Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Volume 68
Number 12
United States
Department of Justice
Federal Bureau of
Investigation
Washington, DC
20535-0001
Louis J. Freeh
Director
Contributors' opinions and
statements should not be
Features
considered an endorsement by
the FBI for any policy, program,
or service.
The Attorney General has
determined that the publication Law enforcement officers must become
of this periodical is necessary in Building International Cases
the transaction of the public
business required by law. Use of
By Stephen P. Cutler 1 familiar with the methods available to
gather evidence abroad and bring
funds for printing this periodical international criminals to justice.
has been approved by the
Director of the Office of
Management and Budget. Understanding Subjects By better understanding the
The FBI Law Enforcement
Bulletin (ISSN-0014-5688) is
with Paranoid Schizophrenia 8 characteristics of individuals with
paranoid schizophrenia, officers may
published monthly by the By Kris Mohandie
peacefully resolve potentially violent
Federal Bureau of Investigation, and James E. Duffy
935 Pennsylvania Avenue, situations.
N.W., Washington, D.C.
20535-0001. Periodical postage Vehicle Stops Involving Traffic stops are never routine, but when
paid at Washington, D.C., and
additional mailing offices.
Postmaster: Send address
Extremist Group Members 18 they involve members of extremist
groups, they could prove deadly.
changes to Editor, FBI Law By James Kobolt
Enforcement Bulletin, FBI
Academy, Madison Building,
Room 209, Quantico, VA 22135.
Editor
John E. Ott Departments
Managing Editor
Kim Waggoner
Associate Editors
Glen Bartolomei
Cynthia L. Lewis 6 Bulletin Reports 24 FBI Leadership
Bunny S. Morris BJS Web Site Guide Fellows Program
Art Director Task Force Training
Brian K. Parnell
Weed and Seed Evaluation 25 1999 Subject Index
Assistant Art Director
Denise B. Smith
Staff Assistant 17 Book Review 28 1999 Author Index
Linda W. Szumilo Official Negligence
Internet Address
leb@fbiacademy.edu
Cover photos
© Don Ennis, © Mark C. Ide
December 1999 / 1
“ ...law enforcement
officers must
become familiar
with the methods
Criminal Police Organization, more
commonly known as INTERPOL.
Federal agents can use INTERPOL
or send a request through their
agency’s representative in the U.S.
embassy. The attachés from the
available to gather FBI, DEA, and U.S. Customs Ser-
evidence abroad and vice, as well as agents from the U.S.
bring international Secret Service and the U.S. Depart-
criminals to justice. ment of State, posted at various
U.S. embassies abroad, can help
”
both national and international of-
Special Agent Cutler is detailed from the FBI’s ficers obtain international police-
International Relations Branch to INTERPOL’s to-police assistance. These agen-
U.S. National Central Bureau in Washington, DC. cies overcome the language
barriers and can best determine the
most appropriate authority to pro-
evidence, even if only done by already have been convicted, for- vide the assistance needed. How-
telephone. eign law enforcement agencies may ever, if the foreign country’s police
How can law enforcement of- be able to expel fugitives, or stop can help with an investigation but
ficers negotiate these foreign ob- them from entering the country alto- not on a police-to-police basis,
stacles? Whether they use informal, gether and send them back to the agencies can use more formal
police-to-police assistance or more country from which they departed. procedures—specifically, mutual
formal procedures, law enforce- The police-to-police assistance assistance, multilateral treaties, let-
ment officers must become familiar available from other countries may ters rogatory, executive agree-
with the methods available to gather depend on the type of criminal case ments, and extradition.
evidence abroad and bring interna- involved. Most countries require
tional criminals to justice. “dual criminality,” where their po- Mutual Assistance
lice can assist police of another In the United States, mutual as-
Police-to-Police Assistance country only if the conduct in ques- sistance refers to the act of obtain-
Police-to-police assistance cov- tion constitutes a crime in both ing evidence through another
ers any investigative work that of- countries. For instance, a dual- country’s compulsory process (e.g.,
ficers legally can perform in their criminality country whose law via subpoena, search warrant, or
own countries, without a court or- has not yet made laundering of court order). To succeed, mutual as-
der, on behalf of foreign police. Just proceeds from extortion, fraud, or sistance requests to other countries
as police from one jurisdiction may other offenses illegal cannot help need the local prosecutor’s active
help those in another throughout the U.S. law enforcement investigate involvement. The U.S. Department
United States, police in other coun- these types of crime. Generally, if of Justice, Criminal Division, Of-
tries may provide assistance, de- police in another country cannot as- fice of International Affairs (OIA)
pending on their countries’ laws. sist with certain types of crime, they also must participate. Trial attor-
Thus, in some countries, law en- make it known at the onset of the neys from the OIA handle all U.S.
forcement organizations can inter- investigation. requests for foreign evidence re-
view voluntary witnesses and con- For a police-to-police assis- quiring compulsory process in the
duct other routine investigation tance request, state and local law requested country. This office also
with little difficulty. In some in- enforcement simply can forward a coordinates the collection of evi-
stances, particularly if fugitives request through the International dence in the United States for other
“
MLAT may obligate one treaty par- 130 countries, including the United
ticipant to use the requesting States, have ratified this treaty. The
country’s legal procedures in ex- Vienna Convention covers not only
ecuting a request. For example, an The types of drug offenses but associated money
MLAT can provide that the re- mutual assistance laundering and asset forfeiture
quested country will authenticate available...depend cases, as well. However, a country’s
documents (i.e., certify them) using on each country’s assistance will depend on their laws
the requesting country’s proce- in these areas.
dures. This can facilitate the admis-
laws.... The Hague Convention on the
Civil Aspect of International Child
”
sibility of relevant foreign docu-
ments, for instance, Swiss bank Abduction may prove useful to in-
records in a U.S. trial. Terms of the vestigators in parental kidnapping
MLATs often help agencies obtain The OIA signs the MLAT re- cases. It provides the means for re-
information from foreign banks that quest and transmits it with a transla- turning a child to the custodial par-
may have more restrictive mecha- tion, if necessary, directly to the ent if the child has been wrongfully
nisms on account information. Ad- central authority of the requested removed from the United States and
ditionally, an MLAT may provide country, usually in the Ministry of taken to, or retained in, another
assurances of confidentiality, ad- Justice. The requested country country that also has signed this
missibility of evidence, and oppor- sends the evidence to the OIA, convention. The OIA and the State
tunities for both sides to confront which forwards it to the prosecutor. Department’s Office of Citizens
the witnesses for depositions. An Upon receipt, agencies making the Consular Services represent the
MLAT may provide for the transfer request should immediately com- best sources of guidance in using
of witnesses who are in custody, pare the evidence with their request the provisions of this convention.
