to: his surroundings, but informs him of

A activate a collective mental schema with respect to non- A the relative motion and relative position of his body parts
procedural actions to be carried out

B initiate procedures and reactions for situations that are most B a touch on the skin
likely, risky or difficult during the flight
C our surroundings
C define general planning of the flight plan
D the condition in the body itself
D allow everyone to prepare their own reactions in a difficult
situation
366) A system is all the more reliable if it offers good
detectability. The latter is the result of:
357) The effects of sleep deprivation on performance: -1 : tolerance of the various systems to errors.
1. increase with altitude -2 : the sum of the automatic monitoring, detection and
2. decrease with altitude warning facilities.
3. increase with higher workload -3 : the reliability of the Man-Man and Man-Machine links.
4. decrease with higher workload -4 : the alerting capability of the Man-Machine interface.

A 1 and 3 are correct The combination of correct statements is:

B 1,2 and 3 are correct A 1, 2 and 4

C 1, 3 and 4 are correct B 1 and 3

D 2, 3 and 4 are correct C 3 and 4

D 2 and 4
356) Perceptual conflicts between the vestibular and visual
systems are :
1 - classic and resistant when flying in IMC 293) Which of the following statements are correct with
2 - sensed via impressions of rotation regard to the design of a check list?
3 - sensed via distorted impressions of the attitude of -1 : The longer a check list, the more it must be
the aircraft subdivided into
4 - considerable during prolonged shallow turns under logical parts.
IMC -2 : The trickiest points must be placed in the middle of
the check
A 3,4 list.
-3 : Check lists must be designed in such a way that
B 1,2,3,4 they can be
lumped together with other tasks.
-4 : Whenever possible, a panel scan sequence should
C 2,3,4
be
applied
D 1,3 -5 : Critical points should have redundancies.
The combination of correct statements is:

A 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B 1, 2 and 5 are correct

C 1, 3 and 5 are correct

D 1, 4 and 5 are correct

Pagina domande 17 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
304) The team spirit of a cockpit-crew most likely depends on 300) In the pulmonary artery there is :

A both pilots wearing the same uniform A oxygen rich and carbon dioxide rich blood

B both pilots flying together very often for a long period B oxygen poor and carbon dioxide rich blood

C both pilots having the same political and ideological attitude C oxygen poor and carbon dioxide poor blood

D both pilots respecting each other and striving for the same D oxygen rich and carbon dioxide poor blond
goals

299) In order to make communication effective, it is


303) Once we have constructed a mental model we tend necessary to:
-1 : avoid the synchronization of verbal and non-verbal
channels.
A to give undue weight to information that contradicts the model
-2 : send information in line with the receiver's decoding
abilities.
B to give equal weight to contradicting and confirming -3 : always concentrate on the informational aspects of
information the
message only.
C to alter that model unnecessarily frequently -4 : avoid increasing the number of communication
channels, in
D to give undue weight to information that confirms the model order to simplify communication.

The correct statement(s) is (are):


302) Decompression sickness can be prevented by:
1. avoiding cabin altitudes above 18 000 FT
A 3 and 4 are correct
2. maintaining cabin pressure below 8 000FT when flying
at high B 2 and 4 are correct
altitudes
3. performing physical exercises before and during the C only 2 is correct
flight
4. breathing 100 % oxygen for 30 min prior and during D 1,2 and 3 are correct
the flight

A only 3 is correct
298) Which flight-maneouvre will most likely induce vertigo?
Turning the head while
B 1, 2 and 4 are correct
A climbing
C 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B descending
D 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

C flying straight and level

301) In the initial phase of flight training the relationship D banking


between confidence and expertise can be described as:

A during this learning stage, the pilot is very near to achieving


full potential knowledge of the machine 297) When flying through a thunderstorm with lightning you
can protect yourself from flashblindness by:
B the pilot has a sphere of expertise wich is reduced to daily a) turning up the intensity of cockpit lights
use of his skills b) looking inside the cockpit
c) wearing sunglasses
C the pilot is competent enough to fly the aircraft at this stage, d) using face blinds or face curtains when installed
but does neither have a great deal of confidence in his/her
abilities nor in the whole system A a), b), c) and d) are correct

D the pilot is sufficiently competent to fly and knows at this B a), b) and c) are correct, d) is false
stage what he can and cannot do
C a) and b) are correct, c) and d) are false

D c) and d) are correct, a) and b) are false

Pagina domande 18 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
296) As a cause of accidents, the human factor 291) When assessing an individuals risk in developing
coronary artery disease, the following factors may
contribute:
A has increased considerably since 1980 - the percentage of 1.obesity
accident in which this factor has been involved has more 2.distress
than tripled since this date 3.smoking
4.family history
B which is cited in current statistics, applies to the flight crew
and ATC only A 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
C plays a negligible role in commercial aviation accidents. It is
B 2 and 3 are correct, 1 and 4 are false
much more important in general aviation

D is cited in approximately 70 - 80 % of aviation accidents C Only 3 is correct, 1, 2 and 4 are false

D 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false


331) When the pilot suffers from hypothermia (loss of cabin
heating):
290) Oxygen in the blood is primarily transported by
A his need for oxygen will be increased as long as he stays
conscious
A attaching itself to the hemoglobin in the white blood cells
B his oxygen need will not be affected
B the hemoglobin in the red blood cells
C his oxygen need will be reduced giving him a better
tolerance to hypoxia at higher altitudes C the blood plasma

D his oxygen need will be raised and his tolerance to hypoxia D attaching itself to the hemoglobin in the red blood plasma
will be increased

289) The cabin pressure in airline operation is


294) To prevent vertigo in flight we should

A look towards the sides when we make a turn


A normally not exceeding 6 000 to 8 000 feet

B breath deeply but control the respiratory frequency


B normally not exceeding 2 000 to 3 000 feet

C keep breathing normally C normally not exceeding 4 000 to 5 000 feet

D not move the head suddenly while we are turning


D always equivalent to sea level

288) Hypoxia can be prevented when the pilot


307) "Tunnel vision" (loss of peripherical vision) can be
observed if a pilot is subjected to more than:
A is relying on the body's built in warning system recognizing
A + 3.5 Gz any stage of hypoxia

B - 3.5 Gz B is swallowing, yawing and applying the Valsalva method

C + 3.5 Gx C will not exceed 20 000 FT cabin pressure altitude

D - 3.5 Gy D is using additional oxygen when flying above 10.000 feet

292) When accelerating forward the otoliths in the 287) Pain in the joints caused by gas bubbles following a
utriculus/sacculus will decompression is called:

A give the illusion of banking A chokes

B give the illusion of straight and level flight B creeps

C give the illusion of descending (body tilting downwards, or C leans


forwards, nose of the airplane going down)
D bends
D give the illusion of climbing (body tilting backwards, nose of
the a/c going up)

Pagina domande 19 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
286) Many pilots think up systems to deal with affairs so they 328) In case of in-flight stress, one should :
don't have to think up every time what they have to do.

A this has to be rejected for the company draws the rules and A demonstrate aggressiveness to stimulate the crew
the procedures they have to comply with
B always carry out a breathing exercise
B this has to be advised against for it reduces flexibility at a
moment a problem has to be solved by improvisation. C use all available resources of the crew

C this has to be posetively appreciated for it increases D only trust in oneself; beeing sure to know the own limits
consistency in action

D this is dangerous for every situation is different


327) Incapacitation is most dangerous when it is :

285) Judgement is based upon: A insinuating

A a decision making process involving physical sensations B obvious


and their transfer to manually operate the aircraft controls
C sudden
B the development of skills from constant practice of flight
manoeuvres D intense

C the ability to interpret the flight instruments

D a process involving a pilot´s attitude to take and to evaluate 326) Which of the following measures can reduce the chance
of a black-out during positive G-manoeuvres?
risks by assessing the situation and making decisions
based upon knowledge, skill and experience
A Breathing oxygen.

284) The level at which a pilot will experience a situation as


B Sit in upright position and keep relaxed.
stressful
C Hyperventilation.
A depends on the individual's perception of available abilities in
comparison to the situational demands D A tilt back seat.

B does not depend on his capacity to absorb information


325) Metacommunication is defined as
C depends on the level of demand but not on individual
interpretation of the situational demands
A active listening
D depends on self-confidence alone
B communicating about the communication

295) Noise induced hearing loss is influenced by C balancing the own ideas and interests with those of the
interlocutor

A the duration and intensity of a noise D having an assessment conversation

B the duration of a noise but not its intensity


324) The ability of detecting relevant information which is not
C the suddenness of onset of a noise presented in an actively monitored input channel is
known as
D the intensity of the noise but not its duration
A appreciation

317) What is the most decisive factor in regard to a very B attention


demanding stress situation?
C perception
A The time available to cope with the situation.
D sensation
B The objective threat of the situation.

C The unexpected outcome of the situation.

D The subjective evaluation of the situation by the individual.

Pagina domande 20 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
323) The effectiveness of the individual depends on: 318) To maintain good situational awareness you should:
(1) believe only in your own interpretation of the data
(2) gather as much datas as possible from every
A the ability to balance the dictates of the individual's needs possible
and the demands of reality source before making inferences
(3) question whether your hypothesis still fits the
B the ability to repress the dictates of needs situation as
events progress and try to make time to review the
C the ability to go beyond one's own capabilities situation
(4) consider ways of testing your situational hypothesis
D the total independence with respect to the environment to see
whether it is correct

A 1 and 4 are correct


322) What are the main strategies for adapting to time
constraints ?
B 1 and 3 are correct
A The prioritisation of tasks and the application of procedures
C 2, 3 and 4 are correct
B The preparation of action and the application of procedures
D all answers are correct
C The preparation of action and the prioritisation of tasks

D The preparation of action and time management 306) After SCUBA diving (more than 30 feet of depth) you
have to wait a period of time before flying again. This
period is at least:

321) Cognitive evaluation which leads to stress is based on: A 24 hours

A the capabilities of the individual and the solutions provided B 6 hours


by the environment
C 12 hours
B the evaluation of the situation and the evaluation of
capabilities to cope with it D 48 hours

C the evaluation of the situation and the the state of fatigue of


the individual
316) What is synergy in a crew ?
D the evaluation of the capabilities of the individual and the
time available
A The coordinated action of unrelated individual performances
in achieving a non-standard task

320) A pilot is used to land on small and narrow runways B The uncoordinated action of the crewmembers towards a
only. Approaching a larger and wider runway can lead to common objective
:
C The coordinated action of all members towards a common
A the risk to land short of the overrun objective, in which collective performance is proving to be
more than the sum of the individual performances
B an early or high "round out"
D A behavioural expedient associated with the
C a steeper than normal approach dropping low desynchronisation of the coordinated actions

D a flatter than normal approach with the risk of "ducking


under" 315) Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is caused by:

A a blocked Eustachian tube


305) What optimises crew co-operation ?
1. Sharing and common task
2. Confidence in each others capability
B pressure differences on both sides of the eardrum
3. Precise definition of functions associated with each
crew C reduced mobility of the ossicles
members role
D damage of the sensitive membrane in the cochlea due to
A 1,2 overexposure to noise

B 2,3

C 1,2,3

D 1

Pagina domande 21 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
314) Alcohol metabolism (elimination rate) 309) After a rapid decompression at an altitude of 30.000 FT
the first action of the pilot shall be:

A is approx. 0.3% per hour A preventing panic of the passengers

B depends on wether you get some sleep in between drinks B maintaining aircraft control and preventing hypoxia (use of
oxygen mask)
C definitely depends on the amount and composition of food
which has been eaten C informing ATC

D is approx. 0.015% per hour and cannot be expedited D informing the cabin crew

313) Scanning at night should be performed by: 308) Decompression symptoms are caused by:

A scanning with one eye open A release of locked gases from joints

B concentrated fixation on an object (image must fall on the B dissolved gases from tissues and fluids of the body
fovea centralis)

C avoiding food containing Vitamin A C low carbon dioxide pressure of inhaled air

D slight eye movements to the side of the object D low oxygen pressure of inhaled air

312) Which of the following statements concerning check list 188) How should a pilot react, when suffering from chronic
is correct? stress?

A The most important items must be placed in the middle of A Attempt to reduce the stress by using a concept which
check list so that they come to be examined once attention is approaches the entire body and improves wellness.
focused but before concentration starts to wane
B Use moderate administration of tranquillizers before flight.
B All the items of a check list are equally important; their
sequence is of no importance C Ignore the particular stressors and increase your physical
exercises.
C The most important items should be placed at the beginning
of a check list since attention is usually focused here D Always consult a psychotherapist before the next flight.

D The most important items must be placed at the end of


check list, allowing them to be kept near at hand so that they
319) The assessment of risk in a particular situation will be
are quickly available for any supplementary check
based on

A situational factors only


311) The normal rate of breathing of an adult at rest is about:
B subjective perception and evalutation of situational factors
A 32 cycles per minute
C external factors only
B 72 cycles per minute
D the emergency checklist only
C 16 cycles per minute

D 4 cycles per minute 31) The main limit(s) of long-term memory is (are):

A the quantity of data which may be stored


310) Flying at pressure altitude of 10 000 ft, a pilot, being a
moderate to heavy smoker, has an oxygen content in B the instantaneous inputting in memory of all information
the blood equal to an altitude collected during the day, which comes to saturate it
A above 10 000 FT C the data storage time

B of 10 000 FT D Data retrieval as a result from a loss of access to the stored


information
C lower than 10 000 FT

D of 15000 FT when breathing 100% oxygen

Pagina domande 22 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
42) If the copilot continuosly feels unfairly treated by the 37) The normal arterial blood-pressure of a healthy adult is
captain in an unjustified way, then he should (systolic/diastolic):

A internally retire and think positive A 220/180 mm Hg

B duly point out the problem, reconcentrate on his duties and B 120/80 mm Hg
clear the matter in a more appropriate occasion
C 80/20 mm Hg
C freeze the communication and thus avoid immediate
confrontation
D 180/120 mm Hg
D speak up and point at consequencies if unfair behaviour
persists
36) The readiness for tracing information which could
indicate the development of a critical situation
41) Which of the following elements make up the personality
of an individual ? A is dangerous, because it distracts attention from flying the
1. Heredity aircraft
2. Childhood environment
3. Upbringing B makes no sense because the human information processing
4. Past experience system is limited anyway

A 2,3 C is responsible for the development of inadequate mental


models
of the real world
B 2,3,4
D is necessary to maintain good situational awareness
C 1,2,3,4

D 1,2,4
35) Inertia in the direction head => feet will cause the blood-
pressure in the brain to:

40) The most probable reason for spatial disorientation is A decrease

A to rely on instruments when flying in and out of clouds


B remain constant

B to believe the attitude indicator C increase

C a poor instrument cross-check and permanently


D first increase, then decrease
transitioning back and forth between instruments and visual
references
34) Which symptom of hypoxia is the most dangerous for
D the lack of attention to the vertical speed indicator conducting safe flight ?

A Dizziness.
39) Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during
flight: B Lack of adaptation.

A if the brain receives conflicting informations and the pilot C Lack of accomodation.
does not believe the instruments
D The interference of reasoning and perceptive functions.
B when flying in and out of clouds and the pilot maintains
good instrument cross check

C when flying in light rain below the ceiling 21) Which of the following responses is an example of
"habit reversion" (negative habit transfer):
D when flying in bright sunlight above a cloud layer
A habitually missing an item on the checklist or missing the
second item when two items are on the same line

38) What are the advantages of coordination? B A pilot who has flown many hours in an aircraft in which the
fuel lever points forward for the ON position, may
unintentionally turn the fuel lever into the false position,
A Cooperation, cognition, redundancy.
when flying a different aircraft, where the fuel lever has to
point aft to be in the ON position
B Interaction, cognition, redundancy.
C Turning and aircraft to the left when intending to turn it to the
C Redundancy, exploration, risky shift. right

D Redundancy, synergy, clarification of responsibility. D Incorrect anticipation of an air traffic controller´s instructions

Pagina domande 23 di 85
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32) Experiencing stress depends on: 27) The duration of a period of sleep is governed primarily
by

A the individual interpretation of the situation A the number of points you have in your 'credit/deficit' system

B the fragility of individuals to certain types of stimulation B the point within your circadian rhythm at which you try to
sleep
C the individual's state of tiredness
C the duration of your previous sleep
D the environment of the situation which the individual will live
through or is in the process of living through D the amount of time you have been awake

45) Which of the following operations are performed more 26) To reduce the risk of coronary artery disease, exercise
effectively by people than by automatic systems ? should be
1. Qualitative decision-making
2. Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon
3. Monitoring to ensure that certain values are not
A triple the resting heart rate for 20 minutes, once a week
exceeded
4. Detections of unusual conditions (smell, noise, etc.) B double the resting heart rate for at least 20 minutes, three
times a week
A 2,3,4
C avoided since raising the heart rate shortens the life of the
heart
B 1,4
D double the resting heart rate for at least an hour, five times a
C 1,2 week

D 3,4
25) The capacity of the short-term memory is

30) The primary factor to control the rate and depth of A very limited - only one item
breathing is the:

A pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood


B about 30 items

B partial pressure of nitrogen


C unlimited

D about 7 items
C partial pressure of oxygen in the blood

D total air pressure in the blood


24) Decompression sickness occurs in association with
exposure to reduced atmospheric pressure.
The evolution of bubbles of nitrogen coming out of
29) A pilot who is hyperventilating for a prolonged period of solution in body tissues can be derived from:
time may even get unconscious.
Hyperventilation is likely to occur, when: A Boyle Mariotte´s law

A there is a low CO-pressure in the blood


B Dalton´s law

B he is flying a tight turn


C Gay Lussac´s law

C there is an increased blood flow to the brain


D Henry´s law

D the pilot is emotionally aroused

23) A slight lack of coordination which can make it difficult


to carry out delicate and precise movements occurs
28) When focussing on near objects: when the level of alcohol in the blood is exceeding

A the pupil gets larger A 0.2 % blood alcohol

B the shape of lens gets more spherical


B 0.05 % blood alcohol

C the shape of lens gets flatter C 0.1 % blood alcohol

D the cornea gets smaller


D 0.15 % blood alcohol

Pagina domande 24 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
67) A pilot will get hypoxia 64) The percentage of oxygen in the air at an altitude of
approximately
34 000 ft is :
A after decompression at high altitude and not taking additional
oxygen in time A 10,5%
B after decompression to 30 000 feet and taking 100 %
oxygen via an oxygen mask B 42%

C if his rate of climb exceeds 5 000 ft/min C 21%

D if he is flying an unpressurized airplane at an altitude of 15 D 5%


000 feet and breathing 100 % oxygen

63) What misjudgement may occur if an airplane is flying


33) Mental training, mental rehearsal of cognitive into fog, snow or haze?
pretraining is called the inner, ideomotor simulation of
actions. A Objects seem to be farther away than in reality

A It is most effective, if it is practiced on an abstract level if B Objects will appear closer than they really are
imagination

B It is more effective than training by doing C Objects will appear bigger in size than in reality

C It is most important for the acquisition of complex perceptual D Objects seem to move slower than in reality
motor skills

D It is most important for selfcontrol 62) 1. Psychosomatic means that a physiological problem is
followed
by psychological stress.
55) In order to get rid of excess nitrogen following scuba 2. Psychosomatic complaints hardly occur in
diving, subsequent flights should be delayed professional
aviation because of the strict selection for this
particular
A 48 hours after a continuous ascent in the water has been
profession .
made

B 24 hours A 1 and 2 are both correct

C 3 hours after non decompression diving B 1 is correct 2 is not correct

D 36 hours after any scuba diving C 1 is not correct 2 is correct

D 1 and 2 are both not correct

190) Disturbances of pressure equalization in air-filled


cavities of the head (nose, ear etc.) are called:
61) When accelerating in level flight we could experience
A hyperventilation the sensation of a

B barotrauma A climb

C ebulism B descent

D hypoxia C turn

D spin

65) Carbon monoxide, a product of incomplete combustion,


is toxic because

A it prevents the absorption of food from the digestive tract

B it prevents the excretion of catabolites in the kidneys

C it disturbs gaseous diffusion at the alveoli capillary


membrane

D it competes with oxygen in its union with haemoglobin

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60) Our body takes its energy from : 44) During the preparational work in the cockpit the captain
1: minerals notices that his copilot on the one hand is rather
2: protein unexperienced and insecure but on the other hand
3: carbonhydrates highly motivated. Which kind of leadership behaviour
4: vitamines most likely is inappropriate?

