Chapter-I

Introduction

In the proposed system we are going to use latest technology RFID (Radio Frequency
Identification). The RFID technology is used everywhere in which the main factor is Uniqueness.
The unique property is provided by creating unique number for every RFID Tag. In this Tag we
can store certain amount of data which are used in identification. The data in the Tags are read
via RFID reader. In our proposed system we are going to implement passive RFID for luggage
identification. In every collage bag we are going to give a RFID Tag with the student detail in it.
The main aim of this project is to trace and check the student bag at different security stages.
Every bag attached with an RFID card with unique number. That number is given to the student
at the entrance of the college. If this RFID tag make in communication with the RFID reader at
the each stage, the data passes to the PC through the RS 232 cable.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
An Embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely
encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose
computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few predefined
tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks,
design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems
are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Physically, embedded systems ranges from portable devices such as digital watches and
MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the
systems controlling nuclear power plants.
In terms of complexity embedded systems can range from very simple with a single
microcontroller chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted
inside a large chassis or enclosure.

Examples of Embedded Systems:

Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other

integrated systems in aircraft and missiles.

Cellular telephones and telephone switches.
Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobile.
Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and security

monitoring systems.
Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets,

DVD players and recorder.

Computer peripherals such as routers and printers.
Handheld calculators.
Handheld computers.
Medical equipment.
Personal digital assistant.
Videogame consoles.

Fig. Embedded system.

Chapter-II
RFID Based College Baggage System
2

RFID is an acronym for Radio Frequency Identification. RFID is

one member in the family of Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) technologies
and is a fast and reliable means of identifying just about any material object. This project can be
used for security purpose where it gives information about the authorized persons and
unauthorized persons. This can be applied in real time systems as such in recording the
attendance, in the companies and in industries to know who are authorized. RFID is increasingly
used with biometric technologies for security. Primarily, the two main components involved in a
Radio Frequency Identification system are the Transponder (tags that are attached to the object)
and the Interrogator (RFID reader). Communication between the RFID reader and tags occurs
wirelessly and generally doesnt require a line of sight between the devices.
RFID tags are categorized as either active or passive. Active RFID tags are powered by
an internal battery and are typically read/write, i.e., tag data can be rewritten and/or modified. An
active tag's memory size varies according to application requirements; some systems operate
with up to 1MB of memory. Passive RFID tags operate without a separate external power source
and obtain operating power generated from the reader. This project uses passive tags. Read-only
tags are typically passive and are programmed with a unique set of data (usually 32 to 128 bits)
that cannot be modified. The reader has three main functions: energizing, demodulating and
decoding. The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and to read and write data to it.
Here we are using RFID based security scanning system to check the bags or Luggage in
highly secured areas like colleges, Airports, Railway Stations, in various places where security is
primary concern. Here we are placing the Luggage bags which are to be scanned.
The significant advantage of all types of RFID systems is the noncontact, non-line-of-sight
nature of the technology. Tags can be read through a variety of substances such as snow, fog, ice,
paint, crusted grime, and other visually and environmentally challenging conditions, where
barcodes or other optically read technologies would be useless. This project can provide security
for the industries, companies, etc.
This project uses regulated 5v, 500mA power supply. 7805, a three terminal
voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify
3

the ac output of secondary of 230/12v step down transformer. The RFID module requires a
separate +5v power supply.

List of Components

AT89S52 controller

AT89S52 programming board.

16*2 LCD

RFID Reader RKI 1512

MAX 232

Crystal 11.0592MHz

LED

Buzzer

Power Supply Connector

DC Adapter (230V AC to 5V DC)

Programming cable

EEPROM

Transformer

Bridge Rectifier

Reset switch

Regulator 7805, 5V

Connecting wires
4

Block Diagram

LCD

AT89S52

Buzzer

RFID Tags

EEPROM

Max 232

RFID Reader

Micro Controller (AT89S52) is interfaced with 16x2 LCD. LCD is used for data display
regarding attendance and RFID Tag. RFID reader is connected to the controller to read RFID
Tags. Max 232 is used for the purpose of communication. It interfaces RFID with the Controller.
EEPROM is used to store the data.