December 1999 / 3
Letters Rogatory country’s Ministry of Foreign Af- these agreements, officers should
If police need evidence from a fairs. This office then relays the let- request foreign evidence as soon as
country that has not yet established ter to its Ministry of Justice, which possible. Congress addressed this
an MLAT with the United States or forwards it to the prosecutor and time-management issue in the Com-
for an offense that the appropriate police, who execute it. Evidence prehensive Crime Control Act of
MLAT or convention does not obtained in the execution of a letter 1984 and created Title 18, U.S.
cover, they must fall back on an rogatory returns to the United States Code, Section 3292. This law al-
ancient international procedure through the same channels. In most lows a court to extend the statute of
called a letter rogatory. This “letter” countries, letters rogatory can take limitations for up to 3 years to se-
from a court requests that a court in 6␣ months or longer to produce re- cure evidence from a foreign coun-
another country use its compulsory quested evidence, making them less try. This only applies if the United
process to obtain evidence needed efficient and generally slower than States has made an official request
for a criminal or civil matter. Al- MLAT requests. to that country, and the country rea-
though the requested country has no sonably appears to have evidence of
“
obligation to assist, it usually does an offense. After indictment, how-
so as a matter of comity (i.e., an ever, Title 18, U.S. Code, Section
international favor). Some coun- 3161(h)(9) allows a court to ex-
tries will only execute foreign let- Investigators clude only up to 1 year of time to
ters rogatory if the requesting coun- should think of obtain foreign evidence under the
try can reciprocate. Typically, the alternatives to Speedy Trial Act .
letter rogatory is executed using the extradition, such
requested country’s procedure for Extradition
gathering evidence. For instance,
as deportation or Today, it seems that wanted
when obtaining documents for the exclusion from the persons travel from country to
United States, authorities from a other nation under country with virtually the same ease
foreign country may seize them immigration laws. that criminals travel from state to
from a bank as they would for use in state. This poses unique challenges
”
their own criminal investigations. to law enforcement officers trying
U.S. authorities generally would to bring criminals to justice. While
use a subpoena. such organizations as INTERPOL
U.S. prosecutors work with Executive Agreements can disseminate wanted-person in-
OIA to draft the letter rogatory in In some cases, the police can formation quickly, the actual legal
accordance with the requested use executive agreements to obtain process of arresting and return-
country’s requirements. Because a evidence from specific countries. ing fugitives can become lengthy
letter rogatory is a request by a For example, the United States has and complex.
court, the prosecutor must present it an executive agreement with Co- The term “provisional arrest”
to a U.S. judge or magistrate for lombia that defines terms when evi- applies to the mechanism for imme-
signature with a motion, a memo- dence will be shared. Other agree- diate arrest pending submission of a
randum in support, and a proposed ments address tax, customs, and formal extradition request and sup-
order. If the letter must be trans- asset-sharing issues. The proce- porting documents. This is reserved
lated, the prosecutor’s office must dures and contents of requests un- for urgent cases and imposes time
incur this expense. der executive agreements are simi- limits as well as the possibility of
OIA transmits the letter roga- lar to MLAT requests but remain release on bail for the subject.
tory through the State Department more limited in scope. Extradition, on the other hand,
and the appropriate U.S. embassy Because of the time involved in is the return of fugitives to the juris-
for delivery to the requested requesting evidence under any of diction in which they are wanted.
December 1999 / 5
Bulletin Reports
December 1999 / 7
Understanding
Subjects with
Paranoid
Schizophrenia
By KRIS MOHANDIE, Ph.D.,
and JAMES E. DUFFY
T hroughout their careers, law they dislike the side effects or can- SYMPTOMS
enforcement officers may not afford the medication. Some in- A variety of symptoms charac-
encounter individuals who dividuals may deny their illness al- terize a person living with paranoid
have paranoid schizophrenia. Some together. At this point, they become schizophrenia. Generally, these
of these individuals may not have a at risk for committing violent acts, symptoms are present in individuals
home and may actually live on the which may bring them into contact who remain untreated or unrespon-
street. They may dress in layers of with law enforcement. sive to their medication. All of the
shabby clothing and have poor per- Law enforcement first respond- symptoms of paranoid schizophre-
sonal hygiene; but contrary to this ers and negotiators must understand nia cause major social or occupa-
outward appearance, many of these individuals diagnosed with para- tional dysfunction, and experts can-
people are harmless. Fortunately, noid schizophrenia by learning the not explain the symptoms by some
doctors can prescribe medication to characteristics they may exhibit. other disorder, such as drug abuse
treat most phases of schizophrenia. This understanding will help offi- or a medical condition. Individuals
However, individuals with schizo- cers respond to these individuals with schizophrenia will have two or
phrenia may refuse or ignore their and peacefully resolve conflicts more of the following characteristic
prescribed medications because with them. symptoms, each of which exists for
December 1999 / 9
available treatments are antipsy- firmly believed that none existed.9 violent, unpredictable, and danger-
chotic medications. These medica- However, recent research demon- ous adversaries for law enforce-
tions can cause such side effects as strates that the prevalence of self- ment. When individuals possess all
involuntary movements of the reported violence among those with of these elements, law enforcement
tongue, jaw, trunk, and extremities, schizophrenia remains 5 times faces the problem of trying to con-
which require additional prescrip- higher than those with no disorder trol a person who feels directed to
tions to control. In addition to tak- and that schizophrenia remains 3 complete a “task” and, at the same
ing this medication, people with times higher in jail and prison time, due to paranoia, has become
these disorders may need outpatient samples than in general population totally distrustful of any police
therapy or inpatient hospitali- samples.10 In particular, those who involvement.
zation, placement in group homes actively experience psychotic Those subjects who believe that
or board-and-care facilities, or re- symptoms, such as delusions and other people intend to harm them
quire institutionalization. hallucinations, are involved with may make a “preemptive strike” to
In fact, prior to the 1960s, doc- violent behavior at rates several keep themselves safe, while others
tors often institutionalized patients times higher than members of may have “command hallucina-
with schizophrenia. However, this the general population with no tions” (i.e., they hear voices) that
pattern began to reverse in the disorders.11 tell them to harm others. Further,
1970s due to the advent of antipsy- certain delusional beliefs may com-
“
chotic medication, changing atti- pel individuals to commit illegal
tudes of individuals toward people acts that can escalate into confron-
with mental illness, revelations tations with law enforcement.