A 1,3 A The captain flies the first leg by himself and explains each
action to the copilot in order to keep him informed about his
B 2,3 decisions

B The captain lets the copilot fly and gives him detailled
C 1,2,3,4
instructions what to do
D 1,4 C The captain lets the copilot fly and encourages him frankly to
ask for any support that needed

59) Pain in the Joints ("bends"), which suddenly appear D The captain lets the copilot fly and observes his behaviour
during a flight , are symptoms of without any comments

A hypoxia
54) Doing a general briefing in the preflight phase the
B decompression sickness captain should emphasize

C barotrauma
A to depart on schedule

D air-sickness
B to avoid inadequate handling of flight controls

C particular requirements in the field of crew coordination due


to specific circumstances
58) The ability of the lens to change its shape is called:
D complete delegation of all duties
A binocular vision

B depth perception 53) Fatigue and permanent concentration

C adaptation A do not affect hypoxia at all

D accomodation B will increase the tolerance to hypoxia when flying below 15


000 feet

43) Discussing private matters in the cockpit C lower the tolerance to hypoxia

D increase the tolerance to hypoxia


A can improve team spirit

B should be avoided by all means in the cockpit


52) In the following list you find some symptoms for
hypoxia and carbon monoxide poisoning.
C is appropriate in any phase of flight Please mark those indicating hypoxia:

D decreases the captains role of leadership A Dull headache and bends.

B Dizziness, hypothermia.
56) Which of the following statements about hyperthermia is
correct ? C Visual disturbances, lack of concentration, euphoria.

A Performance is not impaired by an increase in body D Nausea and barotitis.


temperature to 40°C or more.

B Complete adaption to the heat in a hot country takes about a


fortnight.

C Vasodilation is the only regulant which is capable of


reducing body temperature.

D Evaporation is more effective when ambient humidity is high.

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51) The time between inadequate oxygen supply and 46) You should not despense blood without prior
incapacitation is called TUC (Time of Useful information from your flight surgeon. The most
Consciousness). It important reason for this advise is:

A varies individually and depends on cabin pressure altitude A your blood-pressure is too low after blood-donation

B is the same amount of time for every person B your heart frequency is too low after blood-donation

C is not dependent on physical or psychological pressure C you are more susceptible to hypoxia after a blood-donation.

D varies individually and does not depend on altitude D the chance you get the bends is higher after blood-donation

50) Concerning the effects of drugs and pilot´s performance 20) Which of the following symptoms can indicate the
beginning of hypoxia?
1. Blue lips and finger nails.
A the primary and the side effects have to be considered 2. Euphoria.
3. Flatulence.
B the side effects only have to be considered 4 .Unconsciousness..

C medication has no influence on pilot´s performance A 2, 3 and 4 are correct.

D only the primary effect has to be considered; side effects B 1, 3 and 4 are correct.
are negligable
C 1, 2 and 4 are correct.

49) The retina of the eye D 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

A is the light-sensitive inner lining of the eye containing the


photoreceptors essential for vision 57) The heart muscle is supplied with blood from:

B filters the UV-light


A the coronary arteries
C is the muscle, changing the size of the crystalline lens
B the auricles
D only regulates the light that falls into the eye
C ventricles

D the pulmonary veins


48) If you are disorientated during night flying you must:

A relay on instruments 127) Conductive hearing loss can be caused by:


1. damage to the ossicles in the middle ear caused by
B look outside infection or trauma
2. a damage of the auditory nerve
C descend 3. an obstruction in the auditory duct
4. a ruptured tympanic membrane
D check your rate of breathing - do not breathe too fast
A 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

B 1,3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false


47) At a high altitude flight (no cabin pressure system
available), a pilot gets severe flatulence due to trapped
gases. The correct counter-measure is:
C 1,2,3 and 4 are correct

A perform "valsalva maneouvre"


D 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false

B use supplemental oxygen


138) Excessive exposure to noise damages:
C descend to lower altitude
A the sensitive membrane in the cochlea
D climb to a higher altitude
B the semi circular canals

C the ossicles

D the eardrum

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137) A pilot approaching an upslope runway 133) Which of the following statements about long-term
memory are correct?
-1: Information is stored there in the form of descriptive,
A may feel that he is higher than actual. This illusion may rule-based
cause him to land short. and schematic knowledge.
-2: The period of time for which information is retained
B is performing a steeper than normal approach, landing long is limited by
the frequency with which this same information is
C establishes a higher than normal approach speed used.
-3: It processes information quickly and has an effective
D establishes a slower than normal approach speed with the mode of
risk of stalling out access in real time.
-4: Pre-activation of necessary knowledge will allow for
a reduction
in access time.
136) What is "divided attention"?
A 1 and 4 are correct
A Ease of concentrating on a particular objective
B 1 and 2 are correct
B Difficulty of concentrating on a particular objective
C 2, 3 and 4 are correct
C The adverse effect of motivation which leads to one's
attention being dispersed D 2 and 4 are correct

D Alternative management of several matters of interest

132) Drugs against allergies (antihistamines), when taken by


an aviator can cause the following undesirable effects:
135) What counter-measure can be used against a 1. Drowsiness, dizziness
barotrauma of the middle ear (aerotitis)? 2. Dry mouth
3. Headaches
A Close the mouth, pinch the nose tight and blow out thereby 4. Impaired depth perception
increasing the pressure in the mouth and throat. At the 5. Nausea
same time try to swallow or move lower jaw (Valsalva)
A 2, 3 and 4 are correct
B Increase rate of descent
B only 1 is correct
C Stop climbing, start descent
C 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are correct
D Pilots should apply anti-cold remedies prior every flight to
prevent barotrauma in the middle ear D only 3, 4 and 5 are correct

134) What are the most frequent results of an self-centred


captain on the flight deck ? 131) The semicircular canals detect

A Performance is very poor as self-centred behaviour leads to A linear accelerations


an increase of cooperation and efficiency

B In a two-pilot flight deck, the co-pilot is ignored and may


B changes in arterial pressure
react by disengaging, showing delayed responses or
demonstrate the scapegoat effect C angular accelerations

C High group performance despite the strained relations D sound waves

D A major risk of authority inversion if the co-pilot is inassertive


130) Hypoxia effects visual performance.
A pilot may:

A get colour blindness accompanied by severe headache

B get blurred and/or tunnel vision

C have a reduction of 25% in visual acuity at 8000 FT AGL

D be unable to maintain piercing vision below 5000 FT AGL

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22) What is the effect of tiredness on attention ? 125) Decision-making can be influenced by the following
factors:
1. people tend to conform to opinions expressed by a
A It has no specific effects on attention majority
within the group they belong to
B It reduces the ability to manage multiple matters 2. people always tend to keep the future decisions in line
with
C It increases the ability to manage multiple matters those their superiors have made in the past
3. people more easily tend to select data which meet the
D It leads to one's attention being dispersed between different expectations
centres of interest 4. people hardly base decisions on their personal
preferences but
rather on rational information

128) According to the I.C.A.O. standard atmosphere, the A 2,3


temperature lapse rate of the troposphere is
approximately
B 1,4
A constant in the troposphere
C 2,4
B - 2 °C every 1000 feet
D 1,3
C 10 °C every 100 feet

D 2 °C every 1000 metres 124) Success in achieving the objectives of a message


requires:

A differences in contexts for the sender and the receiver


141) The blood-pressure depends on:
1. the work of the heart
2. the peripheral resistance
B a form of the message, which should not match the
expectation of the receiver
3. the elasticity of the arterial walls
4. the bloode volume and viscosity
C different codes between form and meaning
A 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false
D the matching of verbal, non-verbal and contextual meanings
B 1,2,3 and 4 are correct

C 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false 123) A pilot who smokes will loose some of his capacity to
transport oxygen combined with hemoglobin.
D 1,3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false Which percentage of his total oxygen transportation
capacity would he give away when he smokes one pack
of cigarettes a day?

126) Mental schemes correspond to: A 12 - 18%

A the memorisation of regulatory procedures associated with a


B 20 - 25%
particular situation
C 5 - 8%
B memorised procedures which develop and change rapidly
during change-over to a new machine D 0.5 - 2%

C daily planning of probable dangerous situations


122) The readjustment of the biological rhythms after a time
D memorised representations of the various procedures and
shift is normally more difficult
situations which can be reactivated by the pilot at will
A with flights towards the West

B with flights towards the North

C with flights towards the South

D with flights towards the East

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121) Which part of the inner ear is responsible for the 129) Although we have a field of vision of more than 180° it is
perception of noise? important during flight to use the scan ning technique,
because
A The semicircular canals
A only in the peripheral area of the retina resolution is good
B The sacculus and utriculus enough to see an object clearly

B the reduction in the field of vision with decreasing altitude is


C The eustachian tube
due to a lack of vitamin A
D The cochlea C only in the foveal area resolution is good enough to see an
object clearly

120) The vestibular system is composed of


D it is tiring to look continually in the same direction
-1: two ventricles
-2 : a saccule
-3 : an utricle 8) The relevance of check procedures during flight
-4 : three semicircular channels becomes even more important when:

A 1,4 A conducting a longer flight than you would normally perform

B 2,3 B flying an aircraft which you have flown many times before

C 1,3,4 C flying an unfamiliar type of aircraft and experiencing mental


pressure
D 2,3,4
D flying an aircraft which you have flown recently

119) Which of the following components belong to the middle


ear? 19) After a rapid decompression at 35 000 feet, the time of
useful consciousness is about:
A Semicircular canals
A 10 minutes.
B Ossicles
B 30 to 60 seconds
C Otoliths
C 15 seconds or less
D Endolymph
D 5 minutes.

118) Vitamin A and possibly vitamins B and C are chemical


factors and essential to good night vision: 18) "Pilot's vertigo"
1. Vitamin deficiencies may decrease night vision
performance
2. An excess intake of vitamin A will improve night vision A is the condition of dizziness and/or tumbling sensation
performance significantly caused by contradictory impulses to the central nervous
3. Pilots should be carefully concerned to take a balaced system (CNS)
diet
containing sufficient vitamin A B is the sensation to keep a rotation after completing a turn
4. Vitamin deficiencies may decrease visual acuity in
photopic C is the sensation of climbing caused by a strong linear
vision but not in scotopic vision acceleration

A Only 4 is false D announces the beginning of airsickness

B 1 and 3 are false, 2 and 4 are correct

C 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false

D 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

Pagina domande 30 di 85
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17) What do you do, when you are affected by "pilot`s 12) The quality of learning :
vertigo"?
1. Establish and maintain an effective instrument cross-
check. A is independent of age
2. Believe the instruments.
3. Ignore illusions. B is promoted by feedback on the value of one's own
4. Minimize head movements. performance

A 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct C depends on long-term memory capacity

B 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false D is independent of the level of motivation

C 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false


11) Information stays in the short-term memory
D Only 4 is false

A around 24 hours

16) Healthy people are usually capable to compensate for a B about 20 seconds
lack of oxygen up to

A 20.000 feet
C less than 1 second

B 25.000 feet
D from 5 to 10 minutes

C 10.000 - 12.000feet
139) Which of the following behaviours is most disruptive to
D 15.000 feet teamwork under high workload conditions in the
cockpit?

A Mentally absent.
15) Hypoxia can occur because:
B Sensitive.
A you inhale too much nitrogen
C Disciplined.
B the percentage of oxygen is lower at altitude
D Jovial.
C you are hyperventilating

D you are getting toomuch solar radiation 9) Illusions of interpretation (cognitive illusions) are :

A due mainly to a conflict between the various sensory systems


14) When stopping the rotation of a spin we have the
sensation B due mainly to a poor interpretation of instrumental data

A of turning in the same direction


C solely induced in the absence of external reference points
B of the sharp dipping of the nose of the aircraft
D associated with the task of mental construction of the
environment
C of the immediate stabilization of the aircraft

D that we are starting a spin into the opposite direction


140) Flickering light when reflected from spinning rotor
blades

13) How is haze effecting your perception? A can be neglected

B can be avoided when the strobe-lights are switched on


A Objects seem to be further away than in reality.

B Objects will give better contrast.


C should be avoided, because it may destroy the optical nerve

D can cause spatial disorientation and/or nausea, when looked


C Haze makes the eyes to focus at infinity at for a longer period of time

D Objects seem to be closer than in reality.

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7) Being pressed into the seat can cause illusions and/or 2) You are crossing the Alps in a non-pressurised aircraft
false reactions in a pilot lacking visual contact to the at an altitude of 15.000 feet. You do not use the oxygen
ground, because this sensation mask because you feel fine. This is unsafe, because:

A will not stimulate the "seat-of-the-pants" sense A your judgement could be impaired

B corresponds with the sensation a pilot gets when starting a B the blood-pressure can get too high
climb or performing a level turn
C the blood-pressure can get too low
C corresponds with the sensation a pilots gets, when flying
straight and level or starting a descent
D you will get the bends
D makes the pilot to pull up the nose to compensate for level
flight
1) Which is the procedure to be followed when symptoms
of decompression sickness occur?
6) Stress is a response which is prompted by the
occurence of various stressors. Of these, which can be A Only medical treatment is of use
called physiological ?
B Only the prompt supply of oxygen is necessary
A Temperature, hunger, thirst, divorce
C Descend to the lowest possible level and land as soon as
B Noise, temperature (low or high), humidity, sleep deprivation possible

C Noise, hunger, conflicts, a death D Descend to the lowest possible level and wait for the
symptoms to disappear before climbing again
D Heat, humidity, fatique, administrative problems

143) In order to overcome an overload of work during the


flight, it is necessary to:
5) Safety is often improved by applying the principles of -1 : know how to use one's own reserve of resources in
CRM, e.g.: order to
ease the burden on the crew.
A abstention from any suggestion which might be untimely -2 : divide up tasks among the crew.
-3 : abandon automatic mode and instead process as
B the avoidance of any conflict in order to preserve the crew's much
synergy information as possible consciously.
-4 : drop certain tasks and stick to high-level priorities.
C expression of one's doubts or different opinion for as long as
this doubt can not be rejected on the base of evidence The correct statement(s) is (are):

D unquestioned obedience to all the Captain's decisions A 3 and 4 are correct

B 1, 2 and 4 are correct


4) Improvement of human reliability should entail:
C 1 and 3 are correct

A in aviation, the elimination of errors on the part of front-line D 1, 2 and 3 are correct
operators

B the elimination of latent errors before they can effect


performance 142) Which of the following applies to carbon monoxide
poisoning?
C the analysis of modes of human failures
A A very early symptom for realising carbon monoxide
D an effort to understand the causes and find means of poisoning is euphoria.
recovery for errors committed
B The human body shows no sign of carbon monoxide
poisoning.
3) Following a rapid decompression at 30.000 feet, the time
of useful consciousness would be about: C Inhaling carbon monoxide leads to hyperventilation.

A 5 to 10 minutes D Several days are needed to recuperate from a carbon


monoxide poisoning.
B 10 to 12 minutes

C 1 to 2 minutes

D 3 to 5 minutes

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68) Which measure(s) will help to compensate hypoxia? 161) Learning to fly naturally induces stress in a student pilot
1. Descend below 10 000 FT. because he is lacking experience. Manifestations of this
2. Breathe 100 % oxygen. type of stress are:
3. Climb to or above 10 000 FT. 1. nervousness and chanellized attention
4. Reduce physical activities. 2. being rough at the controls
3. smoke and drink much more alcohol than usual
A 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false 4. airsickness, lack of sleep

B 1, 2 and 4 are correct A 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

C 1, 2 and 3 are correct B 1, 2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false

D only 1 is correct C 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false

D 1 and 2 are false, 3 and 4 are correct,


10) What is characterized by a "laissez-faire" cockpit ?

160) One of the most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia


A The high level of independence granted to each member by concerning flight safety is:
the captain quickly leads to tension between the various
crew members A reduced coordination of limb movements, causing the pilot
to spin
B A passive approach by the captain allows decisions,
choices and actions by other crew members B cyanosis, reducing then pilots ability to hear

C Each member carries out actions and makes choices


without explicity informing the other members about them C hyperventilation, causing emotional stress

D The captain's authority rules all the actions or decisions D impaired judgement, disabling the pilot to recognize the
associated with the situation symptoms

152) How can spatial disorientation in IMC be avoided? By 159) Visual disturbances can be caused by:
1. hyperventilation
2. hypoxia
A maintaining a good instrument cross check. 3. hypertension
4. fatigue
B believing your body senses only.
A 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
C moving the head into the direction of the resultant vertical.
B 1, 2 and 3 are correct
D looking outside whenever possible ignoring the attitude
indicator. C 2, 3 and 4 are correct

D 1, 2 and 4 are correct


163) Pain in the middle ear during descent may be eased by:

A blocking the effected ear with the palm of your hand 158) Which combination of elements guarantee the
understanding of a message without adding new
information to it?
B increasing the rate of descent
A Synchronization.
C using an oxygen mask
B Encoding.
D leveling off and possibly climbing
C Feedback.

162) If man is compared with a computer, it can be said that D Coding.


man :

A has more effective means of action (output) and is above all


capable of considerable synergy

B has less effective means of action (output) than the


computer

C has less effective means of data collection than the computer

D is relatively limited compared with a computer, that means of


data collection or means of action are referred to

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157) The fovea 166) What distinguishes status from role ?

A is an area in which rods predominate A While role defines- via behaviour- the functions that must be
performed by individuals, status defines the enjoyment of a
B is the area responsible for night vision hierarchical position and its recognition by the group

C is an area in which cones predominate


B While role defines the enjoyment of a hierarchical position
and its recognition by the group, status defines - via
behaviour- the functions that must be performed by
D is sensitive to very low intensities of light individuals

C Unlike status, role is fixed and is not modified either by the


156) Sunglasses with variable filtration (phototrope glasses) situation in flight or by the interactions of a new crew

D Unlike status, role is fixed and is modified either by the


A are generally forbidden for pilots situation in flight or by the interactions of a new crew

B are ideal, as long as there are no polarisation effects


151) What should a pilot do to keep his night vision (scotopic
C are advantageous for pilots vision)?

