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Pagina domande 1 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
246) Which one of the following statements characterizes a 254) Early symptoms of hypoxia could be:
democratic and cooperative leadership style? 1. euphoria
If conflicts evolve, the leader 2. decreased rate and depth of breathing
3. lack of concentration
A decides what to do and pushes his own opinion through 4. visual disturbances
B tries to clarify the reasons and causes of the conflict with all A 1,2 and 4 are correct
persons involved
B 1,3 and 4 are correct
C mainly tries to reconcile all persons involved in the conflict
and tries to reestablish a nice and friendly atmosphere within C 1,2,3 and 4 are correct
the team
A essentially occurs several minutes after the intense take-off A 2 is correct, 1 and 3 are both false
phase
Pagina domande 2 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
249) Which symptom does not belong to the following list: 244) A person being exposed to extreme or prolonged stress
factors can perceive:
A leans A stressors
C chokes
C coping stress
D creeps D eustress
236) How would you call the leadership style of a captain who 243) Barotrauma caused by gas accumulation in the stomach
primarily is interested in a friendly atmosphere within and intestinals can lead to:
his crew, who is always constructive and encouraging,
who usually compromises in interpersonal conflicts, A barotitis
who trusts in the capabilities of his crew-members, and
who leaves the crew freedom for own decisions, even if
this makes the process more difficult? B decompresion sickness
260) The development of procedures makes pilots more A it is made up of everyday information for immediate use, and
effective and more reliable in their actions. This is called: is limited in its capacity for storing and retaining data
245) The retina allows for the acquisition of colours as a 240) The maintenance of man's internal equilibrium is called :
result of the:
Pagina domande 3 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
239) Desorientation is more likely to occur when the pilot is: 270) You climb from 0 to 50.000 ft and measure the decrease
1. flying in IMC of the pressure per 5.000 ft. The absolute difference in
2. frequently changing between inside and outside barometric pressure is greatest between :
references
3. flying from IMC into VMC A 10.000 and 15.000 feet
4. having a cold
B 45.000 and 50.000 feet
A 1, 3 and 4 are correct
C 0 and 5.000 feet
B 1, 2 and 4 are correct
D 5.000 and 10.000 feet
C 1, 2 and 3 are correct
282) The use of check lists must be carried out in such a way A 5 liters/min
that:
B 450 ml/min
A their execution may be done simultaneously with other
actions
C 45 liters/min
B their execution is not lumped together with important tasks
D 75 liters/min
C it may be rejected since redundancy in the following check
list will serve as verification
279) Pilot stress reactions :
D their execution must not be done simultaneously with other
actions
A are related to an internationally recognized list of stressors
where the top-ten items should be avoided by all means
248) Disturbance of the biological clock appears after a:
1. bad night's sleep
B do not change with the environment or different situations
but mainly with the characters themselves
2. day flight Amsterdam - New York
3. day flight Amsterdam - Johannesburg
4. night flight New York - Amsterdam
C differ from pilot to pilot, depending on how a person
manages the particular stressors
A 2 and 4 are correct D seem to be always the same for most pilots
Pagina domande 4 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
277) Having a serious cold, you are going to fly. What can 258) Which force(s) affect(s) the otoliths in the utriculus and
you expect: sacculus?
276) Hyperventilation can cause unconsciousness, because: 271) What is the sender's frequent reason to communicate
implicitly ('between the lines')?
A oxygen saturation of the blood is increased and the brain will A The receiver grasps quickly what the sender means.
be supplied with more blood than normal
B blood circulation to the brain is slowed down B He/she has not to adjust to the communication style of the
communication partner.
D Only in pressurized aircraft when flying at higher flight levels. C The captain's superior knowledge, justified by his/her status
D the middle ear and the inner ear B because it will seriously affect peripheral vision
C 1
D 3,4
Pagina domande 5 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
268) Without visual reference, what illusion could the pilot 263) A certain amount of water vapor saturated air (i.e.
get, when he is stopping the rotation to recover from a intestinal gases) is transported from sea-level up to 34
spin? He will get the illusion of 000 ft. In the same amount of dry air, the volume of this
gas is :
A climbing and turning into the original direction of the spin
A smaller
B spinning into the opposite direction
B constant
C spinning into the same direction
C first larger, then smaller
D straight and level flight
D larger
B 1,2,4
266) Stress management programmes usually involve:
C 2,3,4
A the prevention and/or the removal of stress
D 1,2,3
B only the removal of stress
C only the prevention of stress 261) Which biases relate to human decision making?
1. Personal experience tends to alter the perception of
D the use of psychoactive drugs the risk of an event occurring
2. There is a natural tendency to want to confirm our
decision even in the face of facts which contradict it
3. The group to which an individual belongs tends to
265) Which of the following tasks are possible to do influence the particular decision
simultaneously without mutual interference? 4. There is natural tending to select only objective facts
for decision-making purposes
A Maintain manual straight and level flight and solve a problem.
A 1,2,4
B Listen attentively and solve a problem.
B 1,2,3
C Talk and rehearse a frequency in working memory.
C 1,2
D Read and listen attentively.
D 3,4
D rapid eye movements can be observed B essentially results from the application of a bad rule or the
poor application of a good rule by airplane designers
Pagina domande 6 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
272) In order to get colour vision, it is necessary : 208) Breathing 100% oxygen at 38000 ft is equivalent to
-1 : for there to be considerable amount of light (ambient breathe ambient air at :
luminosity)
-2 : at night to look at the point to be observed at an A 8 000 ft
angle of 15°
-3 : to allow the eye a period of time to get used to the B 14 000 ft
light
-4 : to avoid white light
C 18 000 ft
A 2,4
D 10 000 ft
B 3
D the fact that there is no difference in the quality of sleep A His/her self-concept is going to change because of new
produced under the influence of those drugs compared to roles and tasks which have to be incorporated.
normal drug-free sleep
B His/her self -concept is going to be stabilized because of the
higher status as a captain.
210) What are the main factors which bring about reduced or
low vigilance (hypovigilance) ? C The increased command authority leads to a higher
1. The monotony of the task professionalism.
2. Tiredness,the need for sleep
3. A lack of stimulation D An upgrading does not have any of the mentioned
4. Excessive stress psychological consequences.
A 1,2,3
205) What is a stressor?
B 2,4
A The adaptation response of the individual to his environment
C 1,3
D 3,4
B An external or internal stimulus which is interpreted by an
individual as beeing stressful
B shortness of breath 204) Most accidents are mainly caused by lack of:
D good judgement
Pagina domande 7 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
203) Angular accelerations are picked up in the inner ear by 198) During a final approach under bad weather conditions,
you feel dizzy, get tingling sensations in your hands
and a rapid heart rate.
A the cochlea These symptoms could indicate:
A an accellerated heart frequency caused by a decreasing 197) According to Rasmussen's model, errors in rule-based
blood-pressure control mode are of the following type(s) :
D Accomodation is destroyed
213) The requirement of good sunglasses is to
A eliminate distortion in aircraft windshields 194) If during flight a pilot is in a mental condition of
"optimum arousal" he/she will be:
B increase the time for dark adaptation
A in a confused mental state
C absorb enough visible light to eliminate glare without
decreasing visual acuity, absorb UV and IR radiation and B prepared best to cope with a difficult task
absorb all colors equally
Pagina domande 8 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
193) Concerning flying and blood alcohol content the 201) Incapacitation caused by barotrauma from gaseous
following statement is correct: expansion after decompression at high altitude may be
associated with the following part(s) of the body:
A flying with up to 0.08 % blood alcohol is safe, since driving is 1 the digestive tract
safe up to this limit 2 the ears
3 the eyes
B no flying under the influence of alcohol 4 the sinuses
C 2,3,4
192) Which of the following statements are correct ?
1 Hypothermia affects physical and mental abilities. D 2,4
2 Man has effective natural protection against intense
cold.
3 Shivering makes it possible to combat the cold to a 223) The "gestalt laws "formulates :
certain
extent, but uses up a lot of energy
4 Disorders associated with hypothermia appear at a A basic principles governing how objects are mentally
body organized and perceived
temperature of less than 35°C
B basic principles governing the relationship between stress
A 2,4 and performance
B at 5000 FT
Pagina domande 9 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
231) Which of the following symptoms can mark a beginning 227) The planning and anticipation of future actions and
hyperventilation? situations makes it possible to:
-1 : create a precise reference framework.
A Slow heart beat -2 : avoid saturation of the cognitive system.
-3 : automate planned actions.
B Slow rate of breathing -4 : activate knowledge which is considered necessary
for the
period to come.
C Cyanosis (blueing of lips and finger nails)
The correct statement(s) is (are):
D Dizzy feeling
A 3 and 4 are correct
C both are false C the temperature in the cabin does not drop below 10" C
Pagina domande 10 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
212) What characterises the notion of role ? 219) One of the waste products of the metabolic process in
the cell is :
B is characterised by withdrawn crewmembers and unclear C will only occur under conditions of stress
communication
D can easily be changed
C is characterised by a highly efficient crew, communicating
appropriately with the outside
D always results from an over-relaxed atmosphere 217) Which of the following are primary sources of
motivation in day-to-day professional life ?
1. Beeing in control of one's own situation
2. Fear of punishment
221) In civil air transport, linear accelerations (Gx): 3. Success (achievement of goals)
- 1 : do not exist 4. Social promotion, money
- 2 : have slight physiological consequences
- 3 : may, in the case of pull-out, lead to loss of A 3,4
consciousness
- 4 : cause sensory illusions on the pitch axis
B 2,4
A 2,4
C 1,2,3,4
B 1
D 1,2,3
C 3,4
C less oxygen to be diffused into the cells D Stress is a necessary way of demonstrating one's own work.
Pagina domande 11 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
214) What are the most frequent and the least appropriate 351) If you approach an airfield VFR at a prescribed altitude,
reactions on the part of a co-pilot when faced with a exactly following the approach procedure, and you
highly authoritarian captain ? encounter no inexpected or new problems you show:
1. Self-assertion
2. A scapegoat feeling A knowledge based behaviour
3. Delayed reactions to observed discrepancies
4. Disengagement B rule based behaviour
A 3,4
C rule and skill based behaviour
B 1,3,4
D skill based behaviour
C 2,3,4
B 38 000 ft A 2,3
C 10 000 B 1,3
D 22 000 ft C 2,4
D 1,4
340) The "Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense"
A is a natural human instinct which will always indicate the 348) A study by NASA has examined the relationships
correct body position in space between incidents linked with ground-to-crew
communication. Which of the following factors is the
B can be used, if trained, to avoid disorientation in space main reason for disturbances in the correct reception of
a message?
C can be used as a reference for determining attitude when
A Listening errors.
operating in visual and instrument meteorological conditions
D can give false inputs to body orientation when visual B Errors in understanding clearance values.
reference is lost
C Radio failure.
Pagina domande 12 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
347) Divided attention is the ability : 344) All pilots are going to suffer some hearing deterioration
1. to execute several mental activities at almost the as part of the process of growing old.
same time (i.e. when switching attention from outside The effects of aging
the aircraft
to the airspeed indicator on the instrument panel) A will not affect a pilot's hearing if he is wearing ear-plugs all
2. to monitor the progress of a motor programme (i.e. the time
flying or taxiing the airplane) on a relatively
subconscious level, B are to cut out the high tones first
while making a radio call at the same time (requiring a
rather C are to cut out the low tones first
conscious level)
3 .to select information and check if it is relevant to the
task in hand. At the same time no other operation can
D are to cut out all tones equally
be
performed.