Circuit Diagram Description

The main component of the project is AT89C51 (Micro Controller).

LCD is used for displaying data. It has 16 pin.
DB-9 female connector consists of 9 pin. It is used for serial communication. MAX 232
IC of 20 pin is connected. 4 capacitors are connected with MAX 232 to store charge and
discharge accordingly.

RFID reader and RS232 are connected to Microcontroller serially to P3.0 and P3.1 via
jumper. So, while we need to connect the RS232 to microcontroller jumper is removed
and whenever RFID reader is to be connected jumper is placed in.

The main component of the project is AT89C51 (Micro Controller).

LCD is used for displaying data. It has 16 pin.
DB-9 female connector consists of 9 pin. It is used for serial communication. MAX 232
IC of 20 pin is connected. 4 capacitors are connected with MAX 232 to store charge and

discharge accordingly.
RFID reader and RS232 are connected to Microcontroller serially to P3.0 and P3.1 via
jumper. So, while we need to connect the RS232 to microcontroller jumper is removed

and whenever RFID reader is to be connected jumper is placed in.

SCL (6th pin) and SDA (5th pin) EEPROM are connected to P3.2 and P3.3 respectively.
EEPROM is connected via I2C bus. An Inter-IC bus is used to communicate across
circuit-board distances.

Working of RFID Reader

When a person with RFID tag or transponder enters in the range of RFID reader, the RF
field induces voltage in the coils of tag. The range can be set by using the appropriate reader of
appropriate frequency. This induced field supplies the voltage in case of passive tags and act as a
battery in that case. If active tags are used then the case will be different as they have battery of
their own.
Due to interaction of Tag with Reader 12 characters from tag are sent to controller. This
12 characters are sent to controller via serial communication.
The project entitled RFID based College Baggage System maintains the record of the
bags of the student while in examinations, college events etc.,
In this project, The RFID cards are assigned to each students bag such that, whenever the
bag is swiped over the RFID reader, It produces the details of the student owning the bag.
We used AT89S52 as a microcontroller in this Project and an RFID Reader module is
interfaced to take the input values from the respective ID card commonly known as RFID Tag.
The main working flow of our project is as follows
1

The student enters the college ID number and Name of the student after showing the

RFID tag at the reader module. Its a one time process.

When this Tag is assigned to particular student, the tag is tied with the bag the student

holds and left at the Bags deposit counter.

While upon return after the examination, once again, the attender or helper at the counter

need to show the RFID card to the reader section such that
The reader decrypts the RFID tag number and transmits the 10 digit number to the

microcontroller
The microcontroller compares the tag number with predefined input tags and displays the

NAME, and the students Roll No. from EEPROM in the project.
Confirming which the bag is safely handed over to the student by confirming the name
and roll number of the student from college ID card. The Name, and all the details are
7

displayed on the LCD screen, such that both the student and also management can know
there is no misplacement of the bags.

Chapter III
Components Description
Micro Controller (AT89S52)
Features:

Compatible with MCS-51 Products.

8K Bytes of In- System Reprogrammable Flash Memory.
Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles.
Fully Static Operation: 0Hz to 24MHz.
Three-Level Program Memory Lock.
256 x 8-Bit Internal RAM.
32 Programmable I/O Lines.
Three 16-bit Timer/Counter.
Eight Interrupt Sources.
Programmable Serial Channel.
Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes.

1. Description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes
of in-system programmable Flash Memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels highdensity nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51
instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip,
the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and costeffective solution to many embedded control applications.

Pin Diagram and its Description

Pin Description
VCC

Supply Voltage

GND

Ground

Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as
high-impedance inputs.

10

Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus

during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has
internal pull-ups
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the
code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during
program verification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they
are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port
1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current(I IL) because of the
internal pull-ups.
In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external
count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX),
respectively, as shown in the following table.
Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
verification.
Port Pin

Alternate Functions

P1.0

T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out

P1.1

T2EX(Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction control)

P1.5

MOSI (used for In-System Programming)

P1.6

MISO (used for In-System Programming)

P1.7

SCK (used for In-System Programming)

Port 2
11

Port 2 is an 8-bit directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they
are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port
2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL ) because of the
internal pull-ups.
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program
memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses
(MOVX@DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when
emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses
(MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.
Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during
Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they
are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port
3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (I IL) because of the
pull-ups.
Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as
shown in the following table.