D can have disadvantages when used in the cockpit due to A Select meals with high contents of vitamin B and C
their dependence on ultraviolet light which is screened by
the cockpit glass B Not smoke before start and during flight and avoid flash-
blindness

155) The physiological effects of accelerations to the human


C Avoid food containing high amounts of vitamin A
body depend on:
1. the duration of the G-forces D Wait at least 60 minutes to night-adapt before he takes off
2. the onset rate of the G-forces
3. the magnitude of the G-forces
4. the direction of the G-forces. 150) A pilot approaching a runway which is narrower than
normal may feel he is at a greater height than he actually
A 1,2,3 are correct, 4 is false is. To compensate he may fly a

B 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false A higher than normal approach with the tendency to overshoot

C 1and 4 are correct, 3 is false B flatter than normal approach with the tendency to undershoot

D 1,2,3 and 4 are correct C compensatory glide path and land long

D compensatory glide path and stall out


115) The "Effective Performance Time" or "Time of Useful
Consciousness" after a decompression at 35 000 ft is:
149) What means can be used to combat human error?
A between 30 and 60 seconds -1 : Reducing error-prone mechanisms.
-2 : Improving the way in which error is taken into
B approximately 3 minutes account in training.
-3 : Sanctions against the initiators of error.
C approximately 5 minutes -4 : Improving recovery from errors and its
consequences.
D less than 20 seconds
The combination of correct statements is:

A 1 and 2
153) Working memory enables us, for example,
B 2, 3 and 4
A to remember our own name
C 1, 2 and 4
B to remember a clearance long enough to write it down
D 3 and 4
C to store a large amount of visual information for about 0.5
seconds

D to ignore messages for other aircraft

Pagina domande 34 di 85
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148) What happens in problem-solving when the application 66) The individual's perception of stress depends on:
of a rule allows for the situation to be resolved ?

A A switch is made to knowledge mode in order to refine the A the conditions of the current situation only
results
B the subjectiv evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to
B A switch is made to knowledge- based mode in order to cope with it
continue monitoring of the problem
C the objectiv evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to
C A second monitoring rule must be applied cope with it

D Actions return to an automatic mode D the pilot's increasing level of arousal

147) Tolerance to decompression sickness is decreased by: 154) Stress is above all :
1. SCUBA-Diving
2. Obesity A a response by man to his problems, which automatically
3. Age leads to a reduction in his performance
4. Body height
B a phenomenon which is specific to modern man
A 2 and 4 are correct
C the best adaptation phenomenon that man possesses for
B 1, 3 and 4 are correct responding to the various situation which he may have to
face
C only 4 is correct
D a psychosomatic disease that one can learn to control
D 1, 2 and 3 are correct

176) Vertigo is the result of


146) Studies of human error rates during the performance of
simple repetitive task have shown, that errors can
normally be expected to occur about
A "Oculogyral illusion"

A 1 in 50 times B "Autokinetic-illusion"

B 1 in 100 times C "Elevator illusion"

C 1 in 250 times D "Coriolis-effect"

D 1 in 10 times
187) In the absence of external reference points, the
sensation that the vehicle in which you sitting is moving
when it is in fact the vehicle directly alongside which is
145) The symptoms of hyperventilation are caused by a:
moving is called :

A shortage of CO2 in the blood A somato-gravic illusion

B surplus of CO2 in the blood B illusion of relative movement

C surplus of O2 in the blood C autokinetic illusion

D shortage of CO in the blood D cognitive illusion

144) With "vertigo" the instrument-panel seems to tumble . 186) What strategy should be put in place when faced with an
This is due to anticipated period of time pressure ?

A conflicting information between the semicircular canals and A A strategy of preparing decisions
the tympanic membrane
B A non-sequential strategy
B oxygen deficiency
C A Laissez-faire strategy
C the coriolis effect in the semicircular canals
D A strategy of no commitment
D tuned resonance caused by vibration

Pagina domande 35 di 85
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185) The descriptive aspect of errors according to 181) Check the following statements:
Hollnagel's model describes various directly observable 1. A person experiencing sleep loss is unlikely to be
types of erroneous actions which are : aware of
1. Repetition and omission personal performance degradation
2. The forward leap and the backward leap 2. Performance loss may be present up to 20 minutes
3. Intrusion and anticipation after
4. Intrusion awaking from a short sleep (nap)

A 1,2,4 A 1 and 2 are both correct

B 1,3 B 1 is correct 2 is false

C 2,4 C 1 is false, 2 is correct

D 1,2,3 D 1 and 2 are both false

184) Which of the following statements concerning conflicts 180) Out of the list of possible measures to counteract
is correct ? hyperventilation, the most effective measure against
hyperventilation tetany is:
A Whatever the cause of the conflict, its resolution must
necessarily involve an additional party if it is to be effective A speak soothingly and get the person to breathe slowly

B Conflicts are negative in themselves and can only lead to a B breathe into a plastic or paper bag
general detachment of involved parties

C The emergence of a conflict always results from calling into C hold breath
question the general abilities of one of the involved parties
D avoid strenuous flight manoeuvres
D Conflict management involves the participation of all
involved parties in finding an acceptable collective solution
179) Through which part of the ear does the equalization of
pressure take place, when altitude is changed?
183) One of the substances present in the smoke of
cigarettes can make it significantly more difficult for the A Eustachian tube
red blood cells to transport oxygen and as a
consequence contributes to hypoxia. Which substance B Cochlea
are we referring to?

A Carbonic anhydride
C Tympanic membrane

B Tar
D External auditory canal

C Carbon dioxide
164) According to Wicken's theory, the human brain has:
D Carbon monoxide
A cognitive resources which are centered on action

182) The probability to suffer from air-sickness is higher, B processing capabilities which function at peak level when
when different tasks call for the same resources

A the student ist motivated and adapted to the specific stimuli C different reservoirs of resources depending on whether one
of flying is in the information-gathering, information-processing or
action phase
B the student has good outside visual reference
D unlimited information-processing resources
C the passenger or student is afraid and/or demotivated to fly

D the passenger has taken anti-motion sickness remedies 177) Alcohol, when taken simultaneously with drugs, may
prior flight

A intensify the effects of the drugs

B compensate for side effects of drugs

C show undesired effects only during night flights

D increase the rate of alcohol elimination from the blood

Pagina domande 36 di 85
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165) In relation to the word ´stress´as it affects human 171) The otoliths in the inner ear are sensitive to:
beings, which of the following responses is correct?

A Reactive stressors relate purely to a pilot´s physical A constant speed only


condition.
B linear acceleration and gravity
B Self imposed obligations will not create stress.
C angular acceleration
C ´Stress´is a term used to describe how a person reacts to
demands placed upon him/her. D angular speed

D All forms of stress should be avoided.

170) Between which components is an interface mismatch


causing disturbance of the biological rhythm, thus
175) Once a pilot has developed a certain way of thinking leading to reduced human peformance?
about a problem he will probably
A Liveware - Hardware
A find it difficult to get out of that way of thinking and difficult to
try a different interpretation of the data B Liveware - Software
B find it difficult to stick to his/her interpretation of the data
C Liveware - Liveware
C find it easy to interpret the data in different ways
D Liveware - Environment
D find it impossible to get out of that way of thinking, whatever
happens
169) A selective attentional mechanism is required

174) Angular accelerations are perceived by: A because the capacity of the long term memory is limited

A the receptors in the skin and the joints B because of the limitations of the sense organs

B the semi circular canals C because of limitations in our store of motor programmes

C the cochlea D because of the limited capacity of the central decision maker
and working memory
D the otholits

168) Please check the following statements:


1. Psychosomatic means that mental and/or emotional
173) What are the main limits of short-term memory ? stressors
It is :
can be manifested in organic stress reactions.
-1 : very sensitive to interruptions and interference
2. Psychosomatic means that a physical problem is
-2 : difficult to access
always
-3 : limited in size
followed by psychological stress.
-4 : subject to a biochemical burn-in of information

A A 1 is false, 2 is correct
2,4

B 1,3 ,4
B 1 and 2 are both false

C 1,2 ,3
C 1 is correct, 2 is false

D D 1 and 2 are both correct


2 ,3

167) The following applies for the physical properties of


172) The time for dark adaptation is gases:

A 10 min A at an altitude of 18 000 ft a gas volume is three times as


large as it would be at sea-level
B 30 min
B a water vapor saturated gas at 34 000 ft has 6 times its
volume as it would have at sea-level
C 10 sec
C at an altitute of 63 000 ft water will boil at temperature of
D 1/10 sec 65°C

D at sea-level a gas has 1/3 of the volume it would have at


27000 ft

Pagina domande 37 di 85
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114) Which of the following sentences concerning crew- 88) An increase in workload usually leads to:
performance is correct?

A Mistakes can always be detected and corrected faster by the A a longer and less frequent exchange of information
individual
B a shorter and more frequent exchange of information
B The quality of crew-performance is not dependent on social-
competence of individual team members C a longer and more frequent exchange of information

C The quality of crew-performance depends on the social- D a shorter and less frequent exchange of information
competence of individual team members

D To be a member of a team can not increase one's own


motivation to succeed in coping with task demands 87) The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the
sum of the partial pressures of the gases which
compose the mixture corresponds to:
178) Changes in ambient pressure and accelerations during
flight are important physiological factors limiting the A Dalton´s law
pilots performance if not taken into consideration.
Linear accelerations along the long axis of the body B Graham´s law

A will not stimulate any of the vestibular organs C Henry`s law

B are of no interest when performing aerobatics D Boyle Mariotte´s law

C change blood presssure and blood volume distribution in the


body
86) The mechanism of accomodation is caused by:
D will have an effect on blood pressure and blood flow if the
accelerative force acts across the body at right angles to the A the functioning of the ciliary muscle aroud the lens
body axis
B the elasticity of the optic nerves

78) A symptom comparison for hypoxia and


hyperventilation is:
C the functioning of the muscles of the eye

A symptoms caused by hyperventilation will immediately


D the diameter of the pupil
vanish when 100% oxygen is given

B cyanosis (blue color of finger-nail and lips) exists only in 85) The human ear is capable of perceiving vibrations
hypoxia between the frequencies

C there are great differences between the two A 30 - 15000 dB

D altitude hypoxia is very unlikely at cabin pressure altitudes B 16 - 20,000 Hz


above 10 000 ft
C 0 - 16 Hz

89) Gaseous exchange in the human body depends on: D 20,000 - 40,000 Hz
1. diffusion gradients between the participating gases
2. permeable membranes
3. partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus air
4. acid-base balance in the blood 84) The workload may be said to:
-1 : be acceptable if it requires more than 90 % of the
A only 1 is correct crew
resources.
B 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct -2 : be acceptable if it requires about 60 % of the crew
resources.
-3 : depend on the pilot's expertise.
C 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
-4 : correspond to the amount of resources available

D 2 and 3 are false The combination of correct statements is:

A 2, 3 and 4 are correct

B 1, 3 and 4 are correct

C 1 and 3 are correct

D 2 and 4 are correct

Pagina domande 38 di 85
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83) An individually given feedback improves 79) Barotrauma of the middle ear is usually accompanied by
communication. Which of the following rules should a
feedback comply with?
A dizziness
A The feedback should not be referred to a concrete situation.
B noises in the ear
B The feedback should always relate to a specific situation.
C pain in the joints
C The feedback should only be given if requested by the
captain. D a reduction in hearing ability and the feeling of increasing
pressure
D The receiver of the feedback should immediately justify his
behaviour.
92) The average pulse of a healthy adult in rest is about:

82) Murphy's law states :


A 90 to 100 beats/min

A Response to a particular stressful influence varies from one B 110 to 150 beats/min
person to another

B Expectation has an influence on perception


C 60 to 80 beats/min

D 30 to 50 beats/min
C Performance is dependent on motivation

D If equipment is designed in such a way that it can be


operated wrongly, then sooner or later, it will be 77) The procedure to be followed in the event of
decompression when flying above 10,000 ft must :

81) The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at


A make it possible to eliminate the risk of fogging due to the
sudden pressure changes
30.000 feet remains at 21 %; but the partial pressure of
oxygen :
B allow for the rapid supply of oxygen in order to prevent the
pilot becoming hypoxic
A remains constant, independent from altitude
C allow for a rapid descent independent from sufficient supply
B increases by expansion of oxygen in order to prevent disorders due to hypoxia

C decreases significantly with lower temperatures D make it possible to prevent hyperventilation owing to the
inhalation of 100 % oxygen
D decreases with decreasing barometric pressure

76) In the following list you will find several symptoms


listed for hypoxia and carbon monoxide poisoning.
116) According to the different phases of the "General Please mark those referring to carbon monoxide
Adaptation Syndrom" check the following statements: poisoning.
1. During the alarm phase stress hormones (i.e.
adrenalin) will cause a massiv release of glucose into
the blood, an acceleration of pulse and blood pressure
A Headache, increasing nausea, dizziness.
as well as an increase in the rate and depth of breathing
2. During the resistance phase the parasympathetic B High levels of arousal, increased error proneness, lack of
system uses a different type of hormone (cortisol) accuracy.
assisting to convert fat into sugar thus providing
sufficient energy supply to the brain and body cells for C Euphoria, accomodation problems, blurred vision.
sustained operation.
3. During the exhaustion phase the body has to be given D Muscular spasms, mental confusion, impairment of hearing.
time to eliminate the waste products which have been
generated excessively during the two preceeding
phases,

A 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false

B only 1 is correct

C 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false

D 1,2 and 3 are correct

Pagina domande 39 di 85
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75) You are transporting a passenger who has to be at a 71) What are the main consequences of latent errors? They:
certain destination for a meeting. The weather forcast at -1 : remain undetected in the system for a certain lenght
destination tends to be much worse than expected, so of time.
you consider to divert. The businessman offers you -2 : may only manifest themselves under certainl
money if you manage to land there at any case. conditions.
What is your appropriate way of action? You will -3 : are quickly detectable by the front-line operator
whose mental
A divert in any case to demonstrate who' s the man in charge schemas on the instantaneous situation filter out
aboard formal errors.
-4 : lull the pilots into security.
B see what you can do and ask the copilot to tolerate any
decision The correct statement(s) is (are):

C decide to divert if you think it is necessary. A 1 and 3

D continue and think about the nice things you can buy from B 2, 3 and 4
the money
C 1,2 and 4

74) Analysis of accidents involving the human factor in D 1 and 2


aviation shows that :

A only pilot training will make it possible to improve the situation


70) The occurrence of pain in the joints (bends) during
decompression can be explained by the principle that:
B failure of the human factor is always connected with
technical breakdowns
A a volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of
this gas at constant temperature (Boyle's law)
C there is hardly ever a single cause responsible
B the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum
D only front-line operators are involved of the partial pressures of the separate gases (Dalton's Law)

C the molecules of a gas will move from an area of higher


73) If coping with a stress situation is impossible, one will concentration or partial pressure to an area of lower
remain in the state of: concentration or partial pressure (law of diffusion)

A hypoxia
D the quantity of a gas dissolved in a fluid is proportional to the
pressure of that gas above the fluid (Henry's Law)
B eustress

69) Which of the following characteristics apply to short-


C distress
term memory ?
- 1 : It is limited in time and size
D adaptation - 2 : It is unlimited in time and limited in size
- 3 : It is stable and insensitive to disturbances
- 4 : It is limited in time and unlimited in size
72) When a pilot is starring at an isolated stationary light for
several seconds in the dark he might get the illusion A 2,3
that:
B 1
A the size of the lightis varying
C 1,3
B the intensity of the light is varying
D 3,4
C the colour of the light is varying

D the light is moving

Pagina domande 40 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
80) Of the following statements, which apply to coordinated 112) How can a pilot overcome a vertigo, encountered during
cooperation? a real or simulated instrument flight?
-1 : It allows for synergy in the actions between the 1. Establish and maintain an effective instrument cross-
captain and the check.
pilot. 2. Always believe the instruments; never trust your
-2 : It represents the simultaneous execution of a single sense of feeling.
action by 3. Ignore arising illusions.
the various members of the crew. 4. Move the head sidewards and back and forth to
-3 : Communication in this mode has the function of "shake-off"
synchronizing illusions.
actions and distributing responsibilities.
-4 : Communication must be essentially focussed on A 1and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
temporal and
cognitive synchronisation. B Only 4 is correct
The correct statement(s) is (are):
C 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
A 1,2 and 4
D 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B 2 and 3

C 1 and 4 111) Sensory input to the "Seat-of-the-Pants" sense is given


by
D 1 and 3
A subcutaneous pressure receptors and kinesthetic muscle
activity sensors

102) During a night flight at 10,000 feet you notice that your B blood rushing into legs
acuity of vision has decreased. In this case you can
increase your acuity by: C acceleration of the stomach (nausea)

A breathing extra oxygen through the oxygen mask. D pressure of the heart on the diaphragm

B closing one eye

110) Short term memory can already be affected when flying


C scanning sectors of the field of vision
as low as:
D dim the instrument lights
A 12000 FT

B 15000 FT
113) General Adaptation Syndrome is characterised by the
following phases : C 20000 FT
-1 : alarm
-2 : alert phase
-3 : resistance phase
D 8000 FT
-4 : exhaustion phase
-5 : vigilance phase
109) The relationship between arousal and flying
A 2,3,4,5 performance is

B 1,3,4 A approximately linear increasing

C 2,3,4 B approximately exponential

D 1,2,4,5 C approximately sinusoidal

D approximately the form of an inverted U

108) Which is the audible range to human hearing?

A Between 16 Hz and 20 MHz

B Between 16 Hz and 20 KHz

C Between 16 MHz and 20 000MHz

D Between 16 KHz and 20 KHz

Pagina domande 41 di 85
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107) Which part of the ear could be affected due to air 91) Approaches at night without visual references on the
pressure changes during climb and/or descent? ground and no landing aids (e.g. VASIS) can make the
pilot believe of beeing
A The sacculus and utriculus
A lower than actual altitude with the risk of overshooting
B The eustachian tube and the tympanic membrane (ear drum)
B lower than actual altitude with the risk of ducking under
C The semicircular canals
C higher than actual altitude with the risk of landing short
D The cochlea ("ducking under")

D higher than actual altitude with the risk of overshooting

106) Cigarette smoking has particular significance to the


flyer, because there are long-term and short-term
harmful effects. From cigarette smoking the pilot can 101) What type of acceleration has the most significant
get: physiological effect upon the pilot?

A a suppressed desire to eat and drink A Linear acceleration (+ Gx)

B a mild carbon monoxide poisoning decreasing the pilot´s B Transverse acceleration (+ Gy)
tolerance to hypoxia
C Combined linear and transverse acceleration
C a mild carbon dioxide poisoning increasing the pilot's
tolerance to hypoxia D Radial acceleration (+ Gz)

D a mild carbon monoxide poisoning increasing the pilot´s


tolerance to hypoxia
100) Coaction is a mode of coordination which recommends:

105) During final approach under bad weather conditions you A sustained cooperation on actions and the formulation of
are getting uneasy, feel dizzy and get tingling commitments concerning flight situations
sensations in your hands.
When hyperventilating you should B the application of procedural knowledge in the conduct of
specific actions
A descend
C working parallel to achieve one common objective
B apply the Valsalva method
D working parallel to achieve individual objectives
C use the oxygen mask

D control your rate and depth of breathing 99) Boyle's law is directly applicable in case of:

A the occurance of decompression sickness at high altitude


90) With hyperventilation, caused by high levels of arousal
or overstress:
B the occurance of hypoxia with increasing altitude
A more oxygen will reach the brain
C hyperventilation with increasing altitude
B peripherical and scotopic vision will be improved
D the expansion of trapped gasses in the human body with
increasing altitude
C an increased amount of carbon dioxide is exhaled causing
muscular spasms and even unconsciousness

D finger nails and lips will turn blue ("cyanosis") 98) What can a pilot do to avoid "Flicker vertigo" when
flying in the clouds?