4. to delegate tasks to the copilot while concentrating on 343) To optimise one's night-vision performance, it is
the procedures necessary :
- 1 : to spend some time getting adapted to low levels of
A 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false illumination
- 2 : to increase the instrument panel lighting by
B Only 3 is false reducing the
cockpit lighting
- 3 : not to focus on the point to be observed
C 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
- 4 : to avoid blinding
D 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
A 1,2,4
B 2,3,4
346) What are main signs indicating the loss of vigilance ?
1. Decrease in sensory perception C 2
2. Increase in selective attention
3. Sensation of muscular heaviness
4. Decrease in complacency
D 1,3,4
A 1,3
330) A stereotype and involuntary reaction of the organism
B 1,4 on stimulation of receptors is called:
Pagina domande 13 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
354) Which statement is correct? 335) Symptoms caused by gas bubbles in the lungs,
following a decompression are called:
B It25000 FT
C a lesser selectivity
D a lesser sensitivity
C It38000 FT
D 22000 FT.
333) What impression do you have when outside references
are fading away (e.g. fog, darkness, snow and vapor)?
338) The area in front of a threshold descends towards the A Objects seem to be much bigger than in reality
threshold.
Possible danger is: B There is no difference compared with flying on a clear and
sunny day
A approach is lower than normal and may result in a short
landing C It is difficult to determine the size and speed of objects
B to misjudge the length of the runway
D Objects seem to be closer than in reality
A 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare B The side effects of these types of preparations are
gases sufficiently negligible as to be ignored by pilots
B 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare C They will cause a condition of over-arousal
gases
D A pilot using any of these preparations should get
C 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare professional advice from a flight surgeon if he intends to fly
gases and self-medicate at the same time
336) The part of blood without cell is called : A is acting similar as when encountering a state of depression
D plasm
Pagina domande 14 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
342) Although the anticipation of possible events is a good 372) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is:
attitude for pilots to acquire, it can sometimes lead to
hazardous situations. With this statement in mind, select
the response below which could lead to such a hazard: A higher than the pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
A anticipating that the weather may deteriorate B lower than the pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric
air.
B anticipating that the flight will take longer time than planned
C lower than in the blood
C anticipating the sequence of items on a check list.
D almost the same as in the atmospheric air
D mishearing the contents of a reply from an air traffic
controller when a non-standard procedure was given but a
standard procedure was anticipated 371) During flight in IMC, the most reliable sense which
should be used to overcome illusions is the:
364) Starting a coordinated level turn can make the pilot A visual sense by looking outside
believe to
B visual sense, interpreting the attitude indicator
A climb
C "Seat-of-the-pants-Sense"
B descent
D vestibular sense
C turn into the opposite direction
D increase the rate of turn into the same direction 370) In decision-making, the selection of a solution depends :
1. on objective and subjective criteria
2. on the objective to be achieved
117) A pilot, trying to pick up a fallen object from the cockpit 3. on the risks associated with each solution
floor during a tight turn, experiences: 4. above all on the personality of the decision-maker
B coriolis illusion B 4
D barotrauma D 1,2,4
374) During a climb, we can observe the following with 369) It is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold. The
regard to the partial oxygen pressure : reason for this is:
A an increase up to 10,000 ft followed by a sudden pressure A swollen tissue in the inner ear will prevent the air from
drop above that altitude ventilating through the tympanic membrane
B an increase which is inversely proportional to the decrease B swollen tissue in the Eustachian tube will cause permanent
in atmospheric pressure hearing loss
C an identical decrease to that for atmospheric pressure C pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly
during fast descents
D a decrease which is three times faster than the decrease in D gentle descents at high altitude can result in damage to the
atmospheric pressure ear drum
Pagina domande 15 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
368) What elements establish synergy within the crew ? 353) Between which components is an interface mismatch
causing an error of interpretation by using an old three-
point altimeter?
A Synergy establishes itself automatically within the crew, right
through from briefing to debriefing A Liveware - Hardware
B Synergy is independent of the natural individual
characteristics of the group members (communication, B Liveware - Software
mutual confidence, sharing of tasks, etc.)
C Liveware - Environment
C It is only the captain's status which allows the establishment
of synergy within the crew D Liveware - Liveware
D stored routines that enable patterns of behaviour to be 362) The maximum number of unrelated items that can be
executed without continuous conscious control stored in working memory is:
A unlimited
Pagina domande 16 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
359) Adaptation is 355) We can observe the following in relation to a state of
hypothermia :
A the adjustment of the eyes to high or low levels of A a rapid fall in ambient temperature
illumination
B the change of the diameter of the pupil B greater capacity for adaptation than in a hot atmosphere
C the reflection of the light at the cornea C reasoning problems as soon as body temperature falls
below 37°C
D the adjustment of the crystalline lens to focus light on the D a substantial increase in internal body temperature whereas
retina peripheral temperature at the skin is stable
358) The purpose of action plans which are implemented 329) The kinesthetic sense does not orient an individual to
during briefings is to: his surroundings, but informs him of
A activate a collective mental schema with respect to non- A the relative motion and relative position of his body parts
procedural actions to be carried out
B initiate procedures and reactions for situations that are most B a touch on the skin
likely, risky or difficult during the flight
C our surroundings
C define general planning of the flight plan
D the condition in the body itself
D allow everyone to prepare their own reactions in a difficult
situation
366) A system is all the more reliable if it offers good
detectability. The latter is the result of:
357) The effects of sleep deprivation on performance: -1 : tolerance of the various systems to errors.
1. increase with altitude -2 : the sum of the automatic monitoring, detection and
2. decrease with altitude warning facilities.
3. increase with higher workload -3 : the reliability of the Man-Man and Man-Machine links.
4. decrease with higher workload -4 : the alerting capability of the Man-Machine interface.
D 2 and 4
356) Perceptual conflicts between the vestibular and visual
systems are :
1 - classic and resistant when flying in IMC 293) Which of the following statements are correct with
2 - sensed via impressions of rotation regard to the design of a check list?
3 - sensed via distorted impressions of the attitude of -1 : The longer a check list, the more it must be
the aircraft subdivided into
4 - considerable during prolonged shallow turns under logical parts.
IMC -2 : The trickiest points must be placed in the middle of
the check
A 3,4 list.
-3 : Check lists must be designed in such a way that
B 1,2,3,4 they can be
lumped together with other tasks.
-4 : Whenever possible, a panel scan sequence should
C 2,3,4
be
applied
D 1,3 -5 : Critical points should have redundancies.
The combination of correct statements is:
Pagina domande 17 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
304) The team spirit of a cockpit-crew most likely depends on 300) In the pulmonary artery there is :
A both pilots wearing the same uniform A oxygen rich and carbon dioxide rich blood
B both pilots flying together very often for a long period B oxygen poor and carbon dioxide rich blood
C both pilots having the same political and ideological attitude C oxygen poor and carbon dioxide poor blood
D both pilots respecting each other and striving for the same D oxygen rich and carbon dioxide poor blond
goals
A only 3 is correct
298) Which flight-maneouvre will most likely induce vertigo?
Turning the head while
B 1, 2 and 4 are correct
A climbing
C 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B descending
D 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
D the pilot is sufficiently competent to fly and knows at this B a), b) and c) are correct, d) is false
stage what he can and cannot do
C a) and b) are correct, c) and d) are false
Pagina domande 18 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
296) As a cause of accidents, the human factor 291) When assessing an individuals risk in developing
coronary artery disease, the following factors may
contribute:
A has increased considerably since 1980 - the percentage of 1.obesity
accident in which this factor has been involved has more 2.distress
than tripled since this date 3.smoking
4.family history
B which is cited in current statistics, applies to the flight crew
and ATC only A 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
C plays a negligible role in commercial aviation accidents. It is
B 2 and 3 are correct, 1 and 4 are false
much more important in general aviation
D his oxygen need will be raised and his tolerance to hypoxia D attaching itself to the hemoglobin in the red blood plasma
will be increased
292) When accelerating forward the otoliths in the 287) Pain in the joints caused by gas bubbles following a
utriculus/sacculus will decompression is called:
Pagina domande 19 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
286) Many pilots think up systems to deal with affairs so they 328) In case of in-flight stress, one should :
don't have to think up every time what they have to do.
A this has to be rejected for the company draws the rules and A demonstrate aggressiveness to stimulate the crew
the procedures they have to comply with
B always carry out a breathing exercise
B this has to be advised against for it reduces flexibility at a
moment a problem has to be solved by improvisation. C use all available resources of the crew
C this has to be posetively appreciated for it increases D only trust in oneself; beeing sure to know the own limits
consistency in action
D a process involving a pilot´s attitude to take and to evaluate 326) Which of the following measures can reduce the chance
of a black-out during positive G-manoeuvres?
risks by assessing the situation and making decisions
based upon knowledge, skill and experience
A Breathing oxygen.
295) Noise induced hearing loss is influenced by C balancing the own ideas and interests with those of the
interlocutor
Pagina domande 20 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
323) The effectiveness of the individual depends on: 318) To maintain good situational awareness you should:
(1) believe only in your own interpretation of the data
(2) gather as much datas as possible from every
A the ability to balance the dictates of the individual's needs possible
and the demands of reality source before making inferences
(3) question whether your hypothesis still fits the
B the ability to repress the dictates of needs situation as
events progress and try to make time to review the
C the ability to go beyond one's own capabilities situation
(4) consider ways of testing your situational hypothesis
D the total independence with respect to the environment to see
whether it is correct
D The preparation of action and time management 306) After SCUBA diving (more than 30 feet of depth) you
have to wait a period of time before flying again. This
period is at least:
320) A pilot is used to land on small and narrow runways B The uncoordinated action of the crewmembers towards a
only. Approaching a larger and wider runway can lead to common objective
:
C The coordinated action of all members towards a common
A the risk to land short of the overrun objective, in which collective performance is proving to be
more than the sum of the individual performances
B an early or high "round out"
D A behavioural expedient associated with the
C a steeper than normal approach dropping low desynchronisation of the coordinated actions
B 2,3
C 1,2,3
D 1
Pagina domande 21 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
314) Alcohol metabolism (elimination rate) 309) After a rapid decompression at an altitude of 30.000 FT
the first action of the pilot shall be:
B depends on wether you get some sleep in between drinks B maintaining aircraft control and preventing hypoxia (use of
oxygen mask)
C definitely depends on the amount and composition of food
which has been eaten C informing ATC
D is approx. 0.015% per hour and cannot be expedited D informing the cabin crew
313) Scanning at night should be performed by: 308) Decompression symptoms are caused by:
A scanning with one eye open A release of locked gases from joints
B concentrated fixation on an object (image must fall on the B dissolved gases from tissues and fluids of the body
fovea centralis)
C avoiding food containing Vitamin A C low carbon dioxide pressure of inhaled air
D slight eye movements to the side of the object D low oxygen pressure of inhaled air
312) Which of the following statements concerning check list 188) How should a pilot react, when suffering from chronic
is correct? stress?
A The most important items must be placed in the middle of A Attempt to reduce the stress by using a concept which
check list so that they come to be examined once attention is approaches the entire body and improves wellness.
focused but before concentration starts to wane
B Use moderate administration of tranquillizers before flight.
B All the items of a check list are equally important; their
sequence is of no importance C Ignore the particular stressors and increase your physical
exercises.
C The most important items should be placed at the beginning
of a check list since attention is usually focused here D Always consult a psychotherapist before the next flight.