about poor conditions at hospitals, At least 1 to 2 These subjects’ actions challenge
and concerns about costs. This pat- people out of law enforce-ment’s resourcefulness
tern accelerated in the 1980s and 100 will be to prevent acts of possible violence
continues today. 7 While many diagnosed with or long, drawn-out confrontations.
people with schizophrenia can live schizophrenia at
more normal lives in the 1990s, a Case Examples
lack of funding for community-
some point in Recently, several violent inci-
based care has led a number of these their lives. dents have occurred involving law
enforcement and individuals diag-
”
individuals to deteriorate and lapse
into behavior that law enforcement nosed with paranoid schizophrenia.
now must address. Experts estimate In Washington, DC, on July 24,
that more than one-half of all people If present, several factors or ac- 1998, a man killed two U.S. Capitol
with schizophrenia receive inad- tivities may elevate the risk of vio- police officers. The suspect report-
equate therapy, while fewer than 30 lence. The most common of these is edly believed that he had been
percent get appropriate medication. alcohol abuse and illicit drug use. cloned at birth, that he had invented
Some mental health experts believe Weapons possession represents an- a machine to reverse time, that the
that the burden of responsibility and other common element because CIA had been spying on him
risk is shifting to law enforcement.8 when individuals with paranoid through satellite dishes, and that
schizophrenia believe they are not President Clinton had planned the
VIOLENCE RICK safe, they are more likely to acquire Kennedy assassination out of jeal-
AMONG PEOPLE weapons to increase their sense of ousy over Marilyn Monroe.12 The
WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA power and safety. These factors, subject had numerous prior contacts
At one time, despite public combined with these individuals’ with local law enforcement and the
perception of a connection be- near-absolute distrust of everyone U.S. Secret Service prior to the kill-
tween mental disorders and vio- and their delusions and hallucina- ings and had been committed previ-
lence, social science researchers tions, can turn them into potentially ously for mental health reasons.
December 1999 / 11
administrators should determine the stressors, and a lack of positive Intelligence Gathering
best approach for their depart- influence or social support. Many Intelligence gathering begins
ments and communities, proactive of these individuals communicate with the initial 911 call or request/
evaluation of these situations by with law enforcement for years at a inquiry from the reporting party.
law enforcement should include relatively innocuous level, when The citizen who files a report be-
considering— suddenly—usually due to medica- cause of concerns about a subject
1) whether such individuals tion issues, situational stressors, or often will include information
are organized and coherent other factors—the level begins to about possible paranoid schizo-
versus disorganized and unable escalate. phrenia. The person taking the ini-
to engage in goal-directed Still, a distinct difference exists tial report should gather as much
behaviors; between posing a threat and making information as possible, particu-
a threat. Researchers have noted larly about mental health problems,
2) whether such individuals that some who make threats do not and immediately report it to the re-
stay fixed on one or several pose threats, and some who pose sponding officers. Additionally,
major themes or explanations threats do not make threats.17 None- dispatchers should provide officers
for their concerns that involve theless, law enforcement agencies with the information they need to
blame for significant problems
avoid fulfilling any delusions or
“
in their lives versus not having
hallucinations. Also, police should
“figured it out” yet;
seek all available information from
3) whether such individuals the individual’s mental health pro-
focus on a specific person or Police officers can use fessional, who may furnish treat-
several persons versus not numerous techniques ment history, medication compli-
having determined who or and resources to ance, and past propensity for
what is behind it all; assess threatening and violence.
4) whether such individuals desperate Frequently, escalating events
have an action imperative communications and (e.g., telephone calls) may have pre-
where they believe that they behaviors. ceded the current law enforcement
have exhausted the legitimate contact. Officers should try to un-
derstand this history as fully as pos-
”
avenues of addressing their
issues and now believe that sible and access as much relevant
they have to take matters into data as possible, particularly about
their own hands; and should have a mechanism in place past communications. Police should
for monitoring these individuals use a mental health consultant, if
5) whether a time imperative prior to an incident. For example, available, to assist in the data-gath-
exists, and such individuals the Los Angeles Police Department ering and interpretation process. In
communicate a sense of has a Threat Management Unit and hostage incidents, search warrants
urgency or desperation about Mental Evaluation Unit that per- to the subject’s residence or other
the need for such actions.16 form these functions; the FBI has frequented locations may yield ma-
Individuals who demonstrate the Critical Incident Response terials (e.g., diaries or letters) that
these factors elevate law enforce- Group; and the U.S. Secret Service can help others understand the cur-
ment’s degree of concern and need uses its Intelligence Division for rent situation.
to intervene. These factors remain such monitoring. Smaller agencies
particularly important if the subject also can apply and adapt the models Verbal and Nonverbal Strategies
has a history of violence, delusions used by these larger organizations First responders or negotiators
and hallucinations, active substance to serve this monitoring and early- can use a variety of verbal and non-
abuse, weapons access, situational intervention function. verbal strategies when engaging
subjects with paranoid schizophre- hallucinations may seem, officers receive do not exist because the in-
nia. First, and most important, offi- must maintain their professional de- dividual truly hears and believes
cers should show respect and inter- meanor and not ridicule or criticize these delusions and hallucinations.
est in subjects and their concerns. subjects in any manner. Subjects By paying attention to these con-
The initial verbal contact that offi- believe their issues are serious, and cerns, first responders and negotia-
cers make during a crisis or hostage given their paranoia, they may not tors work to establish credibility
situation may set the tone for the perceive laughter very kindly but with the subject, showing that they
remainder of the contact, prove in- rather as demeaning. Officers can are different from others whom the
strumental in determining the out- give a response that shows interest subject previously perceived as
come of the situation, and dictate and concern by law enforcement, threatening or humiliating.
the tenor of all future encounters. at the same time projecting non- In addition, negotiators have
Officers should contemplate aggressive, nonconfrontational found that using third-party inter-
how the subject may perceive their communication. For example, of- mediaries to negotiate with suspects
comments. Nonconfrontational ficers can say, “I understand what may have a positive impact upon
statements such as “Hello, how are you are saying, but I do not hear many incidents.18 However, due to
you? I am Officer Smith” are nei- those voices. Can you tell me more past negative interactions with the
ther alarming nor threatening. about them?” Individuals with para- subject and the possibility that the
These types of comments, spoken in noid schizophrenia trust very few family member or previous mental
a calm and even tone, project a people, if any. They do not under- health provider may contribute to
sense of respect and dignity. In cri- stand why others cannot see, hear, any existing delusions, it remains
sis situations, officers’ initial com- or feel what they do. critical that officers assess the
ments will provide the cornerstone Friends and family may have subject’s perceptions of any third
for the success of the entire opera- told the person that the delusions parties before allowing them to be-
tion and establish the foundation for and hallucinations they sense do not come involved in the process.