A Switch strobe-lights off


103) What is the procedure above 10.000 ft altitude when
faced with explosive decompression?
B Dim the cockpit lights to avoid reflections
A Descend to below 10,000 ft and signal an emergency
C Engage the autopilot until breaking the clouds
B Check the cabin altitude, don an oxygen mask and maintain
level flight D Fly straight and level and avoid head movements

C Don an oxygen mask and descend to below 10,000 ft

D First inform ATC

Pagina domande 42 di 85
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97) The semicircular canals monitor 93) Motivation is a quality wich is often considered vital in
the pilot's work to maintain safety.

A gravity A A high degree of motivation makes it possible to make up for


insufficient knowledge in complete safety
B angular accelerations
B A high degree of motivation lowers the level of vigilance
C relative speed
C However, excessive motivation leads to stress wich adversly
D horizontal and vertical accelerations affects performance

D Motivation reduces the intensity of sensory illusions

96) Stress appears:


-1 : only in a situation of imminent danger.
-2 : only when faced with real, existing and palpable 377) Hyperventilation is due to an excessive rate of breathing
phenomenon. and can produce the following symptoms:
-3 : sometimes via imagination, the anticipation of a
situation or its A blue finger-nails and lips
outcome.
-4 : because of the similarity with a formerly experienced B dizziness, tingling sensation in the fingers and toes, nausea
stressful and blurred vision
situation
C reduced heart rate and increase in visual acuity
The correct statement(s) is (are):
D a state of overconfidence and reduced heart rate
A 3,4

B 1,2
104) Pilots are more easily inclined to take greater risks when:
C 2, 3
A making decisions independently of others
D 1,2,4
B they are not constrained by time

95) Depth perception when objects are close (< 1 m) is C making a flight over unfamiliar territory
achieved through
D they are part of a group of pilots and they feel that they are
A good visibility only beeing observed and admired (e.g. air shows)

B visual memory only


622) Glaucoma is characterised by:
C the "blind spot" at the retina 1. disturbed light adaptation
2. progressive narrowing of the visual field
D seeing with two eyes (binocular vision) 3. insidious onset and concealed progression
4. an increase in intra-ocular pressure

A 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false


94) 1. Euphoria can be a symptom of hypoxia.
2. Someone in an euphoric condition is more prone to B 1, 3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false
error.

A 1 is not correct, 2 is correct


C 2, 3 and 4 are correct ,1 is false

D 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct


B 1 and 2 are both not correct

C 1 and 2 are both correct


633) According to Rasmussen's model, errors are of the
D 1 is correct, 2 is not correct following type(s) in skill-based control mode:

A creative errors

B routine errors

C knowledge errors

D handling errors

Pagina domande 43 di 85
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632) Orientation in flight is accomplished by 628) If a pilot has to perform two tasks requiring the
1. eyes allocation of cognitive resources :
2. utriculus and sacculus
3. semicircular canals A the only way of not seeing performance tail off is to switch to
4. Seat-of-the-pants-Sense rules-based mode for the two tasks

A only 1 and 4 are correct B the sharing of resources causes performance on each task
to be reduced
B 2, 3 and 4 are correct , 1 is false
C a person reaches his limits as from simultaneous tasks, and
performance will then tail off
C 2, 3 and 4 are false, only 1 is correct
D the only way of not seeing performance tail off is to switch to
D 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct knowledge-based mode for the two tasks

631) Visual perception of depth at close to medium distance 627) Which of the following statements are correct ?
is primarily due to -1: Modern aircraft allow for 50 - 60% relative humidity in
the cabin
A binocular vision air under any conditions of flight, which is
satisfactory for the
B interactions between cones and rods body
-2: Thirst is a belated symptom of dehydration
-3: Dehydration may lead to clinical manifestations such
C peripheral vision
as
dizziness and fatigue
D the high sensitivity of the retina -4: Drinking excessive quantities of water must be
avoided since
resistance to periods of low hydration will otherwise
be lost
630) Symptoms of decompression sickness
A 1,2,4
A disappear on landing and never appear again
B 1,4
B sometimes can appear with a delay after the airplane is on
the ground C 2,3

C always begin immediately after the decompression during D 2,3,4


the flight

D normally take 2 or 3 days to appear after exposure to a


hypobaric atmosphere 626) Which elements of communication are prone to
malfunctioning?

629) What are the main clinical signs of hypoxia during A Coding and decoding
explosive decompression ?
B The sender
A Increase in heart and respiratory rates, euphoria, impairment
of judgement, memory disorders C The receiver

B Headaches, fatigue, somnolence, palpitations D The sender and the receiver as well as coding and decoding

C Increase in heart rate, decrease in body temperature


impairment of judgement
625) Large amounts of carbon dioxide are eliminated from
D Headaches, articular pain, speeding-up of the respiratory the body when hyperventilating. This causes the blood
rate, memory disorders
A to accelerate the oxygen supply to the brain

B not to change at all

C to become more alkaline increasing the amount of oxygen to


be attached to the hemoglobin at lung area

D to turn more acid thus eliminating more oxygen from the


hemoglobin

Pagina domande 44 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
612) What are the characteristics of the alarm phase of the 620) Blood-pressure depends on:
stress reactions? 1. the cardiac output
-1 : increased arousal level as a result of adrenaline 2. the resistance of the capillaries (peripheral resistance)
secretion.
-2 : an increase in heart rate, respiration and release of A 1 and 2 are correct
glucose.
-3 : a decrease in stress resistance. B 1 is correct 2 is false
-4 : activation of the digestive system.
-5 : secretion of cortisol to mobilize attention.
C 1 is false 2 is correct
The combination of correct statements is:
D 1 and 2 are both false
A 1,2

B 2,4,5 619) Anxiety and fear can cause

C 1,3,5
A hyperventilation
D 1,2,3
B hypoxia

C spatial disorientation
623) Which of the following operations are performed more
effectively by automatic systems than by people ? D hypoglycemia
1. Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon
2. Long term controlling of a set value (e.g holding of
trajectory)
3. Monitoring to ensure that certain values are not 618) Stress may be defined as:
exceeded (e.g holding of flight path)
4. Qualitative decision-making
A a normal phenomenon which enables an individual to adapt
A 1,2,3 to encountered situations

B 2,4
B a poorly controlled emotion which leads to a reduction in
capabilities

C 3,4 C a psychological phenomenon which only affects fragile


personalities
D 2,3,4
D a human reaction which one must manage to eliminate

636) Which of the following is most true?


617) Stress is a frequent aspect of the pilot's job. Under
which of the following circumstances does it occur?
A Regular exercise is beneficial to general health, but the most 1. Stress occurs whenever the pilot must revise his plan
efficient way to lose weight is by reducing caloric of action
consumption and does not immediately have a solution
2. Stress occurs with unexperienced pilots when the
B Regular exercise is an impediment to losing weight since it situational
increases the metabolic rate demands exceed their individual capabilities
3. Stress occurs if a pilot is convinced that he will not be
C Regular exercise is beneficial to general health, and is the able to
only effective way to lose weight find a solution for the problem he just is confronted
with
D Regular exercise and reduction in caloric consumption are
both essential in order to lose weight A 1, 2 and 3 are correct

B Only 1 is false
621) Hyperventilation is:
C 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false
A a too high percentage of nitrogen in the blood
D 1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false
B a decreased lung ventilation

C a too high percentage of oxygen in the blood.

D an increased lung ventilation

Pagina domande 45 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
616) Carbon monoxide poisoning 624) Why should a pilot turn his attention to the instruments
when approaching on a snowed up, foggy or cloudy
winterday? Because
A is more likely to occur in aeroplanes where the cabin heat is
technically supplied by coating the exhaust A the danger of a "greying out" will make it impossible to
determine the height above the terrain
B is more likely to occur in aeroplanes with twin-engines
because of high engine efficiency B pressure differences can cause the altimeter to give wrong
information
C only occurs in jet-driven aeroplanes
C perception of distance and speed is difficult in an
D occurs only above 15 degrees OAT environment of low contrast

D his attention will be distracted automatically under these


conditions
615) Flying a coordinated level turn will

A make the seat-of-the-pants sense feel a decreased pressure 646) What is decompression sickness ?
along the body`s vertical axis

B make the body`s pressure receptors feel an increased A A frequent disorder in commercial aviation due to the
pressure along the body`s vertical axis pressurisation curve of modern aircraft

C first give the impression of climb , then the impression of B A disorder which is solely encountered below 18,000 ft
descent
C The formation of air bubbles in bodily tissues, with no
D make the blood being pooled in the head consequences for people's capabilities

D An sickness resulting from the formation of nitrogen


bubbles in bodily tissues and fluids after a cabin pressure
614) In an abnormal situation the pilot has an apparently
loss at high altitude
correct explanation for the problem. The chance that
he/she now ignores or devalues other relevant
information, not fitting into his/her mental picture is:
565) The symptoms caused by gas bubbles under the skin
A not applicable with old and experienced pilots following a decompression are called:

B decreasing A bends

C increasing B chokes

D the same, no matter if he/she has already made up his/her C leans


mind
D creeps

658) Which of the following statements concerning tiredness


is correct ? 656) Visual acuity during flight at high altitudes can be
affected by:
A Tiredness is a subjective sensation which is reflected in 1. anaemia
hypovigilance or in poor management of intellectual 2. smoking in the cockpit
capabilities 3. carbon monoxide poisoning
4. hypoxia
B Tiredness is always the result of an intellectual overload
A 1,3 and 4 are correct
C Tiredness is the consequence of a diminution of
performance B 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

D Tiredness is an objective psychophysiological symptom of a


C 1,2 and 3 are correct
reduction in attention capabilities
D 2,3 and 4 are correct

Pagina domande 46 di 85
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655) Which of the following statements fits best the concept 651) What are typical consequences of conflicts between
of latent error? crew members?
Latent errors: -1 The quality of work performance decreases as a
result of the
A are mainly associated with the behaviour of front-line impoverishment of communications
operators and are only detected after advanced problem- -2 A decrease in the quality of communications
solving -3 In the case of a crew made up of experts, conflicts
only result in
B rapidly may be detected via their immediate consequences a deterioration in relations between the individuals
on the action in progress -4 A decrease in the usage of available resources on the
flight
C have been present in the system for a certain lenght of time deck
and are difficult to understand as a result of the time lag
between the generation and the occurence of the error The correct statement(s) is (are):

D are rarely made by front-line operators, and are A 1, 2 and 4 are correct
consequently readily identified and detected by the
monitoring, detection and warning links B 2, 3 and 4 are correct

C 1,3 and 4 are correct


654) When the optical image forms in front of the retina; we
are talking about D 1,2 and 3 are correct
A myopia

B hypermetropia 650) Which of the following statements are correct:


-1: Scuba diving may be practiced without restriction
-2: Many medicines have effects which are incompatible
C presbyopia
with flight
safety
D astigmatism -3: An adequate amount of fluid should be drunk when
flying
-4: Diet has no repercussion on health
653) Professional languages have certain characteristics, for
example: A 2 and 3 are correct
-1 : They use a limited vocabulary .
-2 : They are rich and adapted to the context, which B 1, 2 and 3 are correct
sometimes
lead to ambiguities. C 2, 3 and 4 are correct
-3 : Their grammar is rather complicated and complex.
-4 : Context provides meaning, therefor reduces the risk D 1, 3 and 4 are correct
of
ambiguities.

The correct statement(s) is (are): 649) A pilot is prone to get vertigo, as visibility is impaired
(dust, smoke, snow). What is the correct action to
A only 4 is correct prevent vertigo?

B 1 and 4 are correct A Depend on information from the semicircular canals of the
inner ear, because those are the only ones giving correct
information
C 1 and 3 are correct
B Depend on the instruments
D 2 and 3 are correct
C Reduce rate of breathing until all symptoms disappear, then
breathe normal again
652) Vibrations can cause blurred vision.
This is due to tuned resonance oscillations of the: D Concentrate on the vertical speedometer

A optic nerve

B cristalline lens

C photosensitive cells

D eyeballs

Pagina domande 47 di 85
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634) Which of the following drawbacks are associated with 644) Contrary to a person's personality, attitudes:
automation ?
1. Reduced competence in manually controlling the
aircraft A are non-evolutive adaptation procedures regardless of the
2. Increased likelihood of slips while programming result of the actions associated with them
automatic
systems B are essentially driving forces behind changes in personality
3. Difficulties in adapting to the use of a sidestick
4. General decrease in technical reliability C Are the product of personal disposition and past experience
with reference to an object or a situation
A 2,3,4
D form part of personality and that, as a result, they cannot be
B 1,3 changed in an adult

C 1,2
643) TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) is:
D 1,4
A the time between the start of hypoxia and death

647) What is the Time of Useful Consciouness ? B the length of time during which an individual can act with
both mental and physical efficiency and alertness;
measured from the moment at which he is exposed to
A The pilot's reaction time when faced with hypoxia hypoxia

B The period of time between the start of hypoxia and the C the time before becoming unconscious at a sudden
moment that the pilot becomes aware of it pressure loss

C The length of time during which an individualcan act with D the time after pressure loss until decompression sickness
both mental and physical efficiency and alertness, sets in
measured from the moment at which he loses his available
oxygen supply
642) Informal roles within a crew
D The time taken to become aware of hypoxia due to gradual
decompression
A characterize inefficient crews

635) Inhaling carbon monoxide can be extremely dangerous B evolve as a result of the interactions that take place among
during flying. crew members
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
C are explicitely set out by the crew
A With increasing altitude the negative effects of carbon
monoxide poisoning will be compensated. D do not impair the captain's influence

B Small amounts of carbon monoxide are harmless.


641) An identical situation can be experienced by one pilot as
C Carbon monoxide is odourless and cannot be smelled. exciting in a positive sense and by another pilot as
threatening. In both cases:
D Carbon monoxide increases the oxygen saturation in the
blood. A both pilots will loose their motor-coordination

B both pilots will experience the same amount of stress


645) Dizziness and tumbling sensations, when making head
movements in a tight turn, are symptoms of
C the pilot feeling threatened, will be much more relaxed, than
the pilot looking forward to what may happen
A "Pilot`s vertigo"
D the arousal level of both pilots will be raised
B "Nystagmus"

C "Flicker-vertigo"
640) Physiological problems due to increasing altitude are
caused by :
D "Oculogravic illusion"
A disorientation

B accelerations

C increased atmospherical pressure

D decreased atmospherical pressure

Pagina domande 48 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
639) A pilot, climbing in a non-pressurised aircraft and 575) Affinity to hemoglobin is best with:
without using supplemental oxygen will pass the
"critical threshold" at approximately:
A carbon dioxide
A 38 000 ft
B carbon monoxide
B 22 000 ft
C nitrogen
C 16 000 ft
D oxygen
D 18 000 ft

586) 1. REM-sleep becomes shorter with any repeated sleep


638) Between which components is an interface mismatch cycle
responsible for deficiencies in conceptual aspects of during the night.
warning systems? 2. REM-sleep is more important for the regeneration of
mental and
A Liveware - Hardware physical functions than all the other sleep stages are.

B Liveware - Environment
A 1 is not correct 2 is correct

B 1 and 2 are both correct


C Liveware - Liveware

D Liveware - Software
C 1 is correct 2 is not correct

D 1 and 2 are false

637) A pilot is used to land on wide runways only. When


approaching a smaller and/or narrower runway, the pilot
may feel he is at a 585) Which of the following systems are involved in the
appearance of motion sickness ?
-1 : Hearing
A greater height than he actually is with the tendency to land
-2 : The vestibular system
short
-3 : Vision
B lower than actual height with the tendency to overshoot -4 The proprioceptive senses "Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense")
-5 : The gastrointestinal system

C greater height and the impression of landing short


A 1,2,5

D lower height and the impression of landing slow


B 2,3,4

C 1,2,3
611) Which of the following applies when alcohol has been
consumed? D 2,3,4,5

A Small amounts of alcohol increase visual performance

B Acute effects of alcohol cease immediately when 100% 584) Someone who has anaemia has:
oxygen is taken
A not enough functional hemoglobin
C Even after the consumption of small amounts of alcohol,
normal cautionary attitudes may be lost
B not enough platelets
D Drinking coffee at the same time will increase the elimination
rate of alcohol C not enough plasma

D not enough white blood cells


648) The trend in airplane hull-loss rate over the last three
decades seems to be related to :
583) Under normal circumstances, which gas will diffuse
A the manufacturer from the blood to the alveoli:

B the number of engines A nitrogen

C the year of manufacture B oxygen

D the crew C carbon dioxide

D carbon monoxide

Pagina domande 49 di 85
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582) Illuminated anti-collision lights in IMC 578) How do you understand the statement 'one cannot not
communicate'?

A will improve the pilots depth perception A You cannot influence your own communication.

B will effect the pilots binocular vision B The statement above is a missprint.

C can cause disorientation


C Beeing silent as well as inactive are nonverbal behaviour
patterns which express a meaning.
D can cause colour-illusions
D Each situation requires communication.

581) Which of the following statements best characterise a


self-centered cockpit ? 613) The eustachian tube is the passage way between the

A The communication between crew members always


increases when the captain takes charge of a situation A nose, pharynx and inner ear

B While decreasing communication, the independence of B nose, pharynx and the external auditory canal
each member bolsters the crew's synergy
C sinuses and the pharynx
C Without taking note of what the other members are doing,
each one does his own thing while at the same time
assuming that everyone is aware of what is being done or
D nasopharynx and the middle ear
what is going on

D The egocentric personality of the captain often leads to a 576) On ascent the gases in the digestive tract will
synergetic cockpit

A expand
580) 'Environmental capture' is a term used to describe
which of the following statements? B stay the same
1.The tendency for a skill to be executed in an
environment in C shrink
which it is frequently exercised, even if it is
inappropriate to do D be absorbed by tissues and blood
so
2.The tendency for a skill acquired in one aircraft type to
be
executed in a new aircraft type, even if it is 589) Autokinesis is
inappropriate to do
so
3. The tendency for people bo behave in different ways
A the automatical adjustment of the crystalline lens to objects
situated at different distances
in different
social situations
4. The gaining of environmental skills
B the apparent movement of a static single light when stared
at for a relatively long period of time in the dark
A 4 is correct
C the phenomenon of spinning lights after the abuse of alcohol

B 1 and 2 are correct D the change in diameter of the pupil, when looking in the dark

C 1, 2 and 3 are correct

D 2 and 3 are correct 574) After a decompression to 43 000 FT the TUC (Time of
Useful Consciousness) will be approximately:

A 5-15 seconds
579) Which statement is correct? Crew decision making is
generally most efficient, if all crew members concerned B 30-45 seconds

A adapt their management style to meet the situational


C 45-60 seconds
demands

B are always task oriented D 60-90 seconds

C are always relationship oriented

D always ask the captain what to do

Pagina domande 50 di 85
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573) Which sensations does a pilot get, when he is rolling 569) The following course of action must be taken if
out of a coordinated level turn? gastrointestinal or cardiopulmonary complaints or pain
arise before take-off :
A Flying straight and level -1 : take the standard medicines and advise the doctor
on
B Climbing returning from the flight
-2 : assess your own ability to fly, if necessary with the
help of a
C Turning into the original direction
doctor
-3 : if in doubt about fitness to fly - do not fly!
D Descending and turning into the opposite direction -4 : reduce the cabin temperature, and drink before you
are thirsty
so as to avoid dehydration
572) Equalization of pressure is limited between the middle
ear and the ambient, when: A 2,3

A the nose is pinched B 1,3

B you breath through the mouth C 1,4

C barotrauma exists in the sinuses D 1,2,4

D the eustachian tube is blocked


568) How can a pilot prevent spatial disorientation in flight?