D 4 cycles per minute 31) The main limit(s) of long-term memory is (are):
Pagina domande 22 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
42) If the copilot continuosly feels unfairly treated by the 37) The normal arterial blood-pressure of a healthy adult is
captain in an unjustified way, then he should (systolic/diastolic):
B duly point out the problem, reconcentrate on his duties and B 120/80 mm Hg
clear the matter in a more appropriate occasion
C 80/20 mm Hg
C freeze the communication and thus avoid immediate
confrontation
D 180/120 mm Hg
D speak up and point at consequencies if unfair behaviour
persists
36) The readiness for tracing information which could
indicate the development of a critical situation
41) Which of the following elements make up the personality
of an individual ? A is dangerous, because it distracts attention from flying the
1. Heredity aircraft
2. Childhood environment
3. Upbringing B makes no sense because the human information processing
4. Past experience system is limited anyway
D 1,2,4
35) Inertia in the direction head => feet will cause the blood-
pressure in the brain to:
A Dizziness.
39) Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during
flight: B Lack of adaptation.
A if the brain receives conflicting informations and the pilot C Lack of accomodation.
does not believe the instruments
D The interference of reasoning and perceptive functions.
B when flying in and out of clouds and the pilot maintains
good instrument cross check
C when flying in light rain below the ceiling 21) Which of the following responses is an example of
"habit reversion" (negative habit transfer):
D when flying in bright sunlight above a cloud layer
A habitually missing an item on the checklist or missing the
second item when two items are on the same line
38) What are the advantages of coordination? B A pilot who has flown many hours in an aircraft in which the
fuel lever points forward for the ON position, may
unintentionally turn the fuel lever into the false position,
A Cooperation, cognition, redundancy.
when flying a different aircraft, where the fuel lever has to
point aft to be in the ON position
B Interaction, cognition, redundancy.
C Turning and aircraft to the left when intending to turn it to the
C Redundancy, exploration, risky shift. right
D Redundancy, synergy, clarification of responsibility. D Incorrect anticipation of an air traffic controller´s instructions
Pagina domande 23 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
32) Experiencing stress depends on: 27) The duration of a period of sleep is governed primarily
by
A the individual interpretation of the situation A the number of points you have in your 'credit/deficit' system
B the fragility of individuals to certain types of stimulation B the point within your circadian rhythm at which you try to
sleep
C the individual's state of tiredness
C the duration of your previous sleep
D the environment of the situation which the individual will live
through or is in the process of living through D the amount of time you have been awake
45) Which of the following operations are performed more 26) To reduce the risk of coronary artery disease, exercise
effectively by people than by automatic systems ? should be
1. Qualitative decision-making
2. Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon
3. Monitoring to ensure that certain values are not
A triple the resting heart rate for 20 minutes, once a week
exceeded
4. Detections of unusual conditions (smell, noise, etc.) B double the resting heart rate for at least 20 minutes, three
times a week
A 2,3,4
C avoided since raising the heart rate shortens the life of the
heart
B 1,4
D double the resting heart rate for at least an hour, five times a
C 1,2 week
D 3,4
25) The capacity of the short-term memory is
30) The primary factor to control the rate and depth of A very limited - only one item
breathing is the:
D about 7 items
C partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
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67) A pilot will get hypoxia 64) The percentage of oxygen in the air at an altitude of
approximately
34 000 ft is :
A after decompression at high altitude and not taking additional
oxygen in time A 10,5%
B after decompression to 30 000 feet and taking 100 %
oxygen via an oxygen mask B 42%
A It is most effective, if it is practiced on an abstract level if B Objects will appear closer than they really are
imagination
B It is more effective than training by doing C Objects will appear bigger in size than in reality
C It is most important for the acquisition of complex perceptual D Objects seem to move slower than in reality
motor skills
D It is most important for selfcontrol 62) 1. Psychosomatic means that a physiological problem is
followed
by psychological stress.
55) In order to get rid of excess nitrogen following scuba 2. Psychosomatic complaints hardly occur in
diving, subsequent flights should be delayed professional
aviation because of the strict selection for this
particular
A 48 hours after a continuous ascent in the water has been
profession .
made
B barotrauma A climb
C ebulism B descent
D hypoxia C turn
D spin
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60) Our body takes its energy from : 44) During the preparational work in the cockpit the captain
1: minerals notices that his copilot on the one hand is rather
2: protein unexperienced and insecure but on the other hand
3: carbonhydrates highly motivated. Which kind of leadership behaviour
4: vitamines most likely is inappropriate?
A 1,3 A The captain flies the first leg by himself and explains each
action to the copilot in order to keep him informed about his
B 2,3 decisions
B The captain lets the copilot fly and gives him detailled
C 1,2,3,4
instructions what to do
D 1,4 C The captain lets the copilot fly and encourages him frankly to
ask for any support that needed
59) Pain in the Joints ("bends"), which suddenly appear D The captain lets the copilot fly and observes his behaviour
during a flight , are symptoms of without any comments
A hypoxia
54) Doing a general briefing in the preflight phase the
B decompression sickness captain should emphasize
C barotrauma
A to depart on schedule
D air-sickness
B to avoid inadequate handling of flight controls
43) Discussing private matters in the cockpit C lower the tolerance to hypoxia
B Dizziness, hypothermia.
56) Which of the following statements about hyperthermia is
correct ? C Visual disturbances, lack of concentration, euphoria.
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51) The time between inadequate oxygen supply and 46) You should not despense blood without prior
incapacitation is called TUC (Time of Useful information from your flight surgeon. The most
Consciousness). It important reason for this advise is:
A varies individually and depends on cabin pressure altitude A your blood-pressure is too low after blood-donation
B is the same amount of time for every person B your heart frequency is too low after blood-donation
C is not dependent on physical or psychological pressure C you are more susceptible to hypoxia after a blood-donation.
D varies individually and does not depend on altitude D the chance you get the bends is higher after blood-donation
50) Concerning the effects of drugs and pilot´s performance 20) Which of the following symptoms can indicate the
beginning of hypoxia?
1. Blue lips and finger nails.
A the primary and the side effects have to be considered 2. Euphoria.
3. Flatulence.
B the side effects only have to be considered 4 .Unconsciousness..
D only the primary effect has to be considered; side effects B 1, 3 and 4 are correct.
are negligable
C 1, 2 and 4 are correct.
C the ossicles
D the eardrum
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137) A pilot approaching an upslope runway 133) Which of the following statements about long-term
memory are correct?
-1: Information is stored there in the form of descriptive,
A may feel that he is higher than actual. This illusion may rule-based
cause him to land short. and schematic knowledge.
-2: The period of time for which information is retained
B is performing a steeper than normal approach, landing long is limited by
the frequency with which this same information is
C establishes a higher than normal approach speed used.
-3: It processes information quickly and has an effective
D establishes a slower than normal approach speed with the mode of
risk of stalling out access in real time.
-4: Pre-activation of necessary knowledge will allow for
a reduction
in access time.
136) What is "divided attention"?
A 1 and 4 are correct
A Ease of concentrating on a particular objective
B 1 and 2 are correct
B Difficulty of concentrating on a particular objective
C 2, 3 and 4 are correct
C The adverse effect of motivation which leads to one's
attention being dispersed D 2 and 4 are correct
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22) What is the effect of tiredness on attention ? 125) Decision-making can be influenced by the following
factors:
1. people tend to conform to opinions expressed by a
A It has no specific effects on attention majority
within the group they belong to
B It reduces the ability to manage multiple matters 2. people always tend to keep the future decisions in line
with
C It increases the ability to manage multiple matters those their superiors have made in the past
3. people more easily tend to select data which meet the
D It leads to one's attention being dispersed between different expectations
centres of interest 4. people hardly base decisions on their personal
preferences but
rather on rational information
C 1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false 123) A pilot who smokes will loose some of his capacity to
transport oxygen combined with hemoglobin.
D 1,3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false Which percentage of his total oxygen transportation
capacity would he give away when he smokes one pack
of cigarettes a day?
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121) Which part of the inner ear is responsible for the 129) Although we have a field of vision of more than 180° it is
perception of noise? important during flight to use the scan ning technique,
because
A The semicircular canals
A only in the peripheral area of the retina resolution is good
B The sacculus and utriculus enough to see an object clearly
B 2,3 B flying an aircraft which you have flown many times before
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17) What do you do, when you are affected by "pilot`s 12) The quality of learning :
vertigo"?
1. Establish and maintain an effective instrument cross-
check. A is independent of age
2. Believe the instruments.
3. Ignore illusions. B is promoted by feedback on the value of one's own
4. Minimize head movements. performance
A around 24 hours
16) Healthy people are usually capable to compensate for a B about 20 seconds
lack of oxygen up to
A 20.000 feet
C less than 1 second
B 25.000 feet
D from 5 to 10 minutes
C 10.000 - 12.000feet
139) Which of the following behaviours is most disruptive to
D 15.000 feet teamwork under high workload conditions in the
cockpit?
A Mentally absent.
15) Hypoxia can occur because:
B Sensitive.
A you inhale too much nitrogen
C Disciplined.
B the percentage of oxygen is lower at altitude
D Jovial.
C you are hyperventilating
D you are getting toomuch solar radiation 9) Illusions of interpretation (cognitive illusions) are :
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7) Being pressed into the seat can cause illusions and/or 2) You are crossing the Alps in a non-pressurised aircraft
false reactions in a pilot lacking visual contact to the at an altitude of 15.000 feet. You do not use the oxygen
ground, because this sensation mask because you feel fine. This is unsafe, because:
A will not stimulate the "seat-of-the-pants" sense A your judgement could be impaired
B corresponds with the sensation a pilot gets when starting a B the blood-pressure can get too high
climb or performing a level turn
C the blood-pressure can get too low
C corresponds with the sensation a pilots gets, when flying
straight and level or starting a descent
D you will get the bends
D makes the pilot to pull up the nose to compensate for level
flight
1) Which is the procedure to be followed when symptoms
of decompression sickness occur?
6) Stress is a response which is prompted by the
occurence of various stressors. Of these, which can be A Only medical treatment is of use
called physiological ?
B Only the prompt supply of oxygen is necessary
A Temperature, hunger, thirst, divorce
C Descend to the lowest possible level and land as soon as
B Noise, temperature (low or high), humidity, sleep deprivation possible
C Noise, hunger, conflicts, a death D Descend to the lowest possible level and wait for the
symptoms to disappear before climbing again
D Heat, humidity, fatique, administrative problems
A in aviation, the elimination of errors on the part of front-line D 1, 2 and 3 are correct
operators
C 1 to 2 minutes
D 3 to 5 minutes
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68) Which measure(s) will help to compensate hypoxia? 161) Learning to fly naturally induces stress in a student pilot
1. Descend below 10 000 FT. because he is lacking experience. Manifestations of this
2. Breathe 100 % oxygen. type of stress are:
3. Climb to or above 10 000 FT. 1. nervousness and chanellized attention
4. Reduce physical activities. 2. being rough at the controls
3. smoke and drink much more alcohol than usual
A 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false 4. airsickness, lack of sleep
D The captain's authority rules all the actions or decisions D impaired judgement, disabling the pilot to recognize the
associated with the situation symptoms
152) How can spatial disorientation in IMC be avoided? By 159) Visual disturbances can be caused by:
1. hyperventilation
2. hypoxia
A maintaining a good instrument cross check. 3. hypertension
4. fatigue
B believing your body senses only.
A 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
C moving the head into the direction of the resultant vertical.