all future contacts. exist and may have even ridiculed Experts disagree on the useful-
Next, officers should take an them. Therefore, officers can estab- ness of talking with subjects about
unemotional, logical, and factual lish a rapport with subjects by the content of their delusions, but
approach, seeking to understand the showing a willingness to under- officers must remember never to
important issues that subjects are stand and help. Officers should not argue with them. Some experts
trying to communicate. No matter tell individuals that the “mission” believe that law enforcement offi-
how bizarre the delusions or they are on or the “messages” they cers should understand subjects’
December 1999 / 13
delusions to avoid actions that may Direct attempts by officers to fear, officers can distract subjects to
fulfill these delusional beliefs; force trust upon individuals with focus their attention on other issues.
some believe that officers should paranoid schizophrenia will only In certain situations, it may help to
immediately move to reality-based reconfirm the subjects’ worst suspi- change the topic to something unre-
issues. In either case, sometimes cions about officers—that they can- lated such as the subjects’ hunger or
subjects will need to talk about their not be trusted or intend to harm or personal needs. As long as subjects
delusions, and first responders and humiliate them. Experienced nego- do not perceive it as an uncaring
negotiators should listen to their ex- tiators have learned that allowing shift, such a tactic may deescalate a
planations of the world and respond subjects to vent frustrations at law particularly inflammatory course of
sincerely. In doing so, officers enforcement reduces their anger, dialogue. Interestingly, and poten-
should not say that they see or be- fear, and energy. A positive aspect tially important in a negotiation
lieve the things that subjects do, but of this type of ventilation comes situation, many people with para-
they can say that they believe the from the subject’s concentration on noid schizophrenia have a nicotine
feelings and sensations. For ex- law enforcement, which redirects dependence (e.g., cigarette smok-
ample, an honest, yet productive, anger from any hostages, provides a ing), and nicotine dependence may
response from law enforcement verbal alternative to more violence, reduce medication side effects.
might be “I believe you are scared The physical boundaries of the
and not sure whom to trust. I can tell encounter also play a crucial role in
“
you that I haven’t seen them, but it such situations. Subjects may per-
is clear that you believe you have. ceive such things as body space, eye
That’s important to me.” A re- First responders or contact, and the mannerisms of the
sponse toward more reality-based negotiators can use responding officer or negotiator as
issues might be, “If you kill yourself potentially threatening. Officers
for the cause, I’m concerned about
a variety of verbal should remember that subjects may
who will look after your children.” and nonverbal require more physical distance in
Experienced negotiators have strategies when interactions in order to feel safe.
learned that they may become tar- engaging subjects Further, too much intense eye con-
gets of verbal abuse when dealing with paranoid tact in face-to-face scenarios some-
with subjects with paranoid schizo- schizophrenia. times evokes some fear of aggres-
phrenia. In fact, these subjects often sion or mind control.
”
express a fair amount of rejection, Similarly, movements by indi-
anger, and fear to first responders or vidual officers or the tactical team
negotiators. First-responding offi- will be filtered by subjects through
cers should allow this ventilation, and may distract the subject from the emotion of fear and anticipated
paraphrase the subject’s concerns devoting additional time and energy aggression, and subjects may feel a
and feelings, and reassure the sub- to fortify any stronghold or dwell- need to act first in order to keep
ject that they (the officers) are dif- ing. All of the subjects’ comments themselves safe. Subjects may per-
ferent from others. Officers may can provide valuable information ceive everything an officer does as a
precede such reassurance by sug- for negotiators to keep the subjects threat. Therefore, without compro-
gestibility statements that confirm talking rather than hurting others. mising the operation, officers
the officer’s sincerity, such as “You Additionally, such delay tactics should tell subjects what they plan
have had every reason to not believe give the crisis management team to do before taking any action.
what I am going to tell you now….” crucial time to develop strategy, ob- If successful, these interactions
or “It makes sense that you would tain evidence, and plan and rehearse lay the foundation for a relationship
feel that way; maybe later you tactical options. in which the subject experiences a
might decide that I am worthy of However, if ventilation appears sense of security and safety. It may
some of your trust.” to escalate the subjects’ anger or take a long time for officers to build
December 1999 / 15
or violent outcome. While assess- negotiators and first responders behavior that is more chaotic, unpredictable,
ment and understanding of one may spend many hours talking to and impulsive, as a function of a clouded and
confused thought process.
factor—suspect type (depressed, individuals with paranoid schizo- 4
Supra note 1.
personality disordered, or psy- phrenia and successfully change 5
M. Grunwald and S.G. Boodman, “Weston
chotic)—remains important, four their behavior. The ability to estab- Case Fell Through Cracks; Violence by Mental
other factors play a significant role lish rapport, show genuine interest Patients Hard to Predict, Experts Say,” The
Washington Post, July 28, 1998, A1.
in the outcome of these events: and concern for the subject, and 6
Supra note 1, 283.
• the context of the event maintain a credible posture has en- 7
Supra note 5.
(spontaneous, deliberate, or abled many negotiators and first re- 8
“Capitol Case Puts Family Nightmares in
sponders to orchestrate peaceful Spotlight,” in Associated Press, August 5,
anticipated criminal event);21 1998.
resolutions to potentially violent 9
J. Monahan, “Mental Disorder and Violent
• expressive versus instrumental
Behavior: Perceptions and Evidence,”
demands or agenda (subject in American Psychologist 47 (1992): 511-521.
“
crisis and needs to vent 10
Ibid.
concerns versus more concrete 11
Supra note 1.
12
demands such as social or Supra note 5.
political change); Officers should 13
S. Johnson, “Forensic Evaluation of
Theodore John Kaczynski” (unpublished
• hostage presence and type; consider alternative forensic report, January 16, 1998).
and plans devised to 14
M. Campion and D. Brown, “The Roby,
Illinois, Incident: The Longest Standoff in
• law enforcement’s crisis lure unsuspecting American History,” paper presented at the
management actions.22 suspects from their International Association of Chiefs of Police
Annual Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah,
Ideally, careful consideration residences prior to October 17, 1998.
of the first four factors should an arrest attempt. 15
R.A. Fein and B. Vossekuil, Protective
appropriately dictate law enforce- Intelligence and Threat Assessment Investiga-
”
tions: A Guide for State and Local Law
ment’s crisis management actions Enforcement Officials (Washington, DC: U.S.
in order to ensure optimal success. Department of Justice, 1998).