571) What may be the origins of representation errors ? A Always try to catch outside visual cues.
1. Perception errors
2. The catering for all available information
3. Incorrect information from the observed world
B Rely on good situational awareness believing your natural
senses.
4. The receipt of a bad piece of information

A 3,4
C Rely on the kinaesthetic sense.

B 2,3
D Establish and maintain a good instrument cross check.

C 1,3,4
567) Subcutaneous pressure receptors are stimulated by:
D 1,2
A the pressure created on the corresponding body parts when
sitting, standing or lying down
570) Flying from Frankfurt to Moscow you will have a lay-
over of 4 days. What time measure is relevant for your B a touch on the skin indicating the true vertical
circadian rhythm on the 3. day?
C environmental stressors
A ZT (zonal time).
D the condition of the body itself
B UTC (universal time coordinated).

C LT (local time). 375) Which of the following statements summarises the


impact that motivation may have on attention ?
D MEZ (middle european time).
A It only facilitates attention in extreme cases (risk of death)

B Motivation has only a small effect on attention, but it


facilitates alertness

C It stimulates attention but may lead to phases of low arousal

D It increases the mobilisation of energy and thus facilitates


the quality of alertness and attention

Pagina domande 51 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
577) What is the main adverse effect of expectations in the 608) Flying immediately after SCUBA diving involves the risk
perception mechanism ? of getting:

A The unconscious mechanism of attention leads to focus on A hyperventilation


all relevant information
B hypoxia
B The attention area is enlarged, thus it will lead to an
uncertainty in regard to necessary decisions
C stress
C Expectations often guide the focus of attention towards a
particular aspect, while possible alternates are neglected D decompression sickness without having a decompression

D They always lead to routine errors


607) To prevent the "autokinetic phenomena", the following
can be done:
599) The intended recipient of a message must:
-1 : give priority and adapt to the sender's situation. A look out for additional references inside and/or outside the
-2 : acknowledge the receipt only in case of doubt. cockpit using peripheral vision also
-3 : be able to reject or postpone a communication
attempt if B fixate the source of light, first with one eye, then with the
the pilot is too busy. other
-4 : stabilize or finish a challenging manoeuvre before
starting a C look sideways to the source of light for better fixation
discussion.
D turn down cabin light and shake head simultaneously
The combination of correct statements is:

A 1,2 and 4 are correct


606) With regard to the practice of English, which of the
following statements is correct?
B 1 and 2 are correct
A The composition of every crew should be geared to a
C 2 and 3 are correct command of the official aeronautical language of the
destination country.
D 3 and 4 are correct
B All pilots should master it because the aeronautical world
needs one common language.

610) In terms of decision-making, the intention to become C Be familiar with normal procedures in English since only this
integrated into the team, to be recognised as the leader allows for effective management of any flight's
or to avoid conflicts may lead to : communication.

A an authoritarian approach thus demonstrating ones own D It is necessary and sufficient to have a command of any of
ability to lead the official languages of the ICAO.

B the improvement of internal risk assessment capabilities


605) Rods (scotopic visual cells) allow for :
C the suggestion of a sequential solution in which everyone
can contribute what he/she knows
A red vision, both during the day and at night
D the attempt to agree on decisions made by other crew
members B good night-vision after adaptation to darkness (30 min)

C good, virtually instantaneous night-vision (scotopic vision)


609) Which procedure is recommended to prevent or
overcome spatial disorientation? D precise vision of contours and colours
A Tilt your head to the side to get better informations from the
semicircular canals.
604) What triggers stress in humans?
B Rely on the Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense.

A Only strong excitations of the sensory organs: a flash of


C Get adapted to low levels of illumination before flying and
light, noise, the smell of smoke
use off-center vision all the time.

D Rely entirely on the indications of the flight instruments.


B Always the awareness of an emotion and a physiological
activation (e. g. rapide heart rate)

C The subjective interpretation an individual gives to a situation


experienced

D Objective stimulation from the environment regards of


subjective perceptions

Pagina domande 52 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
603) Human errors are frequent and may take several forms : 598) The decision making in emergency situations requires
firstly:

A an error of intention is an error of routine A speed of reaction

B an violation is an error which is always involuntary B informing ATC thoroughly about the situation

C representational errors in which the pilot has properly


C the whole crew to focus on the problem
identified the situation and is familiar with the procedure

D an error can be described as the mismatch between the D distribution of tasks and crew coordination
pilots intention and the result of his/her actions

597) "Grey out" can be observed if a pilot is subjected to


602) Oxygen, combined with hemoglobin in blood is more than:
transported by
A + 3 Gz
A white blood cells
B - 3 Gz
B red blood cells
C + 3 Gx
C platelets
D + 3 Gy
D blood plasma

596) Which behaviour does most likely promote a


587) In a complex task high levels of arousal constructive solution of interpersonal conflicts?

A Active listening.
A reduce failures
B Responding with counter-arguments.
B narrow the span of attention
C Staying to the own point of view.
C improve performance
D Giving up the own point of view.
D lead to better decision-making

595) Which of the following statements is correct ?


600) Which part of the vestibular apparatus is affected by
changes in gravity and linear acceleration?
A 40% of information processed by man enters via the visual
A The semicircular canals channel

B The cochlea B The kinesthetic channel provides the most important


information for flying

C The eustachian tube


C 70% of information processed by man enters via the visual
channel
D The sacculus and utriculus
D Hearing is the sense which collects most information in man

588) Concerning circadian rhythm disruption (jet lag), the


effects of adjustment to destination time : 594) The errors resulting from an irrational indexing system
1. are longer for western rather than eastern flights in an operations manual are related to an interface
2. are longer for eastern rather than western flights mismatch between
3. vary little between individuals
4. may vary greatly between individuals A Liveware - Liveware

A 1,3 B Liveware - Software

B 1,4
C Liveware - Hardware

C 2,3 D Liveware - Environment

D 2,4

Pagina domande 53 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
593) The needs of an individual lead to : 659) What should a pilot do if he has no information about
the dimensions of the runway and the condition of the
terrain underneath the approach? He should
A prolonged suppression of all basic needs in favour of high
self-actualization A make a visual approach and call the tower for assistance
B a change in the individuals motivation and consequently to
an adaptation of the behaviour B be aware that approaches over water always make the pilot
feel that he is lower than actual height
C preservation from dangers only if social needs are beeing
satisfied C make an instrument approach and be aware of the illusory
effects that can be induced
D no change in his motivation and conrequently to the
persistence of the individuals behaviour in regard to the D be aware that approaches over downsloping terrain will
desired outcome make him believe that he is higher than actual

592) Gases of physiological importance to man are: 601) How can man cope with low error tolerant situations?

A oxygen and carbon monoxide A By randomly applying a combination of optimum detection,


warning and monitoring systems
B oxygen, nitrogen and water vapor B By generally avoiding situations in which tolerance to error is
low
C oxygen and carbon dioxide
C By constantly complying with cross-over verification
D nitrogen and carbon dioxide procedures (cross monitoring)

D By increasing error detection in all circumstances

591) The cognitive effects of stress may include :


-1 : excessive haste.
-2 : an improvement in memory. 716) What is the TUC at 20 000 FT?
-3 : a complete block: action is impossible.
-4 : a risk of focusing on a particular aspect.
-5 : ease of decision-making.
A 1to 2 hours
-6 : an increase in the rate of mistakes.
B 5 to 10 minutes
The combination which brings together all correct
statements is : C about 30 minutes

A 1,3,4,6 D 1 to 2 minutes

B 1,2,5
727) What is understood by air-sickness?
C 2,3,5,6

D 3,4,5 A An illness caused by an infection of the middle ear

B A sensory conflict within the vestibular system accompanied


by nausea, vomiting and fear
590) The amount of light which strikes the retina is controlled
by:
C An illness caused by evaporation of gases in the blood
A the cornea
D An illness caused by reduced air pressure
B the lens

C the pupil 726) What does not impair the function of the photosensitive
cells?
D the ciliary body
A Oxygen deficiency

B Acceleration

C Toxic influence (alcohol, nicotine, medication)

D Fast speed

Pagina domande 54 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
725) Which part of the vestibular apparatus is responsible for 720) Breathing pure oxygen (without pressure) will be
the impression of angular acceleration? sufficient up to an altitude of:

A The eustachian tube A 60000 FT

B The semicircular canals B 80000 FT

C The cochlea C 38000 FT

D The sacculus and utriculus D 45000 FT

724) In the alveoli gas exchange takes place (external 719) Which of the following statements concerning hypoxia
respiration). Which gas will diffuse from the blood into is correct?
the lungs?
A It has little effect on the body, because the body can always
A Ambient air. compensate for it.

B Oxygen. B It is a potential threat to safety.

C Carbon monoxide. C It is never a problem at altitudes below 25.000 ft.

D Carbon dioxide. D It activates the senses and makes them function better.

723) If someone hyperventilates due to stress his blood will 706) Concentration is essential for pilots.
get:
A All intellectual processes, including very routined ones,
A more alkaline make demands on resources and therefore on one's
concentration
B less satured with oxygen
B However, capacity of concentration is limited
C more satured with carbon dioxide
C It only takes a little willpower to increase one's capacity of
D more acid concentration without limits

D Vigilance is all that is required to be attentive

722) With a heart rate of 72 beats per minute and a stroke


volume of 70 ml the cardial output is about:
717) Thinking on human reliability is changing.
A 6 liters/min
A It is thought that it will be possible to eliminate errors in the
B 7 liters/min near future

C 8 liters/min B Human errors are now considered as being inherent to the


cognitive function of human and are generally inescapable
D 5 liters/min
C Human errors can be avoided. All it takes is to be vigilant
and to extend one's knowledge

721) Flights immediately after SCUBA-diving (compressed D The individual view of safety has gradually replaced the
gas mixtures, bottles) (>10 m depth) systemic view of safety

A are allowed, if 38000 FT are not exceeded


730) Which of the following is NOT an hazardous attitude?
B should be avoided because hypoxia may develop

C are forbidden A Domination

D can be performed without any danger B Macho

C Anti-authority

D Impulsivity

Pagina domande 55 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
715) The ability of the human eye to read alphanumeric 710) With regard to the level of automation of behaviours in
information (piercing vision): the attention mechanism, we know that :

A is limited to the foveal area of the retina A the more behaviour is automated, the less it requires
conscious attention and thus the more it frees mental
B is limited to daytime using the rod cells resources

B the more behaviour is automated, the more it requires


C is almost equally shared by the entire retina
attention and the more it frees resources
D is governed by peripheral vision over an area of C the more behaviour is automated, the more it requires
approximately 20 degrees of angle attention and the less it frees resources

D the less behaviour is automated, the less it requires


714) The pressoreceptors are located in attention and the more it frees resources

A the carotid and aortic arterial vessels


709) The "ideal professional pilot" is, in his behaviour,
B the intestines
A rather "person" than "goal" oriented
C the heart
B neither "person" nor "goal" oriented
D the lungs
C rather "goal" than "person" oriented

713) If somebody starts breathing faster and deeper without


D "person" and "goal" oriented
physiological need

A the acid-base balance of the blood will not change 708) Which of the following statements in regard to
motivation is correct?
B the blood pressure in the brain will rise significantly
A Too much motivation may result in hypovigilance and thus in
C the blood turns less more alkaline a decrease in attention

D the blood turns more acid


B Motivation will reduce the task automation process

C Low motivation will guarantee adequate attention


management capabilities
712) Dalton's law explains the occurance of :
D Extremely high motivation in combination with excessive
stress will limit attention management capabilities
A bends

B decompression sickness
657) Decision-making results in:

C creeps
A an objective choice concerning applicable solutions for a
D altitude hypoxia given end

B a subjective choice concerning applicable solutions

711) We know that transverse accelerations (Gy) C a choice between different solutions for achieving a goal
- 1 : are above all active in turns and pull-outs
- 2 : are present during take-off and landing
- 3 : are rare during routine flights
D a choice always based on the experience of the PIC
- 4 : often lead to loss of consciousness

A 3 718) Adverse effects of carbon monoxide increase as:

B 1,4
A altitude decreases
C 2,3
B air pressure increases
D 1,2,3
C relative humidity decreases

D altitude increases

Pagina domande 56 di 85
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740) Which data compose the ICAO standard atmosphere ? 748) What is hypoxia ?
1. Density
2. Pressure
3. Temperature A The respiratory symptom associated with altitude
4. Humidity decompression sickness

A 3,4 B A state charcterised by an excessive supply of oxygen


which may be due to maladjustment of the mask
B 1,2 ,3
C Any condition where the oxygen concentration of the body is
below normal limits or where the oxygen available to the
C 1, 2 ,4 body cannot be used due to some pathological condition

D 2,3 ,4 D The total absence of oxygen in the air

751) Hypoxia can be caused by: 747) What are the various means which allow for better error
1. low partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere detection?
when flying at -1 : Improvement of the man-machine interface.
high altitudes without pressurisation and -2 : Development of systems for checking the
supplemental oxygen consistency of
2. a decreased saturation of oxygen in the blood due to situations.
carbon -3 : Compliance with cross-over redundant procedures
monoxide attached to the hemoglobin by the
3. blood pooling in the lower extremities due to inertia (+ crew.
Gz) -4 : Adaptation of visual alarms to all systems.
4. malfunction of the body cells to metabolize oxygen
(i.e. after The correct statement(s) is (are):
a hangover)
A 1and 3
A 1 is false, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
B 2, 3 and 4
B 1, 2, 3 are correct, 4 is false
C 3 and 4
C 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
D 1, 2 and 3
D 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false

746) Different non-technical related opinions between pilots


750) A barotrauma of the middle ear (aerotitis) from different cultural backgrounds might be seen in
connection with:
-1 : the variations of technical training and skills.
A is to be expected during rapid decompressions, but an -2 : communication problems.
emergency descent immediately following the -3 : conflicting ways of management.
decompression will eliminate the problem -4 : interpersonal problems.

B is more likely, when the pilot is flying with a respiratory The combination of correct statements is:
infection and during descent
A 2,3 and 4 are correct
C is only caused by large pressure changes during climb
B 1, 2 and 4 are correct
D causes severe pain in the sinuses
C only 1 is correct

749) The cupula in the semicircular canal will be bent, when a D 2 and 3 are correct
rotation begins. This is because

A the cupula will stay in place and give the correct impression
745) "The Bends" as a symptom of decompression sickness
consists of:
B the fluid (endolymph) will preceed the accelerated canal
walls
A pain in the joints
C the cupula will bend on constant angular speeds
B pain in the thorax and a backing cough
D the fluid (endolymph) within the semicircular canal lags
behind the accelerated canal walls C CNS-disturbances

D loss of peripheral vision

Pagina domande 57 di 85
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744) Air at an altitude of 18.000 feet contains, approximately : 739) You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 45 m)
to a small airfield (runway width 27 m). On reaching your
destination there is a risk of performing a:
A 5% oxygen
A high approach with overshoot
B 15% oxygen
B high approach with undershoot
C 10% oxygen
C low approach with overshoot
D 21% oxygen
D low approach with undershoot

743) The confirmation bias of decision making is


738) The physiology of stress is now well known:
A a tendency not to look for information which would reassure
oneself about a decision A stress slows down the production of sugar by the organism
and thereby slows down the heart rate
B a tendency to look for facts that confirm expectations before
implementing one's decision B stress promotes an increase in physical strength rather than
promoting mental oerformance
C a tendency to ignore that information which indicates that a
decision is poor; C the only stress hormone is adrenaline
D a tendency not to seek for information which confirms a
judgement D stress develops in 2 stages: sublimation of performance and
then acceleration of heart rate and increase in vision

728) We know that, in the mechanism of sight, the retina


allows for : 737) Symptoms of decompression sickness

A the acquisition of the visual signal and the accommodation A are bends, chokes, skin manifestations, neurological
process symptoms and circulatory shock

B binocular vision B are only relevant when diving

C the analysis of visual signals C can only develop at altitudes of more than 40000 FT

D the acquisition of the visual signal and its coding into D are flatulence and pain in the middle ear
physiological data

736) Once detected, an error will result in cognitive


741) The rate of absorption of alcohol depends on many
consequences which:
factors. However, the rate of metabolism or digestion of
alcohol in the body is relatively constant. It is about
A are prompted by inductive factors
A 0,02 - 0,05 mg % per hour
B have virtually no interaction with behaviour
B 0,2 - 0,25 mg % per hour
C make it possible to modify behaviour with a view to adaptation
C 0,3 - 0,35 mg % per hour
D destabilize cognitive progress and maintain the error
D 0,01 - 0,015 mg % per hour

735) Tuned resonance of body parts, distressing the


individual, can be caused by
729) Working memory :
A angular velocity
A is unlimited in size
B vibrations from 1 to 100 Hz
B is unlimited in duration
C vibrations from 16 Hz to 18 kHz
C varies considerably in size between an expert pilot and a
novice pilot D acceleration along the longitudonal body axis

D is sensitive to interruptions which may erase all or some of


its content

Pagina domande 58 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
734) The first effect to be noticed on gradual exposure to 742) In the event of rapid decompression the first action for
high positive radial accelerations is the flight deck crew is:

A red-vision A don oxygen masks and ensure oxygen flow

B grey-out B descent to the higher of 10000 ft or MSA

C loss of consciousness C transmit mayday call

D black-out D carry out check for structural damage

733) The earth's atmosphere consists of different gases in 669) In order to completely resynchronise with local time
various concentration. Match the following: after zone crossing, circadian rhythms require

1 nitrogen A 0,03% A more time when flying from east to west


2 oxygen B 0,92%
3 carbon dioxide C 20.95% B about one day per 2.5 hours of time shift
4 rare gas D 78,10%

A 1D, 2C, 3A, 4B


C about one week per 2.5 hours of time shift

B 1B, 2A, 3D, 4C


D less time when flying from east to west

C 1C, 2B, 3A, 4D


680) What are the various factors which guide attention ?
D 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A 1. The level of automation of behaviour
2. Response time
3. The salience of the information
4. Expectations
732) What is the main problem caused by positive (+Gz)
accelerations? A 1,4

A An increase in blood pressure in the upper part of the body B 1,2


(above heart-level)