Port Pin

Alternate Functions

P3.0

RXD(serial input port)

P3.1

TXD(serial output port)

P3.2

12

(external interrupt 0)

P3.3

P3.4

T0 (timer 0 external input)

P3.5

T1 (timer 1 external input)

P3.6
P3.7

(external interrupt 0)

WR
(external data memory write strobe)

RD
(external data memory read strobe)

RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machines cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the
watchdog times out. The DISTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to
disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISTRO, the RESET HIGH out
feature is enabled.

ALE/ PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse

input ( PROG ) during Flash programming.

In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and
may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse
is skipped during each access to external data memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the
bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is
weekly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in
external execution mode.

EA

/VPP

13

External Access Enable.

EA

must be strapped to GND in order to enable the

device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H
up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed,

EA

will be

internally latched on reset.

This pin should be strapped to Vcc for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (Vpp) during Flash
programming.

XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.

XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Data Memory
The AT89S52 implements 256bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128bytes occupy
Parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the
upper 128bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically
separate from SFR space.

Watchdog Timer (one-time Enabled with Reset-out)

The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be
subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and the
Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from
existing reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence
to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT timeout period is
dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no way to disable the WDT
14

except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset). When WDT
overflows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin.

Liquid Crystal Display

In 1968, RCA Laboratories developed the first liquid crystal display (LCD). Since then,
LCDs have been implemented on almost all types of digital devices, from watches to computer
to projection TVs. LCDs operate as a light valve, blocking light or allowing it to pass
through. An image in an LCD is formed by applying an electric field to alter the chemical
properties of each LCC (Liquid Crystal Cell) in the display in order to change a pixels light
absorption properties. These LCCs modify the image produced by the backlight into the screen
output as requested by the controller. Through the end output may be in color, The LCCs are
monochrome, and the color is added later through a filtering process. Modern laptop computer
displays can produce 65,536 simultaneous colors at resolution of 800x600.

LCD (Liquid Crystal display) screen is an electronic display module. A 16x2 LCD
display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits.
These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The
reasons are being:

Economical
Easily Programmable

15

Have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven
segments)

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The Command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the
cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register strores the data to be displayed on the
LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
Pin Diagram

16

Pin Description

LCD Command Codes

Code (Hex)

Command to LCD Instruction Register

Clear Display Screen

Return Home

Decrement Cursor (shift cursor to left)

Increment Cursor (shift cursor to right)

Shift Display Right

Shift Display Left

Display off, Cursor off

Display off, Cursor on

Display on, Cursor off

Display on, cursor blinking

Display on, cursor on

17

10

Shift cursor position to left

14

Shift cursor position to right

18

Shift the entire display to the left

1C

Shift the entire display to the right

80

Force cursor to beginning of 1st line

C0

Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line

38

2 lines and 5x7 matrix

Capacitors
Capacitor is a basic storage device to store electrical charges and release it as it is
required by the circuit. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to perform variety of
tasks, such as smoothing, filtering, bypassing etc. One type of capacitor may not be suitable
for all applications. Ceramic capacitors are generally superior than other types and therefore can
be used in a vast ranges of application. The following superior than other types and therefore can
be used in a vast ranges of application. The following is the typical capacitor application in
electronics industries.
DC blocking capacitor:
In this application the capacitor blocks the passage of DC current (after completely
charged) and yet allows the AC to pass at certain portion of a circuit.
Capacitor as a filter:
Capacitors are the main elements of filters. There are several types of filters that are used
in electronic circuits, such as LPF (Low Pass Filter), HPF (high Pass Filter), BPF (Band Pass
Filter), etc. Since the reactance of the capacitor is inversely related to the frequency, therefore
it can be used to increase or decrease the impedance of the circuit at certain frequencies and
therefore does the filtration job.
Capacitor as a discharge unit:

18

Capacitors used as a charging unit and the release of the charge (discharge energy) is used
for triggering, ignition, and in high scale as a power source.
By Pass capacitor:
The reactance of capacitor decreases as the frequency increases. Therefore in certain
application it is used in parallel with other components to bypass it at a specified frequency.
Coupling capacitor:
The ability of capacitor to pass AC signal, allows it to couple a section of an electronic
circuit to another circuit.
Decoupling capacitor:
In high speed electronic logic switching causes draw of significant amount of current
which in turn would cause disturbance in the logic voltage level. Decoupling capacitor is
typically located very close to the IC output and serves as a local energy source to provide the
needed extra current and therefore minimizes the noise and disturbances to the logic signal.

19

Snubber capacitor:
In some application, relays or SCR (Silicon controlled rectifier) are to drive a high
inductance loads. In these circumstances, when the relay or the SCR opens, a major transient
voltage could be induced in the contact of the relay or across the junction of SCR, which in turn
either shows as an arc on the relay contacts or may damage the internal SCR junction. Therefore
snubber capacitor is used to limit the high voltage transient across the circuit. There are also
other applications such as Tuned circuits, signal processing, etc...
Formula for Capacitance
The capacitance (C) is a measure of the amount of charge (Q) stored on each plate for a
given potential difference or voltage (V) which appears between the plates
C = Q/V

Resistors
20

A resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component that opposes current flow by
lowering the voltage levels within the circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit
current flow, to adjust signal level, bias active elements and terminate transmission lines among
other uses. High-power resistors, that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may
be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.
The electrical resistance is equal to the voltage across the resistor divided by the current
through resistor.
R = V/I
Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or
operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume
control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.

Identifying Resistors
Most axial resistors use a pattern of colored stripes to indicate resistance. Surface-mount
ones are marked numerically. Resistance can also be calculated using multimeter.
Electronic Color code
Four-band identification is the most commonly used color coding scheme on all resistors. It
consists of four colored bands that are painted around the body of the resistor. The first two
numbers are the first two significant digits of the resistance value, the third is a multiplier, and
the fourth is the tolerance of the value. Each color corresponds to certain number as shown
below.

21

Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier or an electrically
controlled switch. The transistor is the fundamental building block of the circuitry in computers,
cellular phones, and all other modern electronic devices.
Because of its fast response and accuracy, the transistor is used in a wide variety of digital and
analog functions, including amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation, and
oscillators. Transistors may be packaged individually or as part of an integrated circuit.

22

Diode
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in one direction
(asymmetric conductance) it has low (ideally zero) resistance to the flow of current in one
direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode is a crystalline
piece of semiconductor with a p-n junction connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube
has two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated (cathode).
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diodes forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction
(the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve.
This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to

23

direct current, including extraction of modulation from radio signals in radio receivers these
diodes are forms of rectifiers.
Diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on-off action, due to their nonlinear
current-voltage characteristics. Semiconductor diodes begin conducting electricity only if a
certain threshold voltage or cut-in voltage is present in the forward direction (a state in which the
diode is said to be forward-biased). The voltage drop across a forward-biased diode varies only a
little with the current, and is a function of temperature, this effect can be used as a temperature
sensor or as a voltage reference.

Buzzer

24

A buzzer is an audio signaling device which may mechanical, electromechanical or

piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzer are alarm devices, timers and conformation of user input
such as mouse click or keystroke.

POWER SUPPLY:
The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable
low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A RPS (Regulated Power Supply)
is the Power Supply with Rectification, Filtering and Regulation being done on the AC mains
to get a Regulated power supply for Microcontroller and for the other devices being interfaced
to it.

25

A power supply can be broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a
particular function. A D.C power supply which maintains the output voltage constant
irrespective of A.C mains fluctuations or load variations is known as Regulated D.C Power
Supply.
Transformer:
The transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to
another electrical circuit through the medium of magnetic field and without a change in the
frequency. The electric circuit which receives energy from the supply mains is called primary
winding and the other circuit which delivers electric energy to the load is called the secondary
winding.
With it, the voltage and current can be multiplied and divided in AC circuits.
Transformer is of two types step up and step down. In this project a step down transformer is
used. A step down transformer: is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage.
It is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding. This
kind of transformer steps down the voltage applied to it.
As a step-down unit, the transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power into low-voltage,
high-current power. The larger-gauge wire used in the secondary winding is necessary due to the
increase in current. The primary winding, which doesnt have to conduct as much current, may
be made of smaller-gauge wire.