16
C. Hatcher, “A Method for Assessing
CONCLUSION Threating Communications” (unpublished
situations. Anytime a peaceful reso- manuscript, 1998).
Experience has shown that of- lution results, a double victory oc- 17
Supra note 14.
ficers who receive negotiation curs for law enforcement—the situ- 18
“The Police Seminar on Crisis Negotia-
training handle individuals with ation ends without violence, and tions,” seminar presented by the FBI, Burbank,
emotional problems better than they CA, October 5-8, 1998.
tactical team members do not need 19
M.J. McMains and W.C. Mullins, Crisis
did before training, even when the to take any unnecessary action or Negotiations: Managing Critical Incidents and
initial contact is a standard call for place themselves in harm’s way Situations in Law Enforcement and Corrections
service. Officers have learned spe- against an unpredictable, violent (Cincinnati, OH: Anderson, 1996).
20
cific guidelines for communicating M.S. Miron and A.P. Goldstein, Hostage
person. (New York: Pergamon, 1979).
with and managing these people, as 21
F. Lanceley, “Criminal Contexts of
well as crisis intervention skills that Hostage Incidents” (unpublished manuscript,
prove helpful in resolving conflict Endnotes 1997).
1
when dealing with those with para- American Psychiatric Association, 22
K. Mohandie and M. Albanese,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental “Advanced Crisis Negotiations” (unpublished
noid schizophrenia. Disorders (4th ed.): DSM-IV (Washington, DC: manuscript, 1997).
Trained negotiators realize that American Psychiatric Press, 1994), 286.
trying to resolve any problem or 2
3
Ibid., 287.
crisis too quickly will have nega- Organized behavior refers to behavior that
is purposeful and based upon logical and sound
tive results. Through the use of thought processes, compared to disorganized
crisis intervention techniques, behavior where an individual engages in
Official Negligence: How Rodney King the use of choke holds in Los Angeles. The
and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the remaining choices—verbal commands, the
LAPD by Lou Cannon, published by Times “swarm” technique of several officers wrestling
Books, Random House, Inc., New York, New the suspect to the ground, the PR-24 metal side
York, 1997. handle baton and the Taser—all proved ineffec-
Official Negligence: How Rodney King and tive in subduing King. Yet, many people viewed
the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD the resulting video of all of the techniques used
is a book that every police executive and law on King as strictly another case of police
enforcement manager should read. This book brutality.
does not just rehash the incident that occurred The author illustrates each chapter as a
in Los Angeles, California, on March 3, 1991. progression of similar policy decisions that
Instead, the author presents a story of political influenced proceeding events. He points out
influences and policy decisions that directly flaws in the leadership of Mayor Tom Bradley
impacted the incident and the rioting in the and Police Chief Darryl Gates as a major reason
aftermath of the acquittal verdicts of the in- for lack of direction provided to line officers.
volved police officers. Mayor Bradley and Chief Gates gave no fore-
Official Negligence takes a critical look at sight to probable outcomes of public unrest,
current law enforcement issues, such as police despite pleas from police field supervisors and
management, use-of-force considerations, community leaders. A lack of appropriate
community policing, tactical resource deploy- community policing and community relations
ment, leadership, media influence, and relation- efforts accounted for smoldering, antipolice
ships with city government. The title of the neighborhoods that erupted into rioting immedi-
book refers to a quote from Ira Salzman, Ser- ately following the 1992 Simi Valley acquittals.
geant Stacey Koon’s attorney, who said at The author effectively presents cause and effect
Koon’s 1993 sentencing, “It was the city that comparisons that led to the resulting rioting that
failed.... It was police management, past and accounted for 54 deaths, 2,328 injuries, and
present that has failed.... There simply has to be $900 million in property losses to Los Angeles.
some allowance for the official negligence of the Official Negligence is about Los Angeles
city that allowed this to take place and that will and the specific events that led to the tragedy
take place again.” Salzman referred, in part, to that occurred there. Yet, any law enforcement
policy decisions that limited the LAPD’s use-of- manager can learn from the pitfalls illustrated in
force options in dealing with Rodney King when the book and make comparisons to their own
they encountered him at the end of a high-speed jurisdiction and choose to do a self-assessment
traffic pursuit. in risk management.
Prior to the Rodney King incident, the Reviewed by
LAPD was criticized for deaths resulting from James I. Dudley
choke holds that officers used as one of their Captain
force options. As a result of several incidents San Francisco Police Department
and lawsuit settlements, the department banned San Francisco, California
December 1999 / 17
Vehicle Stops Involving
Extremist Group Members
By JAMES KOBOLT, M.P.A.
© Mark C. Ide
E xperienced police officers members of the neo-Nazi group if not prevent, a deadly encounter
understand that there is no Aryan Nations and white suprema- with these dangerous individuals.
such thing as a routine traf- cist religion Christian Identity,
fic stop. Yet, while the field-level opened fire on Ohio law enforce- RECOGNIZING THE
investigation of an automobile and ment officers after being pulled SIGNS OF EXTREMISM
its occupants always has presented over for driving with expired li- Members of extremist groups
a tactical risk, over the last decade, cense plates.1 Sadly, most officers may reveal their affiliations in a
stopping and checking vehicles for can recall a traffic stop in their state number of ways.2 First, the vehicles
suspected criminal activity have that involved a member of an ex- they drive often provide clues that
taken on another element of danger. tremist group and ended in a sur- can help officers prepare for poten-
Increasingly, officers making traf- prise fight for survival. Accord- tial danger before making a stop.
fic stops have become involved in ingly, officers must remain alert to Specifically, extremists’ vehicles
deadly encounters with heavily the telltale signs of extremist group may sport bumper stickers with an-
armed extremists. involvement and understand the tigovernment or pro-gun senti-
In a well-publicized incident risk these individuals present. In ad- ments; display handmade license
that occurred in February 1997, dition, officers may need to rethink plates, plates from jurisdictions that
brothers Chevie and Cheyne Kehoe, their tactical approaches to survive, do not exist, or no plates at all; or fit
”
may show other signs of extremist
group involvement. Drivers who
hold antigovernment beliefs may
refuse to carry driver’s licenses, ve- Mr. Kobolt serves as the director of the Institute for Public Safety at
hicle registration, proof of insur- Lake Superior State University in Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan.
ance, or other forms of identifica-
tion. Instead, they may present
handmade licenses, a copy of the
Constitution, a Bible, or political from their vehicles, and fired on notebooks, radio microphones, and
literature. In addition, a records officers. Suddenly, officers find the like.