B Hyperoxygenation of the blood which may lead to sensory C 2,3,4


disorders
D 1,3,4
C A pooling of blood in the lower portions of the body, and
hence less blood available
679) The atmospheric pressure at 18,000 feet altitude is half
D An improvement of peripheral vision the atmospheric pressure at sea level.
In accordance with this statement,

731) During running your muscles are producing more CO2, A the oxygen percentage of the air at that altitude will drop by
raising the CO2 level in the blood. The consequence is: one half also

A hyperventilation (the rate and depth of breathing will B the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will be doubled
increase)
C the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will also drop to
B cyanosis 1/2 of the pressure of oxygen at sea level

C hypoxia D the oxygen saturation of the blood at that altitude will drop by
50 % too
D vertigo

678) The atmospheric gas pressure

705) Haemoglobin is:


A decreases slower at lower altitudes compared with higher
levels and equivalent altitude changes
A dissolved in the plasma
B drops faster at lower altitudes in comparison to the same
B in the white blood cells altitude changes at higher altitudes

C in the red blood cells C rises with altitude

D in the platelets D decreases linear with altitude

Pagina domande 59 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
677) Barodontalgia 673) The 'cocktail party effect' is

A arises only at higher altitudes and after decompression A the ability to drink too much at social gathering

B even arises with healthy teeth B the tendency to believe information that reinforces our
mental model of the world
C arises in combination with a cold and very high rates of
descent C the tendency not to perceive relevant information

D arises especially with irritations of the sensitive tissues D the ability to pick up relevant information unintentionally
close to the root of a tooth

672) 1. Lively information is easier to take into consideration


676) At what altitude (breathing 100% oxygen without for creating
pressure) could symptoms of hypoxia be expected? a mental picture than boring information.
2.The sequence in which information is offered is also
A 22 000 ft important for
the use the pilot makes of it.
B Approximately 35 000 ft.
A 1 and 2 are both not correct
C Approximately 38 - 40 000 ft.
B 1 and 2 are both correct
D Approximately 10 - 12 000 ft.
C 1 is correct, 2 is not correct

675) What are the communication qualities of a good D 1 is not correct, 2 is correct
briefing?
A good briefing must:
-1 : contain as much information and be as 707) Glaucoma
comprehensive as 1. can lead to total blindness
possible. 2. can lead to undetected reduction of the visual field
-2 : be of a standard type so that it can be reused for 3. reduces visual acuity in its final stage
another flight
of the same type. A 1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false
-3 : be short and precise.
-4 : be understandable to the other crew member(s).
B 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false
The correct statement(s) is (are):
C 1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false
A 2,3 and 4 are correct
D 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B 1 and 2 are correct

C 1, 2 and 4 are correct 670) The use of modern technology applied to glass-cockpit
aircraft has:
D 1 and 4 are correct
A improved man-machine communication as a result of flight
sensations
674) Which scanning technique should be used when flying B facilitated feedback from the machine via more concise data
at night? for communication on the flight deck

A Look to the side (15 - 20 deg) of the object. C considerably improved all the communication facilities of the
crew
B Look directly at the object.
D reduced the scope for non-verbal communication in
C Blink your eyes. interpersonal relations

D Look with one eye.

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683) A barotrauma of the middle ear is 665) In relation to hypoxia, which of the following
paraphrase(s) is (are) correct?

A an infection of the middle ear caused by rapid A This is a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen to
decompression meet the needs of the body tissues, leading to mental and
muscular disturbances, causing impaired thinking, poor
B an acute or chronic trauma of the middle ear caused by a judgement and slow reactions
difference of pressure on either side of the eardrum
B This is a condition of lacking oxygen in the brain causing the
C a bacterial infection of the middle ear circulatory system to compensate by decreasing the heart
rate.
D a dilatation of the eustachian tube
C Hypoxia is often produced during steep turns when pilots
turn their heads in a direction opposite to the direction in
which the aircraft is turning
668) The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is
21% which
D This is a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen
saturation in the blood while hyperventilating.
A is constant for all altitudes conventional airplanes can reach

B decreases with increasing altitude


664) A high level of motivation is related

C increases with increasing altitude


A to high levels of arousal
D is dependent on the present air pressure
B to high levels of intelligence

667) Saturation of oxygen in the blood at sea level is 98%. C to complacency


This saturation decreases with:
1. decreasing air pressure D to monotony states
2. carbon monoxide poisoning
3. increasing altitude
4. increasing air pressure
663) Which of the following illusions are brought about by
conflicts between the visual system and the vestibular
A 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false system ?
-1: Illusions concerning the attitude of the aircraft
B 1, 2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false -2: Autokinetic illusion (fixed point viewed as moving)
-3: Illusions when estimating the size and distance of
C 2, 3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false objects
-4 : Illusions of rotation
D 1, 3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false
A 3,4

B 1,4
666) Which problem may occur, when flying in an
environment of low contrast (fog, snow, darkness,
haze)? C 2,3,4
Under these conditions it is:
D 2
A impossible to detect objects

B no problem to estimate the correct speed and size of 662) Attitudes are defined as:
approaching objects

C improbable to get visual illusions A tendencies to respond to people, institutions or events either
positively or negatively
D difficult to estimate the correct speed and size of
approaching objects B the conditions necessary for carrying out an activity

C the genetic predispositions for thinking and acting

D a synonym for behaviour

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661) The 'Black hole' phenomenon occurs during approaches 703) Hypoxia is a situation in which the cells
at night and over water, jungle or desert. When the pilot
is lacking of visual cues other than those of the
aerodrome there is an illusion of A are saturated with nitrogen

A climbing B are saturated with oxygen

B being too low, flying a steeper approach than normal C have a shortage of carbon dioxide

C being too high and too far away, dropping low and landing D have a shortage of oxygen
short

D being too close, landing long


702) Sleeplessness or the disruption of sleeping patterns
1. can lead to symptoms of drowsiness, irritability and
lack of
660) Please check the following statements: concentration
1. A stressor causes activation 2. will make an individual more prone to make errors
2. Activation stimulates a person to cope with it
A 1 and 2 are both not correct
A 1 is correct, 2 is not correct
B 1 and 2 are both correct
B 1 is not correct, 2 is correct
C 1 is not correct, 2 is correct
C 1 and 2 are both not correct
D 1 is correct, 2 is not correct
D 1 and 2 are both correct

701) Why must flight safety considerations consider the


671) The rate of accidents in commercial aviation (excluding human error mechanism?
sabotage and acts of terrorism) : -1 : It is analysis of an incident or accident which will
make it
A represents about fifty accidents around the world every year possible to identify what error has been committed
and by
B is approximatively 1 accident per million airport movements whom. It is the process whereby the perpetrator is
made
responsible which may lead to elimination of the
C has improved considerably over the last fifteen years error.
-2 : If we have a better understanding of the cognitive
D is a long way short of the safety level of road transport error
mechanism, it will be possible to adapt procedures,
aircraft
interfaces, etc.
693) The severity of hypoxia depends on the:
-3 : It is error management procedure which enables us
1. rate of decompression
to
2. physical fitness
continuously adjust our actions. The better we
3. flight level
understand the
4. individual tolerance
underlying mechanism of an error, the better will be
our means
A 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
for detecting and adapting future errors.
-4 : Since error is essentially human, once it has been
B 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false identified by
the use of procedures, a person will be able to
C 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false anticipate and
deal with it automatically in the future.
D 1,2,3 and 4 are correct
The correct statement(s) is (are):

A 3 and 4
704) Which of the following abilities will not improve efficient
decision making on the cockpit?
B 2 and 4
A Ability to think ahead and specify alternative courses of
action. C 1 and 4

B Ability to persuade others to follow the own point of view. D 2 and 3

C Communicational skills and social competence.

D Ability to search for and examine all available information


regarding a situation.

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700) The rate and depth of breathing is primarily controlled 696) Which statement is correct regarding alcohol in the
by: human body?

A the amount of carbon monoxide in the blood A An increase of altitude decreases the adverse effect of
alcohol.
B the amount of nitrogen in the blood
B When drinking coffee, the human body metabolizes alcohol
at a faster rate than normal.
C the total atmospheric pressure
C Judgement and decision making can be affected even by a
D the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood small amount of alcohol.

D A small amount of alcohol increases visual acuity.


699) In order to provide optimum human performance it is
advisable to
681) The chemical substance responsible for addiction to
A plan future actions and decisions at least a couple of days in tobacco is
advance
A the combination of nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide
B establish strategies for planning, automating and managing
resources (in real time)
B nicotine
C plan a maximum of objectives and non-automated actions
C carbon monoxide
D avoid powerful behaviour expedient of automating tasks
D tar

698) What would be the priority aim in the design of man-


machine interfaces and in the creation of their 694) The available cognitive resources of the human brain:
application procedures for combatting problems
associated with human error ?
A are virtually unlimited
A To put in place redundant alarm systems
B allow for twin-tasks operation without any loss of
effectiveness
B To reduce the risks of the appearance or non-detection of
errors entailing serious consequences
C are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional
tasks at the same time
C To eliminate the risk of latent errors occuring
D are limited but make it possible to easily perform several
D To cater systematically for the consequences of errors in tasks at the same time
order to analyse their nature and modify ergonomic
parameters
682) You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 27 m),
to an international airport (runway width 45 m). On
697) What are the main characteristics of active errors ? reaching your destination there is a risk of performing a:
They :
1. are detectable only with difficulty by first-line A high approach with overshoot
operators
2. have rapid and direct consequences on the action in B high approach with undershoot
progress
3. are down to first-line operators
4. have an impact on the overall action whose timing C low approach with overshoot
may be
affected significantly D low approach with undershoot

A 3,4

B 1,4

C 2,3

D 1,2

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692) Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ? 688) The carcinogen (a substance with the ability to produce
- 1: The retina has rods on its peripheral zone and cones modifications in cells which develop a cancer) in the
on its bronchi of the lungs is
central zone
- 2: The retina has cones and the crystalline lens has A lead
rods
- 3: The rods allow for night-vision B tar
- 4: The cones are located on the peripheral zone of the
retina
C nicotine
A 2,3
D carbon monoxide
B 4

C 1,3 687) 1. Adaptation is a new state of equilibrium after having


coped with
D 1 a stressful situation.
2. An individual's prospect of the situation and his/her
abilities to
cope with it will determine the type and strength of
691) Decompression sickness symptoms may develop due to stress.

A 1 and 2 are both false


A sudden pressure surges in the cabin at altitudes below
18000 FT
B 1 and 2 are both correct
B emergency descents after a cabin pressure loss
C 1 is correct, 2 is false
C fast flights from a high-pressure zone into a low pressure
area when flying an unpressurized aeroplane D 1 is false, 2 is correct

D cabin pressure loss when flying at higher altitudes (above


18000 FT)
686) A pilot can overcome hyperventilation by:

690) To avoid wrong decisions by the pilot, an aircraft A depending on instruments


system should at least be able to
B increasing the rate and depth of breathing to eliminate
A correct the deviation harmful carbon dioxide

B tolerate the deviation C the use of drugs stabilizing blood pressure

C report its malfunction D controlling the rate and depth of breathing, breathing into a
bag or speaking with a loud voice
D report the deviation

685) Flying immediately following a dive with SCUBA diving


equipment (> 10 m depth)
689) Some hours after a rapid decompression at FL 300 you
experience pain in the joints. Which of following A has no influence on altitude flights
answers is correct?

A This symptom indicates decompression sickness and will


B is forbidden for the flight crew, because it leads to hypoxia
disappear when you take some exercise.
C can cause decompression sicknesss even when flying at
B This phenomenon is treated by physiotherapy. pressure altitudes below 18 000 FT

D prevents any dangers caused by aeroembolism


C This phenomenon is treated by breathing 100% nitrogen.
(decompression sickness) when climbing to altitudes not
exceeding 30 000 FT
D You should ask for medical advice (flight surgeon) since this
is a symptom of decompression sickness.

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684) Which of the following are the most favourable solutions 444) Which of the following solutions represent antidotes to
to manage phases of reduced or low vigilance conflicts ?
(hypovigilance)? 1. Seeking arbitration
1. Healthy living 2. Actively listening to other people
2. Use of amphetamines 3. Abandoning facts so as to move the conversation to a
3. Reducing the intensity of the light more emotional level
4. Organising periods of rest during the flight 4. Becoming aware of cultural influences

A 1,4 A 2,3,4

B 1,2 B 2,4

C 1,3 C 1,2,4

D 3,4 D 1,2,3

564) Human behaviour is determined by: 443) "Pilot's vertigo":

A cultural influences A a sudden loss of visual perception during flight due to


multiple irritation of the utriculus and sacculus at the same
B biological characteristics, social environment and cultural time
influences
B the impression of climbing when banking
C biological characteristics
C is a sensation of rotation during flight due to multiple
D the social environment irritation of several semicircular canals at the same time

D the impression of flying straight and level while the aircraft


is spinning
695) The human circadian rhythm is based on a cycle of
about:
442) The volume of air beeing exchanged during a normal
A 1.5 hours breathing cycle (tidal volume) is about:

B 12 hours A 500 ml of air

C 48 hours B 350 ml of air

D 24 hours C 150 ml of air

D 75 ml of air
434) A pilot, accelerating or decelerating in level flight may
get:
441) Which of the following statements is correct?
A the feeling of rotation The blood-pressure which is measured during flight
medical checks is the pressure
B the illusion to turn
A in the veins of the upper arm
C the impression of stationary objects moving to the right or
left B in the artery of the upper arm (representing the pressure at
heart level)
D the illusion of climbing or descending
C in all the blood-vessels of the body (representing the
pressure in the whole body)
445) Presbyopia is:
D in the mussles of the upper arm

A far sightedness linked with age

B short sightedness

C myopia

D high intraocular pressure

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440) Henry's Law explains the occurence of: 435) Decompression sickness may occur as from :
- 1: an altitude of more than 18,000 ft
- 2 : an altitude of more than 5,500 ft
A hyperventilation - 3 : a rate of climb of more than 500 ft/min exceeding
18,000 ft
B hypoxia - 4 : a temperature of more than 24°C

C decompression sickness A 1,3,4

D diffusion B 2,4

C 1,3
439) The risk of a barotrauma of the middle ear is more likely
to occur D 2,3

A with colds and slow ascents


448) Autokinetic illusion is:
B after a decompression

C with colds and rapid descents


A poor interpretation of the surrounding world

D with colds and fast climbs


B an illusion in which a stationary point of light, if stared at for
several seconds in the dark, may - without a frame of
reference - appear to move

438) An overstressed pilot may show the following C the sensation during a radial acceleration of seeing a fixed
symptoms: reference point moving into the opposite direction of the
1. mental blocks, confusion and channelized attention acceleration
2. resignation, frustration, rage
3. deterioration in motor coordination D a conflict between the visual system and bodily sensations
4. high pitch voice and fast speaking

A 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 433) Which of the following statements best characterise a
synergetic cockpit?
B 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false 1. Decisions are taken by the captain, but prepared by
the crew
C 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false 2. There is little delegating of tasks
3. Communications are few in number but precise and
D 1and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false geared purely to the flight
4. Fluid, consensual boundaries exist in regard to
leadership-style, which fluctuate between authority and
laissez-faire
437) The semicircular canals of the inner ear monitor
A 1,4
A gravity
B 1,3,4
B angular accelerations
C 2,3
C movements with constant speeds
D 2,4
D relative speed and linear accelerations

432) When can a system be said to be tolerant to error?


When:
424) In airline operations decompression sickness symptoms
A latent errors do not entail serious consequences for safety
A may affect people with defect tympanic membrane
B the consequences of an error will not seriously jeopardise
B may develop after a decompression from 7000 FT cabin safety
pressure altitude to 30000 FT flight altitude
C its safety system is too permeable to error
C may develop when being decompressed from MSL to 15
000 FT D its safety system has taken account of all statistically
probable errors
D appear only in air crew, previously engaged in diving
activities

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431) Habits and routine can influence decision-making in a 427) Using a checklist prior start is a contribution to
way that:

A one always wants to see previous experience confirmed by A workload, because using checklists will increase the pilot´s
new decisions workload prior take-off

B professional pilots will never question established B frustration


procedures
C safety, because the concentration on the check list items
C one always selects a choice in accordance with the will draw the pilot´s attention to flight related tasks, reducing
company's usual practices distraction from personal stress

D a tendency to select the most familiar solution first and D stress, because time pressure prior take-off is always
foremost, sometimes to the detriment of achieving the best present
possible result

426) Exchange of gasses between the body and the


430) What are the effects of distress (overstress) ? environment takes place at the:

A lungs
A It activates resources stored in memory
B heart
B It has very little immediate effect on vigilance and attention
C muscles
C It increases vigilance for a longer period than stress itself,
but may focus attention
D central nervous system
D It reduces vigilance and focusses attention

470) The relationship which exists between crew error and


flight safety :
429) Which phenomenon is common to hypoxia and
hyperventilation?
A is dependent on the social and technical system and also on
the operational context created by the system
A Cyanosis (blueing of lips and finger-nails).
B is a linear relationship which introduces crew training as the
B Severe headache. main factor

C Euphoria. C is independent of the operational context, with the latter


being identical for any flight operation
D Tingling sensations in arms or legs.
D has been evolving for 40 years and has now become
independent of the social and technical system

428) The resistance phase of stress reaction is characterized


by:
436) The time an eye needs to adapt fully to the dark is about:
-1 : activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
-2 : testosterone secretion which enables fats to be
converted into A 5 minutes
sugar.
-3 : a sudden fall in stress resistance.
-4 : the appearance of psychosomatic disorders when
B 10 minutes
lasting over
a prolonged time. C 10 seconds
The combination of correct statements is:
D 25 - 30 minutes
A 1,2 and 3 are correct

B 2 , 3 and 4 are correct 458) Which of the following responses lists most of the
common hazardous thought patterns (attitudes) for
C 3 and 4 are correct pilots to develop?