B 1, 2 and 3 are correct
D looking outside whenever possible ignoring the attitude
indicator. C 2, 3 and 4 are correct
A blocking the effected ear with the palm of your hand 158) Which combination of elements guarantee the
understanding of a message without adding new
information to it?
B increasing the rate of descent
A Synchronization.
C using an oxygen mask
B Encoding.
D leveling off and possibly climbing
C Feedback.
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157) The fovea 166) What distinguishes status from role ?
A is an area in which rods predominate A While role defines- via behaviour- the functions that must be
performed by individuals, status defines the enjoyment of a
B is the area responsible for night vision hierarchical position and its recognition by the group
D can have disadvantages when used in the cockpit due to A Select meals with high contents of vitamin B and C
their dependence on ultraviolet light which is screened by
the cockpit glass B Not smoke before start and during flight and avoid flash-
blindness
B 2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false A higher than normal approach with the tendency to overshoot
C 1and 4 are correct, 3 is false B flatter than normal approach with the tendency to undershoot
D 1,2,3 and 4 are correct C compensatory glide path and land long
A 1 and 2
153) Working memory enables us, for example,
B 2, 3 and 4
A to remember our own name
C 1, 2 and 4
B to remember a clearance long enough to write it down
D 3 and 4
C to store a large amount of visual information for about 0.5
seconds
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148) What happens in problem-solving when the application 66) The individual's perception of stress depends on:
of a rule allows for the situation to be resolved ?
A A switch is made to knowledge mode in order to refine the A the conditions of the current situation only
results
B the subjectiv evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to
B A switch is made to knowledge- based mode in order to cope with it
continue monitoring of the problem
C the objectiv evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to
C A second monitoring rule must be applied cope with it
147) Tolerance to decompression sickness is decreased by: 154) Stress is above all :
1. SCUBA-Diving
2. Obesity A a response by man to his problems, which automatically
3. Age leads to a reduction in his performance
4. Body height
B a phenomenon which is specific to modern man
A 2 and 4 are correct
C the best adaptation phenomenon that man possesses for
B 1, 3 and 4 are correct responding to the various situation which he may have to
face
C only 4 is correct
D a psychosomatic disease that one can learn to control
D 1, 2 and 3 are correct
A 1 in 50 times B "Autokinetic-illusion"
D 1 in 10 times
187) In the absence of external reference points, the
sensation that the vehicle in which you sitting is moving
when it is in fact the vehicle directly alongside which is
145) The symptoms of hyperventilation are caused by a:
moving is called :
144) With "vertigo" the instrument-panel seems to tumble . 186) What strategy should be put in place when faced with an
This is due to anticipated period of time pressure ?
A conflicting information between the semicircular canals and A A strategy of preparing decisions
the tympanic membrane
B A non-sequential strategy
B oxygen deficiency
C A Laissez-faire strategy
C the coriolis effect in the semicircular canals
D A strategy of no commitment
D tuned resonance caused by vibration
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185) The descriptive aspect of errors according to 181) Check the following statements:
Hollnagel's model describes various directly observable 1. A person experiencing sleep loss is unlikely to be
types of erroneous actions which are : aware of
1. Repetition and omission personal performance degradation
2. The forward leap and the backward leap 2. Performance loss may be present up to 20 minutes
3. Intrusion and anticipation after
4. Intrusion awaking from a short sleep (nap)
184) Which of the following statements concerning conflicts 180) Out of the list of possible measures to counteract
is correct ? hyperventilation, the most effective measure against
hyperventilation tetany is:
A Whatever the cause of the conflict, its resolution must
necessarily involve an additional party if it is to be effective A speak soothingly and get the person to breathe slowly
B Conflicts are negative in themselves and can only lead to a B breathe into a plastic or paper bag
general detachment of involved parties
C The emergence of a conflict always results from calling into C hold breath
question the general abilities of one of the involved parties
D avoid strenuous flight manoeuvres
D Conflict management involves the participation of all
involved parties in finding an acceptable collective solution
179) Through which part of the ear does the equalization of
pressure take place, when altitude is changed?
183) One of the substances present in the smoke of
cigarettes can make it significantly more difficult for the A Eustachian tube
red blood cells to transport oxygen and as a
consequence contributes to hypoxia. Which substance B Cochlea
are we referring to?
A Carbonic anhydride
C Tympanic membrane
B Tar
D External auditory canal
C Carbon dioxide
164) According to Wicken's theory, the human brain has:
D Carbon monoxide
A cognitive resources which are centered on action
182) The probability to suffer from air-sickness is higher, B processing capabilities which function at peak level when
when different tasks call for the same resources
A the student ist motivated and adapted to the specific stimuli C different reservoirs of resources depending on whether one
of flying is in the information-gathering, information-processing or
action phase
B the student has good outside visual reference
D unlimited information-processing resources
C the passenger or student is afraid and/or demotivated to fly
D the passenger has taken anti-motion sickness remedies 177) Alcohol, when taken simultaneously with drugs, may
prior flight
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165) In relation to the word ´stress´as it affects human 171) The otoliths in the inner ear are sensitive to:
beings, which of the following responses is correct?
174) Angular accelerations are perceived by: A because the capacity of the long term memory is limited
A the receptors in the skin and the joints B because of the limitations of the sense organs
B the semi circular canals C because of limitations in our store of motor programmes
C the cochlea D because of the limited capacity of the central decision maker
and working memory
D the otholits
A A 1 is false, 2 is correct
2,4
B 1,3 ,4
B 1 and 2 are both false
C 1,2 ,3
C 1 is correct, 2 is false
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114) Which of the following sentences concerning crew- 88) An increase in workload usually leads to:
performance is correct?
A Mistakes can always be detected and corrected faster by the A a longer and less frequent exchange of information
individual
B a shorter and more frequent exchange of information
B The quality of crew-performance is not dependent on social-
competence of individual team members C a longer and more frequent exchange of information
C The quality of crew-performance depends on the social- D a shorter and less frequent exchange of information
competence of individual team members
B cyanosis (blue color of finger-nail and lips) exists only in 85) The human ear is capable of perceiving vibrations
hypoxia between the frequencies
89) Gaseous exchange in the human body depends on: D 20,000 - 40,000 Hz
1. diffusion gradients between the participating gases
2. permeable membranes
3. partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus air
4. acid-base balance in the blood 84) The workload may be said to:
-1 : be acceptable if it requires more than 90 % of the
A only 1 is correct crew
resources.
B 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct -2 : be acceptable if it requires about 60 % of the crew
resources.
-3 : depend on the pilot's expertise.
C 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
-4 : correspond to the amount of resources available
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83) An individually given feedback improves 79) Barotrauma of the middle ear is usually accompanied by
communication. Which of the following rules should a
feedback comply with?
A dizziness
A The feedback should not be referred to a concrete situation.
B noises in the ear
B The feedback should always relate to a specific situation.
C pain in the joints
C The feedback should only be given if requested by the
captain. D a reduction in hearing ability and the feeling of increasing
pressure
D The receiver of the feedback should immediately justify his
behaviour.
92) The average pulse of a healthy adult in rest is about:
A Response to a particular stressful influence varies from one B 110 to 150 beats/min
person to another
D 30 to 50 beats/min
C Performance is dependent on motivation
C decreases significantly with lower temperatures D make it possible to prevent hyperventilation owing to the
inhalation of 100 % oxygen
D decreases with decreasing barometric pressure
B only 1 is correct
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75) You are transporting a passenger who has to be at a 71) What are the main consequences of latent errors? They:
certain destination for a meeting. The weather forcast at -1 : remain undetected in the system for a certain lenght
destination tends to be much worse than expected, so of time.
you consider to divert. The businessman offers you -2 : may only manifest themselves under certainl
money if you manage to land there at any case. conditions.
What is your appropriate way of action? You will -3 : are quickly detectable by the front-line operator
whose mental
A divert in any case to demonstrate who' s the man in charge schemas on the instantaneous situation filter out
aboard formal errors.
-4 : lull the pilots into security.
B see what you can do and ask the copilot to tolerate any
decision The correct statement(s) is (are):
D continue and think about the nice things you can buy from B 2, 3 and 4
the money
C 1,2 and 4
A hypoxia
D the quantity of a gas dissolved in a fluid is proportional to the
pressure of that gas above the fluid (Henry's Law)
B eustress
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80) Of the following statements, which apply to coordinated 112) How can a pilot overcome a vertigo, encountered during
cooperation? a real or simulated instrument flight?
-1 : It allows for synergy in the actions between the 1. Establish and maintain an effective instrument cross-
captain and the check.
pilot. 2. Always believe the instruments; never trust your
-2 : It represents the simultaneous execution of a single sense of feeling.
action by 3. Ignore arising illusions.
the various members of the crew. 4. Move the head sidewards and back and forth to
-3 : Communication in this mode has the function of "shake-off"
synchronizing illusions.
actions and distributing responsibilities.
-4 : Communication must be essentially focussed on A 1and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
temporal and
cognitive synchronisation. B Only 4 is correct
The correct statement(s) is (are):
C 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
A 1,2 and 4
D 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B 2 and 3
102) During a night flight at 10,000 feet you notice that your B blood rushing into legs
acuity of vision has decreased. In this case you can
increase your acuity by: C acceleration of the stomach (nausea)
A breathing extra oxygen through the oxygen mask. D pressure of the heart on the diaphragm
B 15000 FT
113) General Adaptation Syndrome is characterised by the
following phases : C 20000 FT
-1 : alarm
-2 : alert phase
-3 : resistance phase
D 8000 FT
-4 : exhaustion phase
-5 : vigilance phase
109) The relationship between arousal and flying
A 2,3,4,5 performance is
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107) Which part of the ear could be affected due to air 91) Approaches at night without visual references on the
pressure changes during climb and/or descent? ground and no landing aids (e.g. VASIS) can make the
pilot believe of beeing
A The sacculus and utriculus
A lower than actual altitude with the risk of overshooting
B The eustachian tube and the tympanic membrane (ear drum)
B lower than actual altitude with the risk of ducking under
C The semicircular canals
C higher than actual altitude with the risk of landing short
D The cochlea ("ducking under")
B a mild carbon monoxide poisoning decreasing the pilot´s B Transverse acceleration (+ Gy)
tolerance to hypoxia
C Combined linear and transverse acceleration
C a mild carbon dioxide poisoning increasing the pilot's
tolerance to hypoxia D Radial acceleration (+ Gz)
105) During final approach under bad weather conditions you A sustained cooperation on actions and the formulation of
are getting uneasy, feel dizzy and get tingling commitments concerning flight situations
sensations in your hands.
When hyperventilating you should B the application of procedural knowledge in the conduct of
specific actions
A descend
C working parallel to achieve one common objective
B apply the Valsalva method
D working parallel to achieve individual objectives
C use the oxygen mask
D control your rate and depth of breathing 99) Boyle's law is directly applicable in case of:
D finger nails and lips will turn blue ("cyanosis") 98) What can a pilot do to avoid "Flicker vertigo" when
flying in the clouds?
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97) The semicircular canals monitor 93) Motivation is a quality wich is often considered vital in
the pilot's work to maintain safety.