check may reveal minor outstand- themselves in a “kill zone” before Trainers usually emphasize
ing warrants. Extremists often fail they even step from the patrol car. moving at right angles to exit a kill
to satisfy violations of motor ve- What can officers do to increase zone. However, due to the penetra-
hicle laws, such as registration or their odds of survival during such tion capability of most high-impact
license requirements, because they an ambush? weapons, the right-angle movement
do not feel bound by such laws, and may leave officers under fire with
any statements to this effect that Planning for Survival only a driver or passenger-side door
drivers make should send a strong Survival options include all of for cover. Therefore, officers
signal to officers. Finally, because the safety tactics learned in the should consider using a gradual
of their knowledge and experience, academy with one significant dif- right-angle evacuation, keeping the
officers may be able to recognize ference. Current vehicle construc- general area of the engine between
other indicators of extremist behav- tion almost precludes the use of a themselves and the attack. After
ior unique to their jurisdictions. vehicle for reliable personal cover. evacuating and taking cover, offi-
Once officers decide a subject Even the area around the engine cers can stop and initiate critical
may hold extremist beliefs, they provides only limited cover. As a incident procedures. If no reliable
should develop a plan of action. In result, evacuation may represent the cover exists, officers should evacu-
fact, preparation remains the key to preferred solution to a sudden direct ate at least 200-300 meters (ap-
dealing with extremists. attack with heavy weapons. proximately 600-900 feet), the out-
If attacked while seated in the side effective range of most
PREPARING FOR A STOP patrol vehicle, officers should seek high-impact weapons.
Because any traffic stop can personal cover behind the engine Traditional vehicle-stop train-
turn deadly, officers usually learn at area of the vehicle while evacuating ing focuses on what stands in front
the academy to stop vehicles in lo- the kill zone using the most direct of and, sometimes, to the sides of
cations that provide adequate light- route. Usually this means the of- the officer. A frontal attack from
ing and personal cover. Yet, in pre- ficer quickly must place the patrol sophisticated high-impact weapons
vious encounters with law enforce- vehicle in reverse.3 To do so, the means expanding the area officers
ment, extremist group members officer’s hands must remain free of must consider when preparing to
have stopped abruptly, jumped all obstructions, including pens, make a vehicle stop. Because
December 1999 / 19
evacuation may represent the only pad they use to record dispatched represents a good start, but other
viable survival option, officers must information, then putting their pens tactical options exist.
remain aware of what lies behind back in their pockets. Then, if an A videotape review of extrem-
the police vehicle at the time the attack leaves an officer unable to ist group members recently attack-
stop occurs. For example, vehicles testify, the evidence the officer ing officers indicates that some sus-
approaching from the rear could leaves behind presents a strong case pects struggle with officers during
block the officer’s escape route. If to a jury. attempts to establish initial control.
so, the officer may be able to wait Finally, before officers stop a After breaking away from officers,
until the vehicles pass to make the vehicle occupied by two or more many subjects run back to their ve-
stop. individuals for suspected criminal hicles to retrieve weapons. Alter-
Keeping an evacuation route activity, they always should request nately, a passenger left in the ve-
open presents a deployment and po- backup. Waiting for a cover officer hicle engages officers when they
sitioning dilemma for the cover of- proves particularly important when have their hands full with the driver.
ficer, as well as the contact officer. dealing with extremist group mem- In either scenario, officers must
If the cover officer parks directly bers, who often travel in convoys. consider the interior of the vehicle
behind the contact officer, the con- “hot” from a tactical perspective
“
tact officer may get trapped be- because they have not yet cleared it
tween the suspect and the cover of- for weapons.
ficer and be unable to escape an ...evacuation may To clear the vehicle, the officer
attack. The side-by-side positioning first should remove the driver.
of contact and cover vehicles seems
represent the preferred While exiting, the driver should
to offer the best opportunity for solution to a sudden place the keys on the roof of the
quick exit of a kill zone for both direct attack with vehicle, which allows the officer to
officers. heavy weapons. easily take control of the keys and
Officers must consider the discreetly secure the driver’s side
”
subject’s escape route in addition to door. This serves to disrupt any
their own. Selecting the proper lo- spur-of-the-moment plan of action
cation to make a stop can limit a The National Law Enforcement the driver may have, such as return-
subject’s ability to flee. Memorial in Washington, DC, is ing to the vehicle to flee or attack
marked with the names of many of- the officer.
Communicating ficers who failed to call for assis- When faced with multiple sub-
Safely and Effectively tance when they needed it. No traf- jects, the contact officer should not
One of the most basic rules gov- fic stop is worth dying for, and if approach the vehicle without a
erning traffic stops also holds true necessary, officers should merely cover officer. Both officers should
for encounters with extremists. Of- follow vehicles until backup be- approach from their respective
ficers always should notify the dis- comes available. sides of the vehicle. The cover of-
patcher before exiting their ve- ficer should have all remaining oc-
hicles. In fact, they should complete MAKING THE STOP cupants exit through the passenger
all radio transmissions prior to sig- side, then discreetly lock the pas-
naling for a vehicle to stop. Doing Approaching and senger doors. Locking the doors
so allows officers to focus on the Removing Occupants helps secure the interior of the ve-
subject. It also leaves both hands During training, many police hicle until the officers are prepared
free to shift and control the vehicle officers learn that they should care- to conduct a limited search for
during an emergency evacuation. fully approach a stopped vehicle on weapons or inventory the contents
Officers also should get into the the driver’s side, paying attention to before towing.
habit of writing the license number the trunk and occupant areas, while Separating suspects—particu-
of the vehicles they stop on the keeping the occupants inside. This larly suspected extremist group
• Vehicle displays bumper stickers with • Driver possesses homemade driver’s license
antigovernment or pro-gun sentiments • Driver has no license, vehicle registration,
(e.g., “Know Your Enemies: They Are proof of insurance, or other identification
Your Leaders” or “Joe McCarthy Was
Right”) • Driver hands officer copy of Constitution,
Bible, or political materials
• License plates are missing, handmade (look
crude or professional), or from jurisdictions • Driver refuses to satisfy minor outstanding
that do not exist (e.g., British West Indies, warrants due to antigovernment beliefs
Republic of Texas, Kingdom of Heaven) • Driver associates with known extremists
Source: Adapted from Mark Pitcavage, “Flashpoint America: Surviving a Traffic Stop Confrontation with an
Anti-Government Extremist,” The Militia Watchdog, April 1998; available from http://www.militia-watchdog.org/
trafstop.htm; accessed October 27, 1998.