26

Voltage Regulators:
Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or
variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative
voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include
some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating
('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulators ICs have 3 leads and look like
power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is
simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply
(anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the
Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output
pin.

Bridge Rectifier
A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a bridge circuit
configuration which provides the same output polarity for either input polarity. It is used for
converting an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output.

27

A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration

which provides the same output polarity for either input polarity. It is used for converting an
alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output. A bridge rectifier provides fullwave rectification from a two-wire AC input, therefore resulting in lower weight and cost when
compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary
winding. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge. For the
positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4
remain in the OFF state. The maximum efficiency of a Bridge Rectifier is 81.2%

RFID

RFID is acronym for Radio Frequency Identification. Generally a RFID system consists
of 2 parts. A Reader, and one or more Transponders, also known as Tags. RFID systems evolved
from barcode labels as a means to automatically identify and track products and people.
Working

28

In every RFID system the transponder Tags contain information. This information can be
as little as a single binary bit, or be a large array of bits representing such things as an identity
code, personal medical information, or literally any type of information that can be stored in
digital binary format.

Shown is a RFID transceiver that communicates with a passive Tag. Passive tags have no power
source of their own and instead derive power from the incident electromagnetic field. Commonly the
heart of each tag is a microchip. When the Tag enters the generated RF field it is able to draw enough
power from the field to access its internal memory and transmit its stored information. When the
transponder Tag draws power in this way the resultant interaction of the RF fields causes the voltage at
the transceiver antenna to drop in value. This effect is utilized by the Tag to communicate its information
to the reader. The Tag is able to control the amount of power drawn from the field and by doing so it can
modulate the voltage sensed at the Transceiver according to the bit pattern it wishes to transmit.

COMPONENTS OF RFID
A basic RFID system consists of three components:

An antenna or coil
A transceiver (with decoder)
A transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with unique information

These are described below:

29

ANTENNA
The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and read and write data to it. Antennas are the
conduits between the tag and the transceiver, which controls the system's data acquisition and
communication. Antennas are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; they can be built into a
door frame to receive tag data from persons or things passing through the door, or mounted on an
interstate tollbooth to monitor traffic passing by on a freeway.

Figure: Antenna
The electromagnetic field produced by an antenna can be constantly present when multiple tags
are expected continually. If constant interrogation is not required, a sensor device can activate the
field. Often the antenna is packaged with the transceiver and decoder to become a reader (a.k.a.
interrogator), which can be configured either as a handheld or a fixed-mount device. The reader
emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from one inch to 100 feet or more, depending upon its
power output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag passes through the

30

electromagnetic zone, it detects the reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data
encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer
for processing.

TAGS (Transponders)
An RFID tag is comprised of a microchip containing identifying information and an
antenna that transmits this data wirelessly to a reader. At its most basic, the chip will contain a
serialized identifier, or license plate number, that uniquely identifies that item, similar to the way
many bar codes are used today. A key difference, however is that RFID tags have a higher data
capacity than their bar code counterparts. This increases the options for the type of information
that can be encoded on the tag, including the manufacturer, batch or lot number, weight,
ownership, destination and history (such as the temperature range to which an item has been
exposed). In fact, an unlimited list of other types of information can be stored on RFID tags,
depending on application needs. An RFID tag can be placed on individual items, cases or pallets
for identification purposes, as well as on fixed assets such as trailers, containers, totes, etc.
There are three options in terms of how data can be encoded on tags: (1) Read-only tags
contain data such as a serialized tracking number, which is pre-written onto them by the tag
manufacturer or distributor. These are generally the least expensive tags because they cannot
have any additional information included as they move throughout the supply chain. Any updates
to that information would have to be maintained in the application software that tracks SKU
movement and activity. (2) "Write once" tags enable a user to write data to the tag one time in
production or distribution processes. Again, this may include a serial number, but perhaps other
data such as a lot or batch number. (3) Full "read-write" tags allow new data to be written to the
tag as neededand even written over the original data. Examples for the latter capability might
include the time and date of ownership transfer or updating the repair history of a fixed asset.
While these are the most costly of the three tag types and are not practical for tracking
inexpensive items, future standards for electronic product codes (EPC) appear to be headed in
this direction.