B 1,2
104) Pilots are more easily inclined to take greater risks when:
C 2, 3
A making decisions independently of others
D 1,2,4
B they are not constrained by time
95) Depth perception when objects are close (< 1 m) is C making a flight over unfamiliar territory
achieved through
D they are part of a group of pilots and they feel that they are
A good visibility only beeing observed and admired (e.g. air shows)
A creative errors
B routine errors
C knowledge errors
D handling errors
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632) Orientation in flight is accomplished by 628) If a pilot has to perform two tasks requiring the
1. eyes allocation of cognitive resources :
2. utriculus and sacculus
3. semicircular canals A the only way of not seeing performance tail off is to switch to
4. Seat-of-the-pants-Sense rules-based mode for the two tasks
A only 1 and 4 are correct B the sharing of resources causes performance on each task
to be reduced
B 2, 3 and 4 are correct , 1 is false
C a person reaches his limits as from simultaneous tasks, and
performance will then tail off
C 2, 3 and 4 are false, only 1 is correct
D the only way of not seeing performance tail off is to switch to
D 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct knowledge-based mode for the two tasks
631) Visual perception of depth at close to medium distance 627) Which of the following statements are correct ?
is primarily due to -1: Modern aircraft allow for 50 - 60% relative humidity in
the cabin
A binocular vision air under any conditions of flight, which is
satisfactory for the
B interactions between cones and rods body
-2: Thirst is a belated symptom of dehydration
-3: Dehydration may lead to clinical manifestations such
C peripheral vision
as
dizziness and fatigue
D the high sensitivity of the retina -4: Drinking excessive quantities of water must be
avoided since
resistance to periods of low hydration will otherwise
be lost
630) Symptoms of decompression sickness
A 1,2,4
A disappear on landing and never appear again
B 1,4
B sometimes can appear with a delay after the airplane is on
the ground C 2,3
629) What are the main clinical signs of hypoxia during A Coding and decoding
explosive decompression ?
B The sender
A Increase in heart and respiratory rates, euphoria, impairment
of judgement, memory disorders C The receiver
B Headaches, fatigue, somnolence, palpitations D The sender and the receiver as well as coding and decoding
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612) What are the characteristics of the alarm phase of the 620) Blood-pressure depends on:
stress reactions? 1. the cardiac output
-1 : increased arousal level as a result of adrenaline 2. the resistance of the capillaries (peripheral resistance)
secretion.
-2 : an increase in heart rate, respiration and release of A 1 and 2 are correct
glucose.
-3 : a decrease in stress resistance. B 1 is correct 2 is false
-4 : activation of the digestive system.
-5 : secretion of cortisol to mobilize attention.
C 1 is false 2 is correct
The combination of correct statements is:
D 1 and 2 are both false
A 1,2
C 1,3,5
A hyperventilation
D 1,2,3
B hypoxia
C spatial disorientation
623) Which of the following operations are performed more
effectively by automatic systems than by people ? D hypoglycemia
1. Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon
2. Long term controlling of a set value (e.g holding of
trajectory)
3. Monitoring to ensure that certain values are not 618) Stress may be defined as:
exceeded (e.g holding of flight path)
4. Qualitative decision-making
A a normal phenomenon which enables an individual to adapt
A 1,2,3 to encountered situations
B 2,4
B a poorly controlled emotion which leads to a reduction in
capabilities
B Only 1 is false
621) Hyperventilation is:
C 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false
A a too high percentage of nitrogen in the blood
D 1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false
B a decreased lung ventilation
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616) Carbon monoxide poisoning 624) Why should a pilot turn his attention to the instruments
when approaching on a snowed up, foggy or cloudy
winterday? Because
A is more likely to occur in aeroplanes where the cabin heat is
technically supplied by coating the exhaust A the danger of a "greying out" will make it impossible to
determine the height above the terrain
B is more likely to occur in aeroplanes with twin-engines
because of high engine efficiency B pressure differences can cause the altimeter to give wrong
information
C only occurs in jet-driven aeroplanes
C perception of distance and speed is difficult in an
D occurs only above 15 degrees OAT environment of low contrast
A make the seat-of-the-pants sense feel a decreased pressure 646) What is decompression sickness ?
along the body`s vertical axis
B make the body`s pressure receptors feel an increased A A frequent disorder in commercial aviation due to the
pressure along the body`s vertical axis pressurisation curve of modern aircraft
C first give the impression of climb , then the impression of B A disorder which is solely encountered below 18,000 ft
descent
C The formation of air bubbles in bodily tissues, with no
D make the blood being pooled in the head consequences for people's capabilities
B decreasing A bends
C increasing B chokes
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655) Which of the following statements fits best the concept 651) What are typical consequences of conflicts between
of latent error? crew members?
Latent errors: -1 The quality of work performance decreases as a
result of the
A are mainly associated with the behaviour of front-line impoverishment of communications
operators and are only detected after advanced problem- -2 A decrease in the quality of communications
solving -3 In the case of a crew made up of experts, conflicts
only result in
B rapidly may be detected via their immediate consequences a deterioration in relations between the individuals
on the action in progress -4 A decrease in the usage of available resources on the
flight
C have been present in the system for a certain lenght of time deck
and are difficult to understand as a result of the time lag
between the generation and the occurence of the error The correct statement(s) is (are):
D are rarely made by front-line operators, and are A 1, 2 and 4 are correct
consequently readily identified and detected by the
monitoring, detection and warning links B 2, 3 and 4 are correct
The correct statement(s) is (are): 649) A pilot is prone to get vertigo, as visibility is impaired
(dust, smoke, snow). What is the correct action to
A only 4 is correct prevent vertigo?
B 1 and 4 are correct A Depend on information from the semicircular canals of the
inner ear, because those are the only ones giving correct
information
C 1 and 3 are correct
B Depend on the instruments
D 2 and 3 are correct
C Reduce rate of breathing until all symptoms disappear, then
breathe normal again
652) Vibrations can cause blurred vision.
This is due to tuned resonance oscillations of the: D Concentrate on the vertical speedometer
A optic nerve
B cristalline lens
C photosensitive cells
D eyeballs
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634) Which of the following drawbacks are associated with 644) Contrary to a person's personality, attitudes:
automation ?
1. Reduced competence in manually controlling the
aircraft A are non-evolutive adaptation procedures regardless of the
2. Increased likelihood of slips while programming result of the actions associated with them
automatic
systems B are essentially driving forces behind changes in personality
3. Difficulties in adapting to the use of a sidestick
4. General decrease in technical reliability C Are the product of personal disposition and past experience
with reference to an object or a situation
A 2,3,4
D form part of personality and that, as a result, they cannot be
B 1,3 changed in an adult
C 1,2
643) TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) is:
D 1,4
A the time between the start of hypoxia and death
647) What is the Time of Useful Consciouness ? B the length of time during which an individual can act with
both mental and physical efficiency and alertness;
measured from the moment at which he is exposed to
A The pilot's reaction time when faced with hypoxia hypoxia
B The period of time between the start of hypoxia and the C the time before becoming unconscious at a sudden
moment that the pilot becomes aware of it pressure loss
C The length of time during which an individualcan act with D the time after pressure loss until decompression sickness
both mental and physical efficiency and alertness, sets in
measured from the moment at which he loses his available
oxygen supply
642) Informal roles within a crew
D The time taken to become aware of hypoxia due to gradual
decompression
A characterize inefficient crews
635) Inhaling carbon monoxide can be extremely dangerous B evolve as a result of the interactions that take place among
during flying. crew members
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
C are explicitely set out by the crew
A With increasing altitude the negative effects of carbon
monoxide poisoning will be compensated. D do not impair the captain's influence
C "Flicker-vertigo"
640) Physiological problems due to increasing altitude are
caused by :
D "Oculogravic illusion"
A disorientation
B accelerations
Pagina domande 48 di 85
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639) A pilot, climbing in a non-pressurised aircraft and 575) Affinity to hemoglobin is best with:
without using supplemental oxygen will pass the
"critical threshold" at approximately:
A carbon dioxide
A 38 000 ft
B carbon monoxide
B 22 000 ft
C nitrogen
C 16 000 ft
D oxygen
D 18 000 ft
B Liveware - Environment
A 1 is not correct 2 is correct
D Liveware - Software
C 1 is correct 2 is not correct
C 1,2,3
611) Which of the following applies when alcohol has been
consumed? D 2,3,4,5
B Acute effects of alcohol cease immediately when 100% 584) Someone who has anaemia has:
oxygen is taken
A not enough functional hemoglobin
C Even after the consumption of small amounts of alcohol,
normal cautionary attitudes may be lost
B not enough platelets
D Drinking coffee at the same time will increase the elimination
rate of alcohol C not enough plasma
D carbon monoxide
Pagina domande 49 di 85
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582) Illuminated anti-collision lights in IMC 578) How do you understand the statement 'one cannot not
communicate'?
A will improve the pilots depth perception A You cannot influence your own communication.
B will effect the pilots binocular vision B The statement above is a missprint.
B While decreasing communication, the independence of B nose, pharynx and the external auditory canal
each member bolsters the crew's synergy
C sinuses and the pharynx
C Without taking note of what the other members are doing,
each one does his own thing while at the same time
assuming that everyone is aware of what is being done or
D nasopharynx and the middle ear
what is going on
D The egocentric personality of the captain often leads to a 576) On ascent the gases in the digestive tract will
synergetic cockpit
A expand
580) 'Environmental capture' is a term used to describe
which of the following statements? B stay the same
1.The tendency for a skill to be executed in an
environment in C shrink
which it is frequently exercised, even if it is
inappropriate to do D be absorbed by tissues and blood
so
2.The tendency for a skill acquired in one aircraft type to
be
executed in a new aircraft type, even if it is 589) Autokinesis is
inappropriate to do
so
3. The tendency for people bo behave in different ways
A the automatical adjustment of the crystalline lens to objects
situated at different distances
in different
social situations
4. The gaining of environmental skills
B the apparent movement of a static single light when stared
at for a relatively long period of time in the dark
A 4 is correct
C the phenomenon of spinning lights after the abuse of alcohol
B 1 and 2 are correct D the change in diameter of the pupil, when looking in the dark
D 2 and 3 are correct 574) After a decompression to 43 000 FT the TUC (Time of
Useful Consciousness) will be approximately:
A 5-15 seconds
579) Which statement is correct? Crew decision making is
generally most efficient, if all crew members concerned B 30-45 seconds
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573) Which sensations does a pilot get, when he is rolling 569) The following course of action must be taken if
out of a coordinated level turn? gastrointestinal or cardiopulmonary complaints or pain
arise before take-off :
A Flying straight and level -1 : take the standard medicines and advise the doctor
on
B Climbing returning from the flight
-2 : assess your own ability to fly, if necessary with the
help of a
C Turning into the original direction
doctor
-3 : if in doubt about fitness to fly - do not fly!
D Descending and turning into the opposite direction -4 : reduce the cabin temperature, and drink before you
are thirsty
so as to avoid dehydration
572) Equalization of pressure is limited between the middle
ear and the ambient, when: A 2,3
571) What may be the origins of representation errors ? A Always try to catch outside visual cues.
1. Perception errors
2. The catering for all available information
3. Incorrect information from the observed world
B Rely on good situational awareness believing your natural
senses.
4. The receipt of a bad piece of information
A 3,4
C Rely on the kinaesthetic sense.
B 2,3
D Establish and maintain a good instrument cross check.
C 1,3,4
567) Subcutaneous pressure receptors are stimulated by:
D 1,2
A the pressure created on the corresponding body parts when
sitting, standing or lying down
570) Flying from Frankfurt to Moscow you will have a lay-
over of 4 days. What time measure is relevant for your B a touch on the skin indicating the true vertical
circadian rhythm on the 3. day?
C environmental stressors
A ZT (zonal time).