D 1 and 4 are correct A Anti-authority, impulsiveness, invulnerabilty, resignation,


machismo complex

B Invulnerability, underconfidence, avoidance of making


decisions, lack of situational awareness

C Machismo complex, resignation, confidence, self critcism

D Resignation, confidence, inattention

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566) If you are subjected to an illusion during night flying 464) What is meant by metabolism ?
you should:

A dim the cockpit lighting A Transfer of chemical messages

B scan the surroundings B Exchange of substances between the lung and the blood

C use your oxygen mask C The transformation by which energy is made available for
the uses of the organism
D continue on instruments D Information exchange

468) The eustachian tube serves for the pressure 463) Which of the following could a pilot experience when he
equalization between is hyperventilating?
1. Dizziness
A frontal, nose and maxillary sinuses 2. Muscular spasms
3. Visual disturbances
B middle ear and external atmosphere 4. Cyanosis

C sinuses of the nose and external atmosphere A 1,2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false

D nose and pharyngeal cavity and external atmosphere B 1 is false, all others are correct

C 2 and 4 are false


467) A high degree of cockpit automation may alter the
traditional tasks of the pilots in a way, that D 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

A it is guaranteed that the crew maqintains always situational


awareness 462) The proprioceptive senses (seat-of-the-pants sense) are
important for motor coordination.
B Crew Coordination can be neglected on long haul flights They
without compromizing safety
A are completely unreliable for orientation when flying in IMC
C the crew can pay more attention to solve the problem in an
abnormal situation without monitoring the automatic systems
B indicate the difference between gravity and G-forces
D the attention of the cockpit crew will become reduced with
the consequence of 'being out of the loop' C allow the pilot to determine the absolute vertical at flight
condition

466) Conscious perception


D are important senses for flight training in IMC

A relies upon the development of intuition


461) Decision-making is a concept which represents :

B involves the transfer of information from the receptor to the


brain only A an automatic process of selection from among the various
solutions to a given problem
C relates to the correct recognition of colours
B a spontaneous act of seeking the most effective solution in a
D is a mental process involving experience and expectations given situation when faced with a defined problem

C a voluntary and conscious process of selection, from among


possible solutions, for a given problem
465) The Time of Useful Consciousness may vary according
to : D an automated or automation-like act of applying defined
1 : physical activity of the subjected crew procedures
2 : the experience of the pilot on the type of aircraft in
question
3 : the strength and time of decompression
446) The most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia at altitude are
4 : the cabin temperature

A 4 A hyperventilation

B 1,3 B sensation of heat and blurred vision

C 1,2 C breathlessness and reduced night vision

D 3,4 D euphoria and impairment of judgement

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459) Long-term memory is an essential component of the 454) The phenomenon of accommodation, which enables a
pilot's knowledge and expertise. clear image to be obtained, is accomplished by which of
the following ?
A The recovery of information from long-term memory is
immediate and easy A The cones

B It is desirable to pre-activate knowledge stored in long-term B The retina


memory to have it available when required

C The capacity of long-term memory is limited C The crystalline lens

D Long-term memory stores knowledge on a temporary basis


D The rods

453) Getting uneasy will effect:


447) The choice of the moment you select flaps depending
1. attention
on situation and conditions of the landing is:
2. concentration
3. memory
A skill based behaviour
4. prudence

B knowledge based behaviour A 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

C pressure based behaviour B 1 and 2 are correct

D rule based behaviour C 1 and 3 are correct

D 2, 3 and 4 are correct


457) Which of the following statements is correct regarding
decision making?
452) The effect of experience and habit on performance
A Deciding means imposing one's point of view.

B Deciding means applying an automatic procedure. A is always negative

C Deciding means choosing between alternatives. B is never negative

D Deciding means being able to come up with original C is always beneficial


solutions.
D can both be beneficial and negative

456) The proprioceptive senses ("Seat of-the-Pants-Sense")


451) The thin walls of capillaries are permeable for :
A is a natural human instinct, always indicating the correct
attitude A protein
B can be used, if trained, to avoid spatial disorientation in IMC
B red blood cells
C can neither be used for motor coordination in IMC and VMC
C gases
D give wrong information, when outside visual reference is lost
D platelets

455) What could cause hyperventilation ?


450) Of the following alternatives, which objective effects are
due to positive acceleration (+ Gz)?
A Abuse of alcohol - 1: Decrease in heart rate
- 2: Pooling of blood into lower parts of the body
B Extreme low rate of breathing - 3: Drop in blood pressure above heart-level
- 4: Downward displacement or deformation of soft or
mobile organs
C Fatigue
A 1
D Fear, anxiety and distress
B 1,3,4

C 2,3,4

D 1,2,3

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449) The vestibular organ 397) Which of the following human error rates can be
described as both realistic and pretty good, after
methodical training
A reacts to linear/angular acceleration and gravity
A 1 in 100 times
B gives the impression of hearing
B 1 in 1000 times
C reacts to pressure changes in the middle ear
C 1 in 10000 times
D reacts to vibrations of the cochlea
D 1 in 100000 times

423) The human information processing system is highly


efficient compared to computers because of its 396) The peripheral vision is important for:

A speed
A visual acuity
B working memory capacity
B binocular vision
C independancy from attention
C colour vision
D flexibility
D detecting moving objects

460) After a cabin pressure loss in approximately 35 000 FT


the TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) will be 395) Which of the following factors may have an influence on
approximately: medical disqualification?

A 30 -90 seconds A Low blood pressure only.

B 10-15 seconds B High and low blood pressure as well as a poor condition of
the circulatory system.
C 3-4 minutes
C High blood pressure only.
D 5 minutes or more
D Blood pressure problems cannot occur in aircrew because
they always can be treated by in-flight medication.

387) What could be symptoms of hypoxia (when flying


without oxygen) above 12,000 ft?
394) In a glass-cockpit aircraft, communication between the
members of the crew:
A Trembling, increase in body temperature,
convulsions,slowing of the rate of breathing
A are facilitated from the non-verbal point of view owing to the
increased availability wich results from technical lightening
B Headache, fatigue, dizziness, lack of coordination
of the workload

C Headache, thirst, somnolence, collapse B does not loose its importance

D Euphoria, headache, improvement in judgement, loss of C will increase as a result of the increase of technical
consciousness dissemination of information

D will be hampered by the decrease in actions brought about


398) What may become the main risk of a "laissez-faire" by technical improvements
cockpit ?

A Disengagement of the co-pilot 393) What are easily observable indications of stress?

B Inversion of authority
A Rising of the blood pressure, pupils narrowing, stabbing
pain around the heart.
C Lack of communication
B Perspiration, flushed skin, dilated pupils, fast breathing.
D Appearance of agressiveness
C Lowering of the blood pressure.

D Faster, deep inhalation, stabbing pain around the heart.

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392) When spinning an aircraft, the predominating type of 401) Please mark the counter-measure a pilot can use against
acceleration will be a barotrauma of the middle ear (aerotitis).

A angular acceleration A Increase the rate of descent

B radial acceleration B Stop chewing and swallowing movements ("Valsalva")

C linear acceleration C Use drugs against a cold

D vertical acceleration D Stop descending, climb again and then descend with
reduced sink rate

391) The photosensitive cells beeing responsible for night


vision are called: 386) The biological reaction to stress is identical regardless
of the cause of stress. This mechanism occurs in three
A the rods phases and is referred to, by Selye, as the "General
Adaptation Syndrome".
The sequence is:
B the fovea
A alarm phase - denial phase - exhaustion phase
C the cones
B exhaustion phase - resistance phase - adaptation phase
D the cones and the rods
C resistance phase - exhaustion phase - recovery phase

390) Which of the folllowing statements concerning D alarm phase - resistance phase - exhaustion phase
barotrauma are correct? They are:

A caused by an increase in the partial pressure of oxygen


associated with a decrease in altitude 385) The DECIDE model is based on :

B more likely to occur during ascent then during a rapid


A a prescriptive generic model which is subject to
descent
mathematical logic
C mainly associated with a sink rate which exceeds the ability
B a normative generic model based on mathematical logic
of the body to balance its internal pressures

D due to pressure differentials between gases in hollow C a statistical model based on observation of human decision-
cavities of the body and the ambient pressure making

D a prescriptive generic model, taking into account the method


which seems most likely to come up with the solution
425) Acute stress quickly leads to

A a decrease in the amount of resources mobilized to face the 384) The barometric pressure has dropped to 1/2 of the
situation pressure at sea level at

B a permanent state of incapacitation A 30 000 feet

C a state of overactivation beyond the control of willpower B 18 000 feet

D the mobilization of resources required to cope with the C 10 000 feet


stressor
D 25 000 feet

388) The person with overall responsibility for the flight is the
-1 Pilot in Command
383) You suffered a rapid decompression without the
-2 Co-pilot
appearance of any decompression sickness symptoms.
-3 Navigator
How long should you wait until your next flight?
-4 Air traffic controller

The correct statement(s) is (are): A 48 hours

A 1 and 2 B 12 hours

B 2 and 3 C 24 hours

C 4 D 36 hours

D 1

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382) With regard to central vision, which of the following 378) One negative aspect of the highly automated cockpit
statements are correct ? results in :
-1: It is due to the functioning of rods
-2: It enables details, colours and movement to be seen A pilots disregarding the automatic equipment
-3: Its very active both during the day and at night
-4: It represents a zone where about 150.000 cones per B constantly high crew overload with regard to the monitoring
mm are tasks
located to give high resolution capacity
C less experienced crews because of more transparent
A 1,2,4 system details

B 2,3,4 D complacency among the crewmembers

C 1,3
389) Smoking cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood
D 2,4 to carry oxygen. This is because:

A hemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than it


has for oxygen
381) CRM (Crew Resource Management) training is:
B carbon monoxide in the smoke of cigarettes assists
A intended to develop effectiveness of crew performance by diffusion of oxygen in the alveoli
improving attitudes towards flight safety and human
relationship management C carbon monoxide increases the partial pressure of oxygen
in the alveoli
B not intended to change the individual's attitude at all
D the smoke of one cigarette can cause an obstruction in the
respiratory tract
C intended solely to alter an individual's personality;

D is mainly of relevance to pilots with personality disorders or


inappropriate attitudes 411) Glaucoma is:

A high intra-ocular pressure


380) A good method to treat hyperventilation is to:
B disturbed colour vision
A excecute the valsalva manoeuvre
C disturbed adaptation
B close the eyes and relax
D disturbed night vision
C talk oneself through the relevant procedure aloud to
emotionally calm down and reduce the rate of breathing
simultaneously 422) During sustained positive G-forces the order of
symptoms you can expect is:
D don an oxygen mask
A grey-out, tunnel vision, black-out and unconsciousness.

379) When flying at night the first sense to be affected by a B unconsciousness, black-out, tunnel vision and grey out.
slight degree of hypoxia is the
C black-out, grey-out, tunnel vision and unconsciousness.
A sense of balance
D grey-out, unconsciousness, black-out and tunnel vision
B proprioceptive sensitivity

C vision
421) An excessive need for safety

D cochlea
A guarantees the right decision making in critical situations

B hampers severly the way of pilot decision making

C is absolute necessary for a safe flight operation

D is the most important attribute of a line pilot

Pagina domande 72 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
420) The performance of the man machine system is above 415) The impression of an apparent movement of light
all : when stared at for a relatively long period of time in the
dark is called
A a balanced combination between someone actively engaged
in his work and automated systems which serve to control A "oculogyral illusion"
the pilot's workload
B "oculografic illusion"
B a combination which must make the pilot available for the
sphere in which he is most qualified, namely checking
departures from the normal operating range C "autokinesis"

C a combination in which the pilot must keep the main D "white out"
repetitive tasks and automated systems under his control in
line with rule-based behaviour
414) The negative (radial) acceleration of an airplane affects
D a combination which is based on decreasing the pilot's the sitting pilot with inertia along :
workload and increasing his time for supervision
A the transverse body axis to the right

419) The metabolisation of alcohol B the transverse body axis to the left

A is a question of time C the vertical body axis upwards

B is quicker when used to it D the vertical body axis downwards

C can be accelerated even more by coffee


399) During flight all crewmembers have one or more of the
D can be influenced by easy to get medication following symptoms:
1. blue lips
2. mental disturbances
3. tingling sensations in arms and/or legs
418) Why is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying 4. reduction of peripheral vision
solo? Which is the possible cause?
A Since the first signs of hypoxia are generally hard to detect A Hypoxia.
(hypoxia of the brain), the solo pilot may not be able to react
in time (i.e. activate his emergency oxygen system)
B Glaucoma.
B Hypoxia does not cause a loss of control in steering the
plane. C Hypothermia.

C Hypoxia improves vision at night, so the pilot will have no D Hypoglycaemia.


indication of danger.

D The pilot may loose control when he is using the oxygen


mask. 412) Young pilots or pilots with little experience of airplanes
differ from experienced pilots in the following way :

417) The transfer of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood can
A experienced pilots are less routine-minded than young pilots
because they know that routine causes mistakes
be discribed by:
B task for task, an expert's workload is greater than a novice's
A Boyle's Law one

B Dalton's Law C flight planning performance decreases with age, and


experience is unable to mask this deficiency
C Henry's Law
D unexperienced pilots refer to information more than experts
D the law of diffusion when carrying out the same task

416) Nonverbal communication

A is of no meaning in the cockpit

B is always used intentionally

C should be avoided by all means in the cockpit

D supports verbal communication

Pagina domande 73 di 85
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400) What seem to be the main roles of deep sleep ? 407) With regard to the average influence of age on pilot
performance, it may be said that age:

A It is confined to physical recuperation associated with fatigue A has a major impact owing to the impairment of memory

B Its main role is associated with activities of memory B increases in impact as speed of thought and memory
activities and restoration of attention capabilities deteriorate

C Via physical recovery, it is characterised by an alternation of


C has little impact when the pilot is able to compensate for it by
dream phases and paradoxical phases his/her flight experience
D It essentially allows for physical recovery and the D sharply reduces performance without, however, affecting
reconstitution of neuron energy reserves cognitive capabilities

410) The human performance is generally 406) The effect of hypoxia to vision

A better when relaxed, independent of the period of day A can only be detected when smoking tobacco

B better very early in the morning B does not depend on the level of illumination

C always better in the evening than in the morning


C is stronger with the rods

D constant throughout the day D is usual stronger with the cones

409) Concerning the relation between performance and 405) Whilst flying a coordinated turn, most of your activity is
stress, which of the following statement(s) is (are)
correct?
A rule based behaviour
A A well trained pilot is able to eleminate any kind of stress
completely when he is scheduled to fly. B skill based behaviour

B A moderate level of stress may improve performance.


C coping behaviour

C A student will learn faster and better under severe stress.


D knowledge based behaviour

D Domestic stress will not affect the pilot's performance


because he is able to leave this type of stress on the ground.
404) The following actions are appropriate when faced with
symptoms of decompression sickness:
1. climb to higher level
408) Having a serious cold it is better not to fly, due to the
2. descent to the higher of 10000 ft or MSA and land as
extra risk of:
soon as
1. flatulence
possible
2. pain in the ear during descent
3. breathe 100 % oxygen
3. pressure vertigo
4. get medical advice about recompression after landing
4. pain in the nasal sinuses

A 1,2 and 4 are correct


A 2, 3 and 4 are correct

B 2,3 and 4 are correct


B 1, 2 and 3 are correct

C 1 and 2 are correct C 1 and 4 are correct

D 1,3 and 4 are correct


D 1 and 3 are correct

403) Vibrations within the frequency band of 1/10 to 2 Hertz


are a factor contributing to air-sickness, because they

A upset the vestibular apparatus

B interfere with those of the own blood thus causing


circulation problems

C interfere with the frequencies of the central nervous system

D make the stomach and its contents vibrating at the same


frequency

Pagina domande 74 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
402) The type of hypoxia, which occurs at altitude is a 538) How can you determine if a person is suffering from a
explained by: barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose (aerosinusitis) or
the middle ear (aerotitis) ?
A Henry´s law
A There is no difference
B Graham´s law
B Hearing difficulties will normally accompany aerotitis
C Dalton´s law
C Aerosinusitis will never develop during descent
D Boyle Mariotte´s law
D Barotrauma of the middle ear will not effect hearing

471) A passenger complains about a painful inflated belly at


8.000 feet. You advise him to: 537) Hyperventilation causes
1. unbuckle and massage the belly
2. stand up and let go the gases out of the intestines
3. eat less gas forming food and avoid carbonhydrated A acidosis
beverages
before flight in the future B hypochondria
4. drink a lot of water throughout the flight
C a lack of carbon dioxide in the blood
A only 4 is correct
D an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood
B 1, 2 and 3 are correct

C 2, 3 and 4 are correct


536) After a decompression at high altitude
D 1 and 3 not advisable
A automatically oxygen is deployed into the cabin

413) The following occurs in man if the internal body B temperature in the cockpit will increase
temperature increases to 38°C :
C pressure differentials will suck air into the cabin
A impairment of physical and mental performance
D nitrogen gas bubbles can be released in the body fluids
B apathy causing gas embolism, bends and chokes

C considerable dehydration
535) How can a pilot avoid automation complacency?
D nothing signifiant happens at this temperature. The first
clinical signs only start to appear at 39°C A Nothing, because it is system-inherent

B Regard the automatic system as additional crew members


528) It is desirable to standardize as many patterns of that needs to be crosschecked as well
behaviour (operating procedures) as possible in
commercial aviation mainly because C Always try to enhance your aviation related knowledge
during low workload periods
A it makes the flight deck easier to design
D Always fly the whole flight manually to remain in man-
B such behaviour reduces errors even under adverse machine loop
circumstances

C this lowers the ability requirement in pilot selection 534) Barotrauma of the middle ear most likely will occur

D this reduces the amount of training required


A when climbing

B in sudden steep turns


539) Which of the following characteristics form part of
decision-making on the flight deck ?
C when descending rapidly
A A good decision depends on analysis of the situation
D during a long high altitude flight
B A decision is only valid in a defined and delimited time

C A good decision can always be reversed if its result does not


come up to expectations

D A group decision must always be established prior to action

Pagina domande 75 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
533) What airplane equipment marked a subtantial decrease 542) Of the following statements concerning the effects of
in hull loss rates in the eighties? circadian rhythms on performance, we know that :

A SSR A Sensorimotor and intellectual performance are better in the


morning and are sensitive to the duration of the sleep state
B TCAS
B Sensorimotor and intellectual performance are better in the
evening and very sensitive to the duration of the waking
C GPWS
period
D DME C Sensorimotor performance is better in the evening whereas
intellectual performance is better in the morning

532) The circulatory system, among other things, allows for :


D Sensorimotor performance is better in the morning whereas
1. transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide intellectual performance is better in the evening
2. transportation of information by chemical substances

A 1 is false and 2 is correct 527) With regard to communication in a cockpit, we can say
that:
B both are false
A communication uses up resources, thus limiting the
resources allocated to work in progress
C 1 and 2 are correct
B communication is always sufficiently automated to enable an
D 1 is correct and 2 is false activity with a high workload element to be carried out at the
same time

531) Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily to be expected C communication is only effective if messages are kept short
when : and sufficiently precise to limit their number

A stress is medium
D all the characteristics of communication, namely output,
duration, precision, clarity, etc. are stable and are not much
affected by changes in workload
B stress and motivation are medium

C stress and motivation are low


526) Empty field myopia is caused by:

D stress is high
A atmospheric perspective

518) One of the most frequent symptom(s) of decompression


B ozone at altitude
sickness emerging after a decompression in airline
operation C flying over mountainous terrain

A are the chokes D lack of distant focal points

B is a shock
525) The level of automation of behaviour-patterns facilitates
C are neurological damages to the CNS the saving of resources and therefore of attention. On
the other hand, it may result in :
D are the bends
A errors in selecting an appropriate plan of action

529) The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood to the


B routine errors (slips)
alveoli can be described by:
C mistakes
A Boyles Law
D decision-making errors
B Dalton's Law

C Henry's Law 524) When flying above 10.000 feet hypoxia arises because:

D the law of diffusion


A the composition of the blood changes

B the composition of the air is different from sea level

C the percentage of oxygen is lower than at sea level

D the partial oxygen pressure is lower than at sea level.