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Figure: RFID Tags

RF Transceiver
The RF transceiver is the source of the RF energy used to activate and power the passive RFID
tags. The RF transceiver may be enclosed in the same cabinet as the reader or it may be a
separate piece of equipment. When provided as a separate piece of equipment, the transceiver is
commonly referred to as an RF module. The RF transceiver controls and modulates the radio
frequencies that the antenna transmits and receives. The transceiver filters and amplifies the
backscatter signal from a passive RFID tag.

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Chapter IV
Hardware Designing and Software Implementation

Hardware Designing
Proteus7.7 Tool
Proteus7.7 best simulation software for various designs with microcontroller. It is mainly
popular because of availability of almost all microcontrollers in it. So it is a handy tool to test
programs and embedded designs for electronics. You can simulate your programming of
microcontroller in Proteus7.7 Simulation Software.
After simulating your circuit in Proteus 7.7 Software you can directly make PCB design with it
so it could be a all in one package.

Steps to create a Project

Double click on ISIS shortcut.

Go to File menu click on save design.

33

Save the design by creating a new folder with specified project name.
Go to Library menu Pick the Device symbol.

Pick the component to be placed from the library list.

Place the selected Component on the Schematic sheet with grids.

34

Select all the required components and place them on the schematic sheet.
Connect the components.
For connecting power and ground go to Terminal Mode.
After the Design completion.
Load the .hex file which is generated from Keil software.

35

Start the simulation button.

If the design and code are appropriate simulation gives the valid output.
For further modification stop the simulation, modify the circuit.
To modify the .hex file modify the code in Keil build the code then hex while will be
manipulated.

Software Implementation
Keil IDE
The Keil 8051 Development Tools are designed to solve the complex problems facing
embedded software developers.
Keil IDE is basically an assembler and a compiler. Assembly or C language code can be
written and compiled in Keil. Furthermore, it supports many of the 8051 variants.
36

The Keil Vision Debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals (IC, CAN, UART,
SPI, Interrupts, I/O Ports, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and PWM Modules) of your 8051
device. Simulation helps you understand hardware configurations and avoids time wasted on
setup problems. Additionally, with simulation, you can write and test applications before target
hardware is available.
Steps to create a project

Double click on Keil shortcut.

Click on run option.
Go to Project menu select new Vision project.

Save the project in above ISIS folder with the same project name.
Select the controller to be used .

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Right click on Target1 select options for target target1.

Change Xtal (MHz) value as 11.0592MHz.

Go to output menu in the same window Tick the create hex file option.
Click on OK.
Create a new empty document by click on tool below file menu.
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Save that document with .c extension as it a c code.

Save the code in the same folder.

Right click on Source Group Select Add Files to Group Source Group1.

39

Add the .c file to that source group.

Click on Close option.

Edit the code in .c file.

Build the code.
If the code is appropriate code is compiled without any errors.
40

After compilation hex file is generated.

This generated .hex file is embedded on microcontroller in ISIS tool for software

testing
If simulation results are perfect the .hex file is loaded into real-time micro controller chip.

COMPONENTS MOUNTING ON PCB

TOOLS USED:

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Soldering iron
A soldering iron is a hand tool most commonly used in soldering. It supplies
heat to melt the solder so that it can flow into the joint between two
workpieces.
A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated
handle. Heating is often achieved electrically, by passing an electric current
(supplied through an electrical cord or battery cables) through the resistive material

of

a heating element. Another heating method includes combustion of a suitable gas, which
can either be delivered through a tank mounted on the iron (flameless), or through an
external flame.
Less common uses include pyrography