D the condition of the body itself
B UTC (universal time coordinated).
Pagina domande 51 di 85
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577) What is the main adverse effect of expectations in the 608) Flying immediately after SCUBA diving involves the risk
perception mechanism ? of getting:
610) In terms of decision-making, the intention to become C Be familiar with normal procedures in English since only this
integrated into the team, to be recognised as the leader allows for effective management of any flight's
or to avoid conflicts may lead to : communication.
A an authoritarian approach thus demonstrating ones own D It is necessary and sufficient to have a command of any of
ability to lead the official languages of the ICAO.
Pagina domande 52 di 85
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603) Human errors are frequent and may take several forms : 598) The decision making in emergency situations requires
firstly:
B an violation is an error which is always involuntary B informing ATC thoroughly about the situation
D an error can be described as the mismatch between the D distribution of tasks and crew coordination
pilots intention and the result of his/her actions
A Active listening.
A reduce failures
B Responding with counter-arguments.
B narrow the span of attention
C Staying to the own point of view.
C improve performance
D Giving up the own point of view.
D lead to better decision-making
B 1,4
C Liveware - Hardware
D 2,4
Pagina domande 53 di 85
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593) The needs of an individual lead to : 659) What should a pilot do if he has no information about
the dimensions of the runway and the condition of the
terrain underneath the approach? He should
A prolonged suppression of all basic needs in favour of high
self-actualization A make a visual approach and call the tower for assistance
B a change in the individuals motivation and consequently to
an adaptation of the behaviour B be aware that approaches over water always make the pilot
feel that he is lower than actual height
C preservation from dangers only if social needs are beeing
satisfied C make an instrument approach and be aware of the illusory
effects that can be induced
D no change in his motivation and conrequently to the
persistence of the individuals behaviour in regard to the D be aware that approaches over downsloping terrain will
desired outcome make him believe that he is higher than actual
592) Gases of physiological importance to man are: 601) How can man cope with low error tolerant situations?
A 1,3,4,6 D 1 to 2 minutes
B 1,2,5
727) What is understood by air-sickness?
C 2,3,5,6
C the pupil 726) What does not impair the function of the photosensitive
cells?
D the ciliary body
A Oxygen deficiency
B Acceleration
D Fast speed
Pagina domande 54 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
725) Which part of the vestibular apparatus is responsible for 720) Breathing pure oxygen (without pressure) will be
the impression of angular acceleration? sufficient up to an altitude of:
724) In the alveoli gas exchange takes place (external 719) Which of the following statements concerning hypoxia
respiration). Which gas will diffuse from the blood into is correct?
the lungs?
A It has little effect on the body, because the body can always
A Ambient air. compensate for it.
D Carbon dioxide. D It activates the senses and makes them function better.
723) If someone hyperventilates due to stress his blood will 706) Concentration is essential for pilots.
get:
A All intellectual processes, including very routined ones,
A more alkaline make demands on resources and therefore on one's
concentration
B less satured with oxygen
B However, capacity of concentration is limited
C more satured with carbon dioxide
C It only takes a little willpower to increase one's capacity of
D more acid concentration without limits
721) Flights immediately after SCUBA-diving (compressed D The individual view of safety has gradually replaced the
gas mixtures, bottles) (>10 m depth) systemic view of safety
C Anti-authority
D Impulsivity
Pagina domande 55 di 85
Professione Volare Domande Human Factor
715) The ability of the human eye to read alphanumeric 710) With regard to the level of automation of behaviours in
information (piercing vision): the attention mechanism, we know that :
A is limited to the foveal area of the retina A the more behaviour is automated, the less it requires
conscious attention and thus the more it frees mental
B is limited to daytime using the rod cells resources
A the acid-base balance of the blood will not change 708) Which of the following statements in regard to
motivation is correct?
B the blood pressure in the brain will rise significantly
A Too much motivation may result in hypovigilance and thus in
C the blood turns less more alkaline a decrease in attention
B decompression sickness
657) Decision-making results in:
C creeps
A an objective choice concerning applicable solutions for a
D altitude hypoxia given end
711) We know that transverse accelerations (Gy) C a choice between different solutions for achieving a goal
- 1 : are above all active in turns and pull-outs
- 2 : are present during take-off and landing
- 3 : are rare during routine flights
D a choice always based on the experience of the PIC
- 4 : often lead to loss of consciousness
B 1,4
A altitude decreases
C 2,3
B air pressure increases
D 1,2,3
C relative humidity decreases
D altitude increases
Pagina domande 56 di 85
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740) Which data compose the ICAO standard atmosphere ? 748) What is hypoxia ?
1. Density
2. Pressure
3. Temperature A The respiratory symptom associated with altitude
4. Humidity decompression sickness
751) Hypoxia can be caused by: 747) What are the various means which allow for better error
1. low partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere detection?
when flying at -1 : Improvement of the man-machine interface.
high altitudes without pressurisation and -2 : Development of systems for checking the
supplemental oxygen consistency of
2. a decreased saturation of oxygen in the blood due to situations.
carbon -3 : Compliance with cross-over redundant procedures
monoxide attached to the hemoglobin by the
3. blood pooling in the lower extremities due to inertia (+ crew.
Gz) -4 : Adaptation of visual alarms to all systems.
4. malfunction of the body cells to metabolize oxygen
(i.e. after The correct statement(s) is (are):
a hangover)
A 1and 3
A 1 is false, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
B 2, 3 and 4
B 1, 2, 3 are correct, 4 is false
C 3 and 4
C 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
D 1, 2 and 3
D 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
B is more likely, when the pilot is flying with a respiratory The combination of correct statements is:
infection and during descent
A 2,3 and 4 are correct
C is only caused by large pressure changes during climb
B 1, 2 and 4 are correct
D causes severe pain in the sinuses
C only 1 is correct
749) The cupula in the semicircular canal will be bent, when a D 2 and 3 are correct
rotation begins. This is because
A the cupula will stay in place and give the correct impression
745) "The Bends" as a symptom of decompression sickness
consists of:
B the fluid (endolymph) will preceed the accelerated canal
walls
A pain in the joints
C the cupula will bend on constant angular speeds
B pain in the thorax and a backing cough
D the fluid (endolymph) within the semicircular canal lags
behind the accelerated canal walls C CNS-disturbances
Pagina domande 57 di 85
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744) Air at an altitude of 18.000 feet contains, approximately : 739) You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 45 m)
to a small airfield (runway width 27 m). On reaching your
destination there is a risk of performing a:
A 5% oxygen
A high approach with overshoot
B 15% oxygen
B high approach with undershoot
C 10% oxygen
C low approach with overshoot
D 21% oxygen
D low approach with undershoot
A the acquisition of the visual signal and the accommodation A are bends, chokes, skin manifestations, neurological
process symptoms and circulatory shock
C the analysis of visual signals C can only develop at altitudes of more than 40000 FT
D the acquisition of the visual signal and its coding into D are flatulence and pain in the middle ear
physiological data
Pagina domande 58 di 85
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734) The first effect to be noticed on gradual exposure to 742) In the event of rapid decompression the first action for
high positive radial accelerations is the flight deck crew is:
733) The earth's atmosphere consists of different gases in 669) In order to completely resynchronise with local time
various concentration. Match the following: after zone crossing, circadian rhythms require
731) During running your muscles are producing more CO2, A the oxygen percentage of the air at that altitude will drop by
raising the CO2 level in the blood. The consequence is: one half also
A hyperventilation (the rate and depth of breathing will B the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will be doubled
increase)
C the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will also drop to
B cyanosis 1/2 of the pressure of oxygen at sea level
C hypoxia D the oxygen saturation of the blood at that altitude will drop by
50 % too
D vertigo
Pagina domande 59 di 85
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677) Barodontalgia 673) The 'cocktail party effect' is
A arises only at higher altitudes and after decompression A the ability to drink too much at social gathering
B even arises with healthy teeth B the tendency to believe information that reinforces our
mental model of the world
C arises in combination with a cold and very high rates of
descent C the tendency not to perceive relevant information
D arises especially with irritations of the sensitive tissues D the ability to pick up relevant information unintentionally
close to the root of a tooth
675) What are the communication qualities of a good D 1 is not correct, 2 is correct
briefing?
A good briefing must:
-1 : contain as much information and be as 707) Glaucoma
comprehensive as 1. can lead to total blindness
possible. 2. can lead to undetected reduction of the visual field
-2 : be of a standard type so that it can be reused for 3. reduces visual acuity in its final stage
another flight
of the same type. A 1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false
-3 : be short and precise.
-4 : be understandable to the other crew member(s).
B 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false
The correct statement(s) is (are):
C 1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false
A 2,3 and 4 are correct
D 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B 1 and 2 are correct
C 1, 2 and 4 are correct 670) The use of modern technology applied to glass-cockpit
aircraft has:
D 1 and 4 are correct
A improved man-machine communication as a result of flight
sensations
674) Which scanning technique should be used when flying B facilitated feedback from the machine via more concise data
at night? for communication on the flight deck
A Look to the side (15 - 20 deg) of the object. C considerably improved all the communication facilities of the
crew
B Look directly at the object.
D reduced the scope for non-verbal communication in
C Blink your eyes. interpersonal relations
Pagina domande 60 di 85
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683) A barotrauma of the middle ear is 665) In relation to hypoxia, which of the following
paraphrase(s) is (are) correct?
A an infection of the middle ear caused by rapid A This is a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen to
decompression meet the needs of the body tissues, leading to mental and
muscular disturbances, causing impaired thinking, poor
B an acute or chronic trauma of the middle ear caused by a judgement and slow reactions
difference of pressure on either side of the eardrum
B This is a condition of lacking oxygen in the brain causing the
C a bacterial infection of the middle ear circulatory system to compensate by decreasing the heart
rate.
D a dilatation of the eustachian tube
C Hypoxia is often produced during steep turns when pilots
turn their heads in a direction opposite to the direction in
which the aircraft is turning
668) The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is
21% which
D This is a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen
saturation in the blood while hyperventilating.
A is constant for all altitudes conventional airplanes can reach
B 1,4
666) Which problem may occur, when flying in an
environment of low contrast (fog, snow, darkness,
haze)? C 2,3,4
Under these conditions it is:
D 2
A impossible to detect objects
B no problem to estimate the correct speed and size of 662) Attitudes are defined as:
approaching objects
C improbable to get visual illusions A tendencies to respond to people, institutions or events either
positively or negatively
D difficult to estimate the correct speed and size of
approaching objects B the conditions necessary for carrying out an activity
Pagina domande 61 di 85
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661) The 'Black hole' phenomenon occurs during approaches 703) Hypoxia is a situation in which the cells
at night and over water, jungle or desert. When the pilot
is lacking of visual cues other than those of the
aerodrome there is an illusion of A are saturated with nitrogen
B being too low, flying a steeper approach than normal C have a shortage of carbon dioxide
C being too high and too far away, dropping low and landing D have a shortage of oxygen
short
A 3 and 4
704) Which of the following abilities will not improve efficient
decision making on the cockpit?
B 2 and 4
A Ability to think ahead and specify alternative courses of
action. C 1 and 4
Pagina domande 62 di 85
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700) The rate and depth of breathing is primarily controlled 696) Which statement is correct regarding alcohol in the
by: human body?
A the amount of carbon monoxide in the blood A An increase of altitude decreases the adverse effect of
alcohol.
B the amount of nitrogen in the blood
B When drinking coffee, the human body metabolizes alcohol
at a faster rate than normal.