December 1999 / 21
(usually with verbal com- facing the patrol vehicle, sitting dispositions: the subject is either
mands) but does not control with legs crossed and hands inter- questioned and released or arrested.
the subject’s ability to locked on the head, or prone on the After releasing subjects, officers
reinitiate hostile actions or has ground with arms extended palms should keep them under observa-
not cleared the subject’s up), preferably at a distance far tion and remain on guard until the
environment of weapons; or enough to keep them from over- subjects have driven away. When
• Under control—the subject hearing the details of the interroga- officers make an arrest, they should
presents very little threat or tion. Once interrogated, subjects handcuff the subjects’ hands behind
the officer has controlled the should be returned to the cover their backs, not in front. The pur-
subject’s ability to initiate officer’s control. Both officers pose of handcuffs remains to con-
hostile actions, and the officer should account for the subjects’ trol the subject’s hands. With the
has cleared the subject’s hands at all times. hands cuffed in front, little control
environment of weapons. exists, and worse, the subject now
has a dangerous weapon to use
“
Officers have used a variety of against the officer. The risk a mem-
tactics during field investigations to ber of an extremist group poses to
control individuals suspected of ...preparation officers certainly merits using
criminal activity. Experience with remains the key proper handcuffing techniques.
street gang members has helped ur-
ban officers develop expertise in or-
to dealing with TRAINING FOR EXTREMISM
dering subjects into positions of extremists. Extremist group members often
”
disadvantage. Because extremist train regularly for confrontations
group members pose a similar with law enforcement, and officers
threat to rural officers that street should do no less. Appropriate
gang members present to urban of- Officers never should argue po- training includes developing a
ficers, rural officers should practice litical philosophy with extremist planned response, working through
and use similar verbal control and group members, who may use this the plan in a practical, hands-on set-
positioning once they have removed as a tactic to divert attention away ting to find out what works and
subjects from their vehicles. All of- from why they actually were what does not, then periodically
ficers should conduct field-level in- stopped. In addition, a heated argu- practicing the plan. Doing so gives
terrogations from a strong field in- ment may keep officers from focus- officers the edge in encounters with
terview, or “power,” stance. ing on safety issues. Officers should possible extremists.
Contact officers usually con- accept any literature subjects offer
duct interrogations and should do so with no comment other than a thank CONCLUSION
from the nonroadway side of the you. If subjects protest being Vehicle stops involving mem-
rear quarter panel of the patrol ve- stopped or ticketed, officers may bers of extremist groups can esca-
hicle, unless other environmental find that the response “I’m just do- late quickly into critical incidents
conditions prove safer. When inter- ing my job” helps to humanize them for officers. All of the rules that
rogating multiple subjects, contact and defuse tension. In addition, lis- govern traffic stops apply but prove
officers should direct one subject tening without comment to sub- particularly important when ex-
at a time to the rear quarter panel jects’ political agendas may allow tremists may be involved. Prior to
position. In order to maintain them to vent their anger in an appro- making a stop, officers must devise
undistracted observation and con- priate and safe manner.5 a plan of action that includes select-
trol, cover officers should keep the ing a location that provides personal
remaining subjects on the nonroad- COMPLETING THE STOP cover and an evacuation route. They
way side of the vehicle in a position Generally, a field-level inves- must approach vehicles, remove the
of disadvantage (e.g., standing tigation results in two possible occupants, conduct appropriate
Subscribe Now
December 1999 / 23
FBI Leadership
Fellows Program
The FBI, in cooperation with the FBI National Academy Associates, the National Executive
Institute Associates, the Law Enforcement Executive Development Associates, the Major City Chiefs
of Police, and the Major County Sheriffs’Association, announces the creation of the FBI Leadership
Fellows Program. The year-long program, conducted under the auspices of the FBI Academy’s
Leadership and Management Science Unit, is designed to enhance the leadership skills of future law
enforcement leaders.
The program is designed for sworn officers currently serving in command positions within their
departments who can satisfy the criteria set out below. Additional information is contained in the
application package.
The candidates must—
• be sworn officers currently serving in a command capacity for a full-service, duly constituted
law enforcement agency;
• hold a bachelor’s degree (advanced degree preferred);
• be available to serve as a fellow for 12 months;
• be available to serve in residence at the FBI Academy for at least 6 continuous months within
the fellowship year; and
• come highly recommended by their agency’s chief executive, who must be an active member in
one of the five collaborating associations.
Fellows will be expected to independently, or in cooperation with other fellows and FBI Academy
faculty—
• teach classes;
• conduct research;
• manage projects;
• coordinate programs;
• facilitate meetings;
• write publishable articles or documents;
• establish professional networks; and
• attend professional conferences.
The FBI will provide transportation to and from the Academy, as well as lodging, meals, office
space, equipment, and administrative support during the residential phase of the program. The FBI
also will pay for any professional travel conducted during the fellowship year.
The FBI will award 5 to 10 fellowships each year. Selection will be based on a comparative
analysis of the credentials of all applicants. Interested candidates may obtain an application from
the Leadership and Management Science Unit, Attn: Leadership Fellows Program, FBI Academy,
Quantico, VA 22135.
December 1999 / 25
LEGAL ISSUES “Law Enforcement Accredita-
“Constitutional Authority to tion: One Department’s
Regulate Off-duty Relation- Experience,” Robert J.
ships: Recent Court Deci- Falzarano, November, p. 1.
sions,” Michael J. Bulzomi, “Self-directed Work Teams,”
April, p. 26. Stephen M. Ramirez, August,
p. 20.
“Crime Scene Searches: The
Need for Fourth Amendment NEGOTIATION
Compliance,” Kimberly A.
Crawford, January, p. 26. “Negotiation Concepts for
Commanders,” Gary W.
“Due Process and Deadly Force: Noesner, January, p. 6.
When Police Conduct Shocks
the Conscience,” John C. Hall, “Placing the Stockholm Syn-
February, p. 27. drome in Perspective,” G.
Dwayne Fuselier, July, p. 22.
“Drug Conspiracies,” Edward
M. Hendrie, June, p. 26. OPERATIONS
INVESTIGATIVE “Drug Roadblocks: A Constitu- “Bomb Threat: A Primer for the
TECHNIQUES tional Perspective,” Kimberly First Responder,” T.C. Fuller,
A. Crawford, November, p. 27. March, p. 28.
“Reexamining the Importance
of Firearm Investigations,” “Gang Congregation Ordinance:
Supreme Court Invalidation,” PERSONNEL
William J. Vizzard, May, p. 1.