Pagina domande 76 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
523) Situations particularly vulnerable to "reversion to an 469) As a result of automation in cockpits,
earlier behaviour pattern" are :
1. when concentration on a particular task is relaxed
2. when situations are characterised by medium A coordination between the members is facilitated by the
workload provision of more precise and more important information
3. when situations are characterised by stress
B communication and coordination have clearly improved in
A 2. and 3. man-man and man-machine relations

B 1. and 3.
C communication and coordination call for an even greater
effort on the part of the crew members

C 1. and 2. D man-man communication has been significantly improved

D 3.
530) When turning in IMC , head movements should be
avoided as much as possible. This is a prevention
522) Errors which occur during highly automated actions against:
may result from :
1. the capture of a poor action subprogram A oculogyral illusion
2. a mistake in the decision making process
3. the application of a poor rule B pressure vertigo
4. an action mode error

A C coriolis illusion
1,4
D autokinesis
B 1,2

C 3,4
552) With regard to the humidity of air in current in a
pressurized cabin, we know that it :
D 2,3,4
-1 : varies between 40 and 60%
-2 : varies between 5 and 15%
-3 : may cause dehydration effecting the performance of
521) The acquisition of expertise comprises three stages ( the crew
Anderson model): -4 : has no special effects on crew members

A automatic, cognitive and knowledge A 1,4

B cognitive, associative and autonomous B 2,3

C cognitive, associative and knowledge C 1,3

D associative, autonomous and expert D 2,3,4

520) An autocratic cockpit is described by : 563) Pre-thought action plans may be said to:
-1 : ease access to information which may be necessary.
-2 : sensitize and prepare for a possible situation to
A Each of the members chooses what job to do without telling come.
the others and in the belief that everyone is aware of what he -3 : be readily interchangeable and can therefore be
is doing reformulated
at any time during the flight.
B The atmosphere is relaxed thanks to a captain who leaves -4 : define a framework and a probable strategy for the
complete freedom to the various members of the crew encountered situation.

C The captain's excessive authority cosiderably reduces The combination of correct statements is:
communications and consequently the synergy and
cohesion of the crew A 1, 2 and 3 are correct
D Despite the overly strong authority of the captain, everything
B 2 and 4 are correct
functions correctly owing to his natural leadership

C 2, 3 and 4 are correct

D 1, 2 and 4 are correct

Pagina domande 77 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
562) A pilot is skilled when he : 558) The following can be observed when the internal body
-1 : trains or practises regularly temperature falls below 35°C :
-2 : knows how to manage himself/herself
-3 : possesses all the knowledge associated with his A shivering, will tend to cease, and be followed by the onset of
aircraft apathy
-4 : knows how to keep resources in reserve for coping
with the B the appearance of intense shivering
unexpected
C mental disorders, and even coma
A 1,2
D profuse sweating
B 2, 3,4

C 1,2,4
557) The intensity of a sound is measured in
D 1,2,3,4
A hertz

561) Carbon monoxide in the human body can lead to: B cycles per second
1. loss of muscular power
2. headache C curies
3. impaired judgement
4. pain in the joints D decibels
5. loss of consciousness

A 1, 2, 3, 4 are correct
556) The chemical composition of the earth´s atmosphere (I
C A O standard atmosphere) is
B 1, 2 , 3 and 5 are correct
A 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, 0,9 % carbon dioxide, 0,03 %
C 1, 2 and 4 are correct argon

D 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false B 78 % nitrogen, 28 % oxygen, 0,9 % carbon dioxide, 0,03 %
argon

560) Which of the following statements concerning


C 71 % nitrogen, 28 % oxygen, 0,9 % argon, 0,03 % carbon
dioxide
communication is valid?
D 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, 0,9 % argon, 0,03 % carbon
A Professional communication means: using a restricted and dioxide
specific language, tailored to minimize misunderstandings.

B Professional communication means to exchange information


as little as possible. 555) Which of the following is true concerning carbon
monoxide?
C The syntax of communication is of little importance to its
success. Only the words uttered are important. A It is always present in the lungs.

D Communication must take priority over any other flight B It is to be found in the smoke of cigarettes lifting up a
activity under all circumstances smoker's "physiological altitude".

C It combines 5 times faster to the hemoglobin than oxygen.


559) Hypoxia can also be caused by
D It has no physiological effect when mixed with oxygen.

A increasing oxygen partial pressure used for the exchange of


gases
540) Very high ambition and need for achievement
B a lack of red blood cells in the blood or decreased ability of
the hemoglobin to transport oxygen
A always promote teamwork
C a lack of nitrogen in ambient air
B improves the coping process with personal failures
D too much carbon dioxide in the blood
C disturbe the climate of cooperation

D fulfil the requirements of stress resistance

Pagina domande 78 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
553) The respiratory process consists mainly of 549) Carbon monoxide is always present in the exhaust
gases of engines. If a pilot is exposed to carbon
monoxide, which of the following responses is correct?
A the diffusion of oxygen through the respiratory membranes
into the blood, transportation to the cells, diffusion into the A Carbon monoxide can only affect pilots if they are exposed
cells and elimination of carbon dioxide from the body to them for a long period of time.
B the transportation of oxygen to the cell and the elimination of B When exposed to carbon monoxide for a long period of time,
carbon monoxide the body will adapt to it and no adverse physical effects are
experienced
C the transportation of oxygen to the cell and the elimination of
nitrogen
C A short exposure to relatively high concentrations of carbon
monoxide can seriously affect a pilot´s ability to operate an
D the transportation of carbon dioxide to the cell and aircraft.
elimination of oxygen
D Carbon monoxide is easily recognised by odour and taste.

541) The behavioural effects of stress may include :


-1 : manifestation of aggressiveness.
-2 : a willingness to improve communication. 548) The fovea centralis is
-3 : a willingness for group cohesion.
-4 : a tendency to withdrawl. A the area of best day vision and no night vision at all
-5 : inappropriate gestural agitation.

The combination of correct statements is :


B the area of the blind spot (optic disc)

A 2,4 and 5 are correct C where the optic nerves come together with the pupil

B 1,4 and 5 are correct D the area of best day vision and best night vision

C 1 and 4 are correct


547) What does not apply to a constructive and helpful
D 1,2 and 3 are correct feedback?

A Feedback should always state bluntly the personal failings of


the receiver
551) Which of the following personality characteristics makes
crew decision making most effective? B It should be individually tailored to the receiver's background

A General intelligence.
C It should be formulated subjectively and personally ('I'
instead of 'one')
B Friendliness.
D It should be actual and specify in regard to the concerned
C Assertiveness. situation

D Competitiveness.
546) Mark the two most important attributes for a positive
leadership style:
(1) dominant behaviour
550) What does the 'End Deterioration Effect'('Home-itis')
(2) examplary role-behaviour
mean?
(3) mastery of communication skills
(4) "Laissez-faire" behaviour
A The breakdown of crew coordination due to interpersonal
tensions between captain and co-pilot
A 2 and 4
B The tendency to sudden, imperceptible errors shortly before
the end of a flight B 2 and 3

C The result of a poor preflight planning C 1 and 4

D The potential risk of loosing orientation after flying in clouds D 1 and 3

Pagina domande 79 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
545) Linear accelleration when flying straight and level in 554) Among the functions below, which is the most sensitive
IMC may give the illusion of: to hypoxia?

A descending A Speech.

B yawing B Night vision.

C spinning C Motor coordination.

D climbing D Hearing.

544) A pilot can be described as being proficient, when 481) During the cruising phase of a short-haul flight the
he/she: captain starts to smoke a cigarette in the cockpit. The
flying copilot asks him to stop smoking because he is a
A has automated a large part of the necessary flight deck non-smoker. The captain tells him: 'This is your
routine operations in order to free his/her cognitive resources problem', and continues smoking. What should the
copilot do?
B is able to reduce his/her arousal to a low level during the
entire flight A He should report the chief pilot about this behaviour of the
captain
C knows how to invest the maximum resources in the
automation of tasks in real time B He should not further discuss this issue but should come
back to this conflict during the debriefing
D is capable of maintaining a high level of arousal during a
great bulk of the flight C He should learn to accept the captain smoking cigarettes in
the cockpit

543) Which statement is correct? D He should repeat his worries about smoking in the cockpit
1. Smokers have a greater chance of suffering from and should argue with the captain about this problem until
coronary heart disease the conflict is solved
2. Smoking tobacco will raise the individuals
pysiological altitude
during flight 492) Alcohol, even when taken in minor quantities
3. Smokers have a greater chance of decreasing ung
cancer
A can make the brain cells to be more susceptible to hypoxia
A 1,2 and 3 are correct
B will stimulate the brain, making the pilot resistant to hypoxia
B 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false
C will have no effect at all
C 1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false
D may improve the mental functions, so that the symptoms of
D 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false hypoxia are much better to be identified

491) Concerning the capacity of the human long-term


517) What event can cause a hyperventilation (not required memory
by physical need)?
1. Pressure breathing.
2. Anxiety or fear.
A its storage capacity is unlimited
3. Overstress.
4. Strong pain. B it is structurally limited in terms of storage capacity, but
5. Jogging. unlimted in terms of storage time

A Only 2 and 3 are correct C it is structurally limited in terms of storage time but not in
terms of capacity
B 1,2,3,4 and 5 are correct D its mode of storing information is passive, making memory
searches effective
C 1and 5 are both false

D 1,2,3 and 4 are correct, 5 is false

Pagina domande 80 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
490) Which of the following provides the basis of all 485) Positive linear accelleration when flying in IMC may
perceptions? cause a false sensation of:

A The aural or visual significance attributed in long term A pitching up


memory.
B pitching down
B The seperation of figure and background.
C apparent sideward movement of objects in the field of vision
C The intensity of the stimuli.
D vertigo
D The aural or visual significance attributed in short term
memory.

484) Which of the following physical stimuli may cause


stress reactions?
489) What could the crew do in order to avoid air-sickness
-1 : noise.
with passengers?
-2 : interpersonnal conflict.
1. Avoid turbulences.
-3 : temperature.
2. Avoid flying through rough weather.
-4 : administrative problem.
3. Seat passenger close to the center of gravity.
-5 : hunger.
4. Give pertinent information.
The combination of correct statements is:
A 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
A 1,3,5
B 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
B 1,3,4
C 3 and 4 are correct, 1 and 2 are false
C 3,4,5
D Only 4 is correct
D 2,3,5

488) Which of the following is a/are symptom(s) of hypoxia ?


519) The organism is mobilized by a process known as:
A Lack of concentration, fatigue, euphoria
A NAS : Natural Adaptation Syndrome
B Pain in the joints
B GMS : General Mobilization Syndrome.
C Low blood pressure
C GAF : General Adaptation Function.
D Excessive rate and depth of breathing combined with pains
in the chest area
D GAS : General Adaptation Syndrome

487) Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose (aerosinusitis)


482) Man possesses a system for maintaining his internal
equilibrium in the face of variations brought about by
A is caused by a difference in pressure existing between the external stimulations.
sinus cavity and the ambient air This internal equilibrium is called :

B is only caused by the flying sport, not by the diving sport A Heterostasis

C is an irritation of sinuses by abuse of nose sprays B Isothermy

D is only caused by colds and their effects C Metastasis

D Homeostasis
486) When you stare at a single light against the dark (f.e. an
isolated star) you will find the light appears to move
after some time. This phenomenon is called: 495) The group of tiny bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup)
are situated in
A autokinetic phenomenon
A the middle ear
B black hole illusion
B the inner ear
C coriolis illusion
C the outer ear
D leans
D the maxillary sinus

Pagina domande 81 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
480) Changes in blood-pressure are measured by: 475) What are the three phases of General Adaptation
Syndrome ?

A arteriols A alert, resistance, exhaustion

B adrenal glands B Alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

C pacemakers
C Alert, resistance, performance.

D pressoreceptors D alarm, resistance, performance,

479) At what altitude ("threshold for compensatory 474) Of the following statements, select those which apply to
reactions") does the human organism start with "information".
remarkable measures to compensate for the drop in pO2 -1 : It is said to be random when it is not intended for
when climbing? receivers.
At about: -2 : It is intended to reduce uncertainty for the receiver.
-3 : It is measured in bits.
A 6000-7000 FT -4 : Each bit of information reduces uncertainty by a
quarter.
B 8000-9000 FT
The correct statement(s) is (are):
C 9000-10000 FT
A 2,3 and 4 are correct
D 10000-12000 FT
B only 1 is correct

478) The main function of the red blood cells is


C 2 and 3 are correct

D 1,2,3 and 4 are correct


A to contribute to the immune response of the organism

B to transport oxygen
473) A shining light is fading out (i. e. when flying into fog,
dust or haze). What kind of sensation could the pilot get?
C to participate in the process of coagulation of the blood
A The light source will make the pilot believe, that he is
D the cellular defense of the organism climbing

B The source of light moves away from him


477) The momentum of gas exchange in respiration is
C The source of light stands still

A depending on the active transportation of nitrogen into the D The source of light is approaching him with increasing speed
alveoli

B dependent on the pressure gradient between the


participating gases during respiration 472) A stress reaction is:

C the excess pressure caused by inhaling


A the specific stimuli causing a human body to respond

D independent from the partial pressures of the participating


B the non-specific response of the body to every demand
gases
placed on a person

C the specific response of the body to every demand placed on


476) CO (carbon monoxide) present in the smoke of a person
cigarettes can lead to:
1. reduction of time of usefull consciousness D the non-specific stimuli causing a human body to respond
2. hypoxia at a much lower altitude than normal

A 1 and 2 are both correct

B 1 is correct, 2 is false

C 1 is false, 2 is correct

D 1 and 2 are both false

Pagina domande 82 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
483) Learning is called each lasting change of behaviour due 513) When exhaling, the expired air contains:
to

A maturation A less water vapour than the inhaled air

B drug influence B more oxygen than the inhaled air

C practice and experience C more carbon dioxide than the inspired air

D innate mechanisms D more nitrogen than the inhaled air

505) How can a pilot prevent "pilots-vertigo"? 512) What is the "Time of Useful Consciousness" for a rapid
decompression at 25,000 ft ?

A Practise an extremely fast scanning technique using off- A Between 25 seconds and 1 minute 30 seconds
center vision.
B About 30 seconds
B Use the autopilot and disregard monitoring the instruments.
C Between 3 and 5 minutes depending on the physical
C Maintain orientation on outside visual references as long as activities of the subjected pilot
possible and rely upon the senses of balance..
D About 18 seconds
D Avoid steep turns and abrupt flight maneouvers and
maintain an effective instrument cross check.

511) Under what circumstances will a pilot change from


automated level to rule-based level ?
516) The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time zone
will resynchronise to this new time zone at a rate of
about A An automated cognitive check procedure

A 1 - 1.5 hours a day B When detecting, that an automated behaviour will no longer
lead to the intended outcome
B 2 - 2.5 hours a day
C Failure of all the known rules

C 3 - 3.5 hours a day


D The appearance of a situation or problem which is unknown
and completely new
D 4 - 4.5 hours a day

510) The normal rate of breathing is


515) The time required for complete adaptation is
A 32 to 40 cycles a minute
A for high levels of illumination 10 minutes and for low levels of
illumination 30 minutes B 60 to 100 cycles a minute

B for day and night: 30 min


C 20 to 30 cycles a minute

C for night 10 sec and for day 30 min


D 12 to 16 cycles a minute

D for high levels of illumination 10 sec and for full dark


adaptation 30 min
509) When oxygen is beeing transferred from the blood into
the tissues and carbon dioxide from the body cells into
the blood, it is called:
514) An efficient flight deck (synergetic cockpit) will be
observed when:
A ventilation
A the plan of action is defined by the Captain because of his
experience level B hyperventilation

B the Captain delegates the decision making process to other C internal respiration
crew members
D external respiration
C decisions do not need to be discussed because of a
common synergy between the crew members

D decisions are taken by the Captain with the help and


participation of the other crew members

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Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
508) The following may occur during gradual 503) What is the name for the sensation of rotation occuring
depressurisation between 12,000 and 18,000 ft : during flight and which is caused by multiple irritation of
several semicircular canals at the same time?
A a rapid decrease in blood pressure which will lead to
headache and also to a loss of coordination A "Pilot's" Vertigo.

B sudden visual hyperacuity associated with headache B Sudden incapacitation.

C a rapid decrease in blood pressure leading to considerable C "Seat-of-the-Pants" illusions.


somnolence

D a loss of coordination associated with fatigue and headache


D Graveyard spin.

502) In problem-solving, what determines the transition from


493) To safely supply the crew with oxygen, at which altitude
rules-based activities to a knowledge-based activity ?
is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen plus pressure
after a rapid decompression ?
A The unsuitability of the automated actions
A Approximately 14 000 ft.
B The unsuitability of the known rules for the problem posed
B Approximately 20 000 ft.
C Attentional capture
C Approximately 45 000 ft.
D Knowledge of rules which apply to the problem posed
D Approximately 38 000 ft.

501) What is the average Time of Useful Consciousness after


a rapid decompression at 40,000 ft ?
506) Action plans (SOP's) in a cockpit must :
A More than 1 minute
A only follow the manufacturers proposals and not reflect
individual operators cockpit philosophies B About 12 seconds

B be shared by the members of the crew and updated at each


C Between 20 seconds and 1 minute
modification in order to maintain maximum synergy

C be tailored to the individual pilot's needs in order to facilitate


D About 40 secods
the normal operation of the aircraft

D only be tailored to the type of aircraft, regardless of current 500) Check the following statements:
MCC procedures 1. The first information received determines how
subsequent
information will be evaluated.
494) How can the process of learning be facilitated? 2. If one has made up one's mind, contradictory
information may
not get the attention it really needs.
A By punishing the learner for unsuccessful trials 3. With increasing stress, channelizing attention is
limiting the flow
B By reinforcing errors of information to the central decision maker (CNS).

C By reinforcing successful trials A 1and 3 are correct

D By increasing the psychological pressure on the student B 1 and 2 are correct

C 2 and 3 are correct


504) The so-called "Seat-of-the-Pants" sense is
D 1, 2 and 3 are correct

A the only sense a pilot can rely on, when flying in IMC
499) In the short-term-memory, information is stored for
B not suitable for spatial orientation when outside visual approximately
references are lost
A a couple of days
C only to be used by experienced pilots with the permission to
fly in IMC
B 20 seconds
D useful for instrument and contact flight
C 5 minutes

D 1 hour

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Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
498) Which of the following errors occur at rules-based level
?
1.Omission
2.The application of a poor rule
3. Attentional capture
4. The poor application of a good rule

A 1,2

B 3,4

C 1,3

D 2,4

497) Which statement applies to hypoxia?

A carbon monoxide increases the tolerance of the brain to


oxygen deficiency

B you may become immune to hypoxia when exposed


repeatedly to hypoxia

C it is possible to prognose when, how and where hypoxia


reaction starts to set in

D sensitivity and reaction to hypoxia varies from person to


person

496) The Seat-of-the-Pants Sense is including receptors in the

A skin of the breech only

B muscles, tendons and joints sensitive to the position and


movement of body parts

C semicircular canals

D utriculus and sacculus

752) Hypoxia is caused by

A a higher affinity of the red blood cells (hemoglobin) to oxygen

B reduced partial oxygen pressure in the lung

C reduced partial pressure of nitrogen in the lung

D an increased number of red blood cells

507) Which statement is correct ?

A Oxygen diffusion from the lungs into the blood does not
depend on partial oxygen pressure.

B Oxygen diffusion from the blood into the cells depends on


their partial oxygen pressure gradient.

C The blood plasma is transporting the oxygen.

D The gradient of diffusion is higher at altitude than it is at sea-


level.

Pagina domande 85 di 85

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