C the total atmospheric pressure
C Judgement and decision making can be affected even by a
D the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood small amount of alcohol.
A 3,4
B 1,4
C 2,3
D 1,2
Pagina domande 63 di 85
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692) Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ? 688) The carcinogen (a substance with the ability to produce
- 1: The retina has rods on its peripheral zone and cones modifications in cells which develop a cancer) in the
on its bronchi of the lungs is
central zone
- 2: The retina has cones and the crystalline lens has A lead
rods
- 3: The rods allow for night-vision B tar
- 4: The cones are located on the peripheral zone of the
retina
C nicotine
A 2,3
D carbon monoxide
B 4
C report its malfunction D controlling the rate and depth of breathing, breathing into a
bag or speaking with a loud voice
D report the deviation
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684) Which of the following are the most favourable solutions 444) Which of the following solutions represent antidotes to
to manage phases of reduced or low vigilance conflicts ?
(hypovigilance)? 1. Seeking arbitration
1. Healthy living 2. Actively listening to other people
2. Use of amphetamines 3. Abandoning facts so as to move the conversation to a
3. Reducing the intensity of the light more emotional level
4. Organising periods of rest during the flight 4. Becoming aware of cultural influences
A 1,4 A 2,3,4
B 1,2 B 2,4
C 1,3 C 1,2,4
D 3,4 D 1,2,3
D 75 ml of air
434) A pilot, accelerating or decelerating in level flight may
get:
441) Which of the following statements is correct?
A the feeling of rotation The blood-pressure which is measured during flight
medical checks is the pressure
B the illusion to turn
A in the veins of the upper arm
C the impression of stationary objects moving to the right or
left B in the artery of the upper arm (representing the pressure at
heart level)
D the illusion of climbing or descending
C in all the blood-vessels of the body (representing the
pressure in the whole body)
445) Presbyopia is:
D in the mussles of the upper arm
B short sightedness
C myopia
Pagina domande 65 di 85
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440) Henry's Law explains the occurence of: 435) Decompression sickness may occur as from :
- 1: an altitude of more than 18,000 ft
- 2 : an altitude of more than 5,500 ft
A hyperventilation - 3 : a rate of climb of more than 500 ft/min exceeding
18,000 ft
B hypoxia - 4 : a temperature of more than 24°C
D diffusion B 2,4
C 1,3
439) The risk of a barotrauma of the middle ear is more likely
to occur D 2,3
438) An overstressed pilot may show the following C the sensation during a radial acceleration of seeing a fixed
symptoms: reference point moving into the opposite direction of the
1. mental blocks, confusion and channelized attention acceleration
2. resignation, frustration, rage
3. deterioration in motor coordination D a conflict between the visual system and bodily sensations
4. high pitch voice and fast speaking
A 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct 433) Which of the following statements best characterise a
synergetic cockpit?
B 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false 1. Decisions are taken by the captain, but prepared by
the crew
C 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false 2. There is little delegating of tasks
3. Communications are few in number but precise and
D 1and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false geared purely to the flight
4. Fluid, consensual boundaries exist in regard to
leadership-style, which fluctuate between authority and
laissez-faire
437) The semicircular canals of the inner ear monitor
A 1,4
A gravity
B 1,3,4
B angular accelerations
C 2,3
C movements with constant speeds
D 2,4
D relative speed and linear accelerations
Pagina domande 66 di 85
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431) Habits and routine can influence decision-making in a 427) Using a checklist prior start is a contribution to
way that:
A one always wants to see previous experience confirmed by A workload, because using checklists will increase the pilot´s
new decisions workload prior take-off
D a tendency to select the most familiar solution first and D stress, because time pressure prior take-off is always
foremost, sometimes to the detriment of achieving the best present
possible result
A lungs
A It activates resources stored in memory
B heart
B It has very little immediate effect on vigilance and attention
C muscles
C It increases vigilance for a longer period than stress itself,
but may focus attention
D central nervous system
D It reduces vigilance and focusses attention
B 2 , 3 and 4 are correct 458) Which of the following responses lists most of the
common hazardous thought patterns (attitudes) for
C 3 and 4 are correct pilots to develop?
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566) If you are subjected to an illusion during night flying 464) What is meant by metabolism ?
you should:
B scan the surroundings B Exchange of substances between the lung and the blood
C use your oxygen mask C The transformation by which energy is made available for
the uses of the organism
D continue on instruments D Information exchange
468) The eustachian tube serves for the pressure 463) Which of the following could a pilot experience when he
equalization between is hyperventilating?
1. Dizziness
A frontal, nose and maxillary sinuses 2. Muscular spasms
3. Visual disturbances
B middle ear and external atmosphere 4. Cyanosis
C sinuses of the nose and external atmosphere A 1,2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false
D nose and pharyngeal cavity and external atmosphere B 1 is false, all others are correct
A 4 A hyperventilation
Pagina domande 68 di 85
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459) Long-term memory is an essential component of the 454) The phenomenon of accommodation, which enables a
pilot's knowledge and expertise. clear image to be obtained, is accomplished by which of
the following ?
A The recovery of information from long-term memory is
immediate and easy A The cones
C 2,3,4
D 1,2,3
Pagina domande 69 di 85
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449) The vestibular organ 397) Which of the following human error rates can be
described as both realistic and pretty good, after
methodical training
A reacts to linear/angular acceleration and gravity
A 1 in 100 times
B gives the impression of hearing
B 1 in 1000 times
C reacts to pressure changes in the middle ear
C 1 in 10000 times
D reacts to vibrations of the cochlea
D 1 in 100000 times
A speed
A visual acuity
B working memory capacity
B binocular vision
C independancy from attention
C colour vision
D flexibility
D detecting moving objects
B 10-15 seconds B High and low blood pressure as well as a poor condition of
the circulatory system.
C 3-4 minutes
C High blood pressure only.
D 5 minutes or more
D Blood pressure problems cannot occur in aircrew because
they always can be treated by in-flight medication.
D Euphoria, headache, improvement in judgement, loss of C will increase as a result of the increase of technical
consciousness dissemination of information
A Disengagement of the co-pilot 393) What are easily observable indications of stress?
B Inversion of authority
A Rising of the blood pressure, pupils narrowing, stabbing
pain around the heart.
C Lack of communication
B Perspiration, flushed skin, dilated pupils, fast breathing.
D Appearance of agressiveness
C Lowering of the blood pressure.
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392) When spinning an aircraft, the predominating type of 401) Please mark the counter-measure a pilot can use against
acceleration will be a barotrauma of the middle ear (aerotitis).
D vertical acceleration D Stop descending, climb again and then descend with
reduced sink rate
390) Which of the folllowing statements concerning D alarm phase - resistance phase - exhaustion phase
barotrauma are correct? They are:
D due to pressure differentials between gases in hollow C a statistical model based on observation of human decision-
cavities of the body and the ambient pressure making
A a decrease in the amount of resources mobilized to face the 384) The barometric pressure has dropped to 1/2 of the
situation pressure at sea level at
388) The person with overall responsibility for the flight is the
-1 Pilot in Command
383) You suffered a rapid decompression without the
-2 Co-pilot
appearance of any decompression sickness symptoms.
-3 Navigator
How long should you wait until your next flight?
-4 Air traffic controller
A 1 and 2 B 12 hours
B 2 and 3 C 24 hours
C 4 D 36 hours
D 1
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382) With regard to central vision, which of the following 378) One negative aspect of the highly automated cockpit
statements are correct ? results in :
-1: It is due to the functioning of rods
-2: It enables details, colours and movement to be seen A pilots disregarding the automatic equipment
-3: Its very active both during the day and at night
-4: It represents a zone where about 150.000 cones per B constantly high crew overload with regard to the monitoring
mm are tasks
located to give high resolution capacity
C less experienced crews because of more transparent
A 1,2,4 system details
C 1,3
389) Smoking cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood
D 2,4 to carry oxygen. This is because:
379) When flying at night the first sense to be affected by a B unconsciousness, black-out, tunnel vision and grey out.
slight degree of hypoxia is the
C black-out, grey-out, tunnel vision and unconsciousness.
A sense of balance
D grey-out, unconsciousness, black-out and tunnel vision
B proprioceptive sensitivity
C vision
421) An excessive need for safety
D cochlea
A guarantees the right decision making in critical situations
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420) The performance of the man machine system is above 415) The impression of an apparent movement of light
all : when stared at for a relatively long period of time in the
dark is called
A a balanced combination between someone actively engaged
in his work and automated systems which serve to control A "oculogyral illusion"
the pilot's workload
B "oculografic illusion"
B a combination which must make the pilot available for the
sphere in which he is most qualified, namely checking
departures from the normal operating range C "autokinesis"
C a combination in which the pilot must keep the main D "white out"
repetitive tasks and automated systems under his control in
line with rule-based behaviour
414) The negative (radial) acceleration of an airplane affects
D a combination which is based on decreasing the pilot's the sitting pilot with inertia along :
workload and increasing his time for supervision
A the transverse body axis to the right
419) The metabolisation of alcohol B the transverse body axis to the left
417) The transfer of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood can
A experienced pilots are less routine-minded than young pilots
because they know that routine causes mistakes
be discribed by:
B task for task, an expert's workload is greater than a novice's
A Boyle's Law one
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400) What seem to be the main roles of deep sleep ? 407) With regard to the average influence of age on pilot
performance, it may be said that age:
A It is confined to physical recuperation associated with fatigue A has a major impact owing to the impairment of memory
B Its main role is associated with activities of memory B increases in impact as speed of thought and memory
activities and restoration of attention capabilities deteriorate
410) The human performance is generally 406) The effect of hypoxia to vision
A better when relaxed, independent of the period of day A can only be detected when smoking tobacco
B better very early in the morning B does not depend on the level of illumination
409) Concerning the relation between performance and 405) Whilst flying a coordinated turn, most of your activity is
stress, which of the following statement(s) is (are)
correct?
A rule based behaviour
A A well trained pilot is able to eleminate any kind of stress
completely when he is scheduled to fly. B skill based behaviour
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402) The type of hypoxia, which occurs at altitude is a 538) How can you determine if a person is suffering from a
explained by: barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose (aerosinusitis) or
the middle ear (aerotitis) ?
A Henry´s law
A There is no difference
B Graham´s law
B Hearing difficulties will normally accompany aerotitis
C Dalton´s law
C Aerosinusitis will never develop during descent
D Boyle Mariotte´s law
D Barotrauma of the middle ear will not effect hearing
413) The following occurs in man if the internal body B temperature in the cockpit will increase
temperature increases to 38°C :
C pressure differentials will suck air into the cabin
A impairment of physical and mental performance
D nitrogen gas bubbles can be released in the body fluids
B apathy causing gas embolism, bends and chokes
C considerable dehydration
535) How can a pilot avoid automation complacency?