Daniel L. Schofield, Septem- “Alcohol Abuse in Policing:
JUVENILES ber, p. 28. Prevention Strategies,” John
“Operation Linebacker: Using “Investigative Detentions: How M. Violanti, January, p. 16.
Status Offenses to Reduce Long is Too Long?” Jayme S.
Crime in Communities,” Walker, August, p. 26.
Robert J. Girod, July, p. 7. “The Motor Vehicle Exception:
“Police Liaison for Schools,” When and Where to Search,”
Martin J. Dunn, September, Lisa A. Regini, July, p. 26.
p. 7. “Search Incident to Arrest:
“Safeguarding Our Schools,” Another Look,” Thomas D.
Dennis Bridges, September, Colbridge, May, p. 27.
p. 23. “Supreme Court Cases: 1998-
“School Violence: Lessons 1999 Term,” Legal Instruction
Learned,” Stephen R. Band Unit, FBI Academy, October,
and Joseph A. Harpold, p. 26.
September, p. 9.
“The STARS Program: Students MANAGEMENT
Traveling and Arriving “Empowerment Policing,”
Safely,” Dennis Bridges, Michael S. Reiter, February,
August, p. 16. p. 7.
December 1999 / 29
Hendrie, Edward M., Special L Moffat, John, Director, Wash-
Agent, DEA, FBI Academy, Lewis, John F., Jr., Director, ington Traffic Safety Commis-
Quantico, Virginia, “Drug Global Security, Goldman, sion, Olympia, Washington,
Conspiracies,” June, p. 26. Sachs, and Company, New “Police Enforcement of Traffic
Hsieh, Yvonne, Honors Intern, York, New York, “Fighting Laws: A Cost-benefit Analy-
FBI Academy, Quantico, Terrorism in the 21st Cen- sis,” April, p. 18.
Virginia, “Law Enforcement tury,” March, p. 3. Mohandie, Kris, Police Psy-
and the Millennialist Vision: A chologist, Los Angeles Police
Behavioral Approach,” M Department, Los Angeles,
September, p. 1. Manning, Tom, Deputy District California, “Understanding
Hunt, Robert, Special Agent, Attorney, San Diego, Califor- Subjects with Paranoid Schizo-
FBI Academy, Quantico, nia, “Drug Labs and Endan- phrenia,” December, p. 8.
Virginia, “The Benefits of gered Children,” July, p. 10.
Scent Evidence,” November, N
p. 15. Nelson, Kurt R., Officer, Port-
land Police Bureau, Portland,
J Oregon, “Mass Transit: Target
Jensen, Carl J. III, Special of Terror,” January, p. 19.
Agent, FBI Academy, Noesner, Gary W., Special
Quantico, Virginia, “Law Agent, FBI Academy,
Enforcement and the Quantico, Virginia, “Negotia-
Millennialist Vision: A tion Concepts for Command-
Behavioral Approach,” ers,” January, p. 6.
September, p. 1. Nylén, Lars, Commissioner,
Johnson, Douglas A., Laser National Criminal Investiga-
Safety officer, Texas A&M tion Department, Stockholm,
University, College Station, Sweden, “Sweden’s Response
Texas, “Laser Threats to Law to Domestic Violence,”
Enforcement,” May, p. 7. November, p. 19.
K P
Klopf, Gene P., Special Agent, Pinizzotto, Anthony J., Forensic
FBI Academy, Quantico, Psychologist, FBI Academy,
Virginia, “Fast Track,” Martin, Robert A., Deputy Quantico, Virginia, “Offend-
October, p. 10. Inspector, New York City ers’ Perceptual Shorthand:
Kobolt, James, Director, Insti- Police Department, New York, What Messages Are Law
tute for Public Safety, Sault New York, “The Joint Terror- Enforcement Officers Sending
Sainte Marie, Michigan, ism Task Force: A Concept to Offenders?” June, p. 1.
“Vehicle Stops Involving That Works,” March, p. 23.
Extremist Group Members,” R
McNally, Vincent J., Special
December, p. 18. Agent, FBI Headquarters, Ramirez, Stephen M., Chief, St.
Kruchten, Gary J., Law Enforce- Washington, DC, “The FBI’s Mary’s University Police
ment Consultant, “The Bank Critical Incident Stress Man- Department, San Antonio,
Secrecy Act: A Powerful agement Program,” February, Texas, “Self-directed Work
Weapon for Law Enforce- p. 20. Teams,” August, p. 20.
ment,” August, p. 8.
December 1999 / 31
W Windsor, David L., Lieutenant,
Walker, Jayme S., Instructor, Indiana Department of Natural
DEA, FBI Academy, Resources, Indianapolis, Indi-
Quantico, Virginia, “Investiga- ana, “Timber Theft: A Solv-
tive Detentions: How Long is able Crime,” September, p. 17.
Too Long?” August, p. 26. Wolfer, Loreen, Assistant
Wellborn, Jeff, Program Admin- Professor, University of
istrator, New Orleans Police Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylva-
Department, New Orleans, nia, “Problem-Solving Polic-
Louisiana, “Law ing: Eliminating Hot Spots,”
Enforcement’s Response to November, p. 9.
Individuals with Mental
Illness,” November, p. 6. Z
Williams, George T., Director Zezza, Ralph, Officer, West
of Training, Cutting Edge Pittston Police Department,
Training, Bellingham, Wash- West Pittston, Pennsylvania,
ington, “Reluctance to Use “Neighborhood Watch: A
Deadly Force: Causes, Conse- Leadership Challenge,”
quences, and Cures,” October, February, p. 12; and “Problem-
p. 1. Solving Policing: Eliminating
Hot Spots, November, p. 9.
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
Patch Call
The patch of the Hendersonville, Tennessee, The Anacortes, Washington, Police Department
Police Department depicts sunny Old Hickory Lake, patch features Mt. Baker and the northern waters of
the focal point of the city. The sailboat represents the Puget Sound. Anacortes is designated as the “Gate-
numerous recreational activities of the lakeside way to the San Juans.” The ferry depicted on the
community. The Canadian goose was transplanted patch represents the only access to the San Juan
from the north and now thrives on the shores of Old Islands. The logo for the City of Anacortes appears at
Hickory Lake. Three cogs at the bottom of the patch the bottom of the patch and consists of a compass, in
represent the city’s solid industrial and business the shape of a seagull flying over the ocean, and 1891,
foundation, and the willingness of business, industry, the year the city was incorporated.
government, and citizens to work together smoothly.