D nothing signifiant happens at this temperature. The first
clinical signs only start to appear at 39°C A Nothing, because it is system-inherent
C this lowers the ability requirement in pilot selection 534) Barotrauma of the middle ear most likely will occur
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533) What airplane equipment marked a subtantial decrease 542) Of the following statements concerning the effects of
in hull loss rates in the eighties? circadian rhythms on performance, we know that :
A 1 is false and 2 is correct 527) With regard to communication in a cockpit, we can say
that:
B both are false
A communication uses up resources, thus limiting the
resources allocated to work in progress
C 1 and 2 are correct
B communication is always sufficiently automated to enable an
D 1 is correct and 2 is false activity with a high workload element to be carried out at the
same time
531) Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily to be expected C communication is only effective if messages are kept short
when : and sufficiently precise to limit their number
A stress is medium
D all the characteristics of communication, namely output,
duration, precision, clarity, etc. are stable and are not much
affected by changes in workload
B stress and motivation are medium
D stress is high
A atmospheric perspective
B is a shock
525) The level of automation of behaviour-patterns facilitates
C are neurological damages to the CNS the saving of resources and therefore of attention. On
the other hand, it may result in :
D are the bends
A errors in selecting an appropriate plan of action
C Henry's Law 524) When flying above 10.000 feet hypoxia arises because:
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523) Situations particularly vulnerable to "reversion to an 469) As a result of automation in cockpits,
earlier behaviour pattern" are :
1. when concentration on a particular task is relaxed
2. when situations are characterised by medium A coordination between the members is facilitated by the
workload provision of more precise and more important information
3. when situations are characterised by stress
B communication and coordination have clearly improved in
A 2. and 3. man-man and man-machine relations
B 1. and 3.
C communication and coordination call for an even greater
effort on the part of the crew members
D 3.
530) When turning in IMC , head movements should be
avoided as much as possible. This is a prevention
522) Errors which occur during highly automated actions against:
may result from :
1. the capture of a poor action subprogram A oculogyral illusion
2. a mistake in the decision making process
3. the application of a poor rule B pressure vertigo
4. an action mode error
A C coriolis illusion
1,4
D autokinesis
B 1,2
C 3,4
552) With regard to the humidity of air in current in a
pressurized cabin, we know that it :
D 2,3,4
-1 : varies between 40 and 60%
-2 : varies between 5 and 15%
-3 : may cause dehydration effecting the performance of
521) The acquisition of expertise comprises three stages ( the crew
Anderson model): -4 : has no special effects on crew members
520) An autocratic cockpit is described by : 563) Pre-thought action plans may be said to:
-1 : ease access to information which may be necessary.
-2 : sensitize and prepare for a possible situation to
A Each of the members chooses what job to do without telling come.
the others and in the belief that everyone is aware of what he -3 : be readily interchangeable and can therefore be
is doing reformulated
at any time during the flight.
B The atmosphere is relaxed thanks to a captain who leaves -4 : define a framework and a probable strategy for the
complete freedom to the various members of the crew encountered situation.
C The captain's excessive authority cosiderably reduces The combination of correct statements is:
communications and consequently the synergy and
cohesion of the crew A 1, 2 and 3 are correct
D Despite the overly strong authority of the captain, everything
B 2 and 4 are correct
functions correctly owing to his natural leadership
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562) A pilot is skilled when he : 558) The following can be observed when the internal body
-1 : trains or practises regularly temperature falls below 35°C :
-2 : knows how to manage himself/herself
-3 : possesses all the knowledge associated with his A shivering, will tend to cease, and be followed by the onset of
aircraft apathy
-4 : knows how to keep resources in reserve for coping
with the B the appearance of intense shivering
unexpected
C mental disorders, and even coma
A 1,2
D profuse sweating
B 2, 3,4
C 1,2,4
557) The intensity of a sound is measured in
D 1,2,3,4
A hertz
561) Carbon monoxide in the human body can lead to: B cycles per second
1. loss of muscular power
2. headache C curies
3. impaired judgement
4. pain in the joints D decibels
5. loss of consciousness
A 1, 2, 3, 4 are correct
556) The chemical composition of the earth´s atmosphere (I
C A O standard atmosphere) is
B 1, 2 , 3 and 5 are correct
A 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, 0,9 % carbon dioxide, 0,03 %
C 1, 2 and 4 are correct argon
D 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false B 78 % nitrogen, 28 % oxygen, 0,9 % carbon dioxide, 0,03 %
argon
D Communication must take priority over any other flight B It is to be found in the smoke of cigarettes lifting up a
activity under all circumstances smoker's "physiological altitude".
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553) The respiratory process consists mainly of 549) Carbon monoxide is always present in the exhaust
gases of engines. If a pilot is exposed to carbon
monoxide, which of the following responses is correct?
A the diffusion of oxygen through the respiratory membranes
into the blood, transportation to the cells, diffusion into the A Carbon monoxide can only affect pilots if they are exposed
cells and elimination of carbon dioxide from the body to them for a long period of time.
B the transportation of oxygen to the cell and the elimination of B When exposed to carbon monoxide for a long period of time,
carbon monoxide the body will adapt to it and no adverse physical effects are
experienced
C the transportation of oxygen to the cell and the elimination of
nitrogen
C A short exposure to relatively high concentrations of carbon
monoxide can seriously affect a pilot´s ability to operate an
D the transportation of carbon dioxide to the cell and aircraft.
elimination of oxygen
D Carbon monoxide is easily recognised by odour and taste.
A 2,4 and 5 are correct C where the optic nerves come together with the pupil
B 1,4 and 5 are correct D the area of best day vision and best night vision
A General intelligence.
C It should be formulated subjectively and personally ('I'
instead of 'one')
B Friendliness.
D It should be actual and specify in regard to the concerned
C Assertiveness. situation
D Competitiveness.
546) Mark the two most important attributes for a positive
leadership style:
(1) dominant behaviour
550) What does the 'End Deterioration Effect'('Home-itis')
(2) examplary role-behaviour
mean?
(3) mastery of communication skills
(4) "Laissez-faire" behaviour
A The breakdown of crew coordination due to interpersonal
tensions between captain and co-pilot
A 2 and 4
B The tendency to sudden, imperceptible errors shortly before
the end of a flight B 2 and 3
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545) Linear accelleration when flying straight and level in 554) Among the functions below, which is the most sensitive
IMC may give the illusion of: to hypoxia?
A descending A Speech.
D climbing D Hearing.
544) A pilot can be described as being proficient, when 481) During the cruising phase of a short-haul flight the
he/she: captain starts to smoke a cigarette in the cockpit. The
flying copilot asks him to stop smoking because he is a
A has automated a large part of the necessary flight deck non-smoker. The captain tells him: 'This is your
routine operations in order to free his/her cognitive resources problem', and continues smoking. What should the
copilot do?
B is able to reduce his/her arousal to a low level during the
entire flight A He should report the chief pilot about this behaviour of the
captain
C knows how to invest the maximum resources in the
automation of tasks in real time B He should not further discuss this issue but should come
back to this conflict during the debriefing
D is capable of maintaining a high level of arousal during a
great bulk of the flight C He should learn to accept the captain smoking cigarettes in
the cockpit
543) Which statement is correct? D He should repeat his worries about smoking in the cockpit
1. Smokers have a greater chance of suffering from and should argue with the captain about this problem until
coronary heart disease the conflict is solved
2. Smoking tobacco will raise the individuals
pysiological altitude
during flight 492) Alcohol, even when taken in minor quantities
3. Smokers have a greater chance of decreasing ung
cancer
A can make the brain cells to be more susceptible to hypoxia
A 1,2 and 3 are correct
B will stimulate the brain, making the pilot resistant to hypoxia
B 1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false
C will have no effect at all
C 1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false
D may improve the mental functions, so that the symptoms of
D 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false hypoxia are much better to be identified
A Only 2 and 3 are correct C it is structurally limited in terms of storage time but not in
terms of capacity
B 1,2,3,4 and 5 are correct D its mode of storing information is passive, making memory
searches effective
C 1and 5 are both false
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490) Which of the following provides the basis of all 485) Positive linear accelleration when flying in IMC may
perceptions? cause a false sensation of:
B is only caused by the flying sport, not by the diving sport A Heterostasis
D Homeostasis
486) When you stare at a single light against the dark (f.e. an
isolated star) you will find the light appears to move
after some time. This phenomenon is called: 495) The group of tiny bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup)
are situated in
A autokinetic phenomenon
A the middle ear
B black hole illusion
B the inner ear
C coriolis illusion
C the outer ear
D leans
D the maxillary sinus
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480) Changes in blood-pressure are measured by: 475) What are the three phases of General Adaptation
Syndrome ?
C pacemakers
C Alert, resistance, performance.
479) At what altitude ("threshold for compensatory 474) Of the following statements, select those which apply to
reactions") does the human organism start with "information".
remarkable measures to compensate for the drop in pO2 -1 : It is said to be random when it is not intended for
when climbing? receivers.
At about: -2 : It is intended to reduce uncertainty for the receiver.
-3 : It is measured in bits.
A 6000-7000 FT -4 : Each bit of information reduces uncertainty by a
quarter.
B 8000-9000 FT
The correct statement(s) is (are):
C 9000-10000 FT
A 2,3 and 4 are correct
D 10000-12000 FT
B only 1 is correct
B to transport oxygen
473) A shining light is fading out (i. e. when flying into fog,
dust or haze). What kind of sensation could the pilot get?
C to participate in the process of coagulation of the blood
A The light source will make the pilot believe, that he is
D the cellular defense of the organism climbing
A depending on the active transportation of nitrogen into the D The source of light is approaching him with increasing speed
alveoli
B 1 is correct, 2 is false
C 1 is false, 2 is correct
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483) Learning is called each lasting change of behaviour due 513) When exhaling, the expired air contains:
to
C practice and experience C more carbon dioxide than the inspired air
505) How can a pilot prevent "pilots-vertigo"? 512) What is the "Time of Useful Consciousness" for a rapid
decompression at 25,000 ft ?
A Practise an extremely fast scanning technique using off- A Between 25 seconds and 1 minute 30 seconds
center vision.
B About 30 seconds
B Use the autopilot and disregard monitoring the instruments.
C Between 3 and 5 minutes depending on the physical
C Maintain orientation on outside visual references as long as activities of the subjected pilot
possible and rely upon the senses of balance..
D About 18 seconds
D Avoid steep turns and abrupt flight maneouvers and
maintain an effective instrument cross check.
A 1 - 1.5 hours a day B When detecting, that an automated behaviour will no longer
lead to the intended outcome
B 2 - 2.5 hours a day
C Failure of all the known rules
B the Captain delegates the decision making process to other C internal respiration
crew members
D external respiration
C decisions do not need to be discussed because of a
common synergy between the crew members
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508) The following may occur during gradual 503) What is the name for the sensation of rotation occuring
depressurisation between 12,000 and 18,000 ft : during flight and which is caused by multiple irritation of
several semicircular canals at the same time?
A a rapid decrease in blood pressure which will lead to
headache and also to a loss of coordination A "Pilot's" Vertigo.
D only be tailored to the type of aircraft, regardless of current 500) Check the following statements:
MCC procedures 1. The first information received determines how
subsequent
information will be evaluated.
494) How can the process of learning be facilitated? 2. If one has made up one's mind, contradictory
information may
not get the attention it really needs.
A By punishing the learner for unsuccessful trials 3. With increasing stress, channelizing attention is
limiting the flow
B By reinforcing errors of information to the central decision maker (CNS).
A the only sense a pilot can rely on, when flying in IMC
499) In the short-term-memory, information is stored for
B not suitable for spatial orientation when outside visual approximately
references are lost
A a couple of days
C only to be used by experienced pilots with the permission to
fly in IMC
B 20 seconds
D useful for instrument and contact flight
C 5 minutes
D 1 hour
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498) Which of the following errors occur at rules-based level
?
1.Omission
2.The application of a poor rule
3. Attentional capture
4. The poor application of a good rule
A 1,2
B 3,4
C 1,3
D 2,4
C semicircular canals
A Oxygen diffusion from the lungs into the blood does not
depend on partial oxygen pressure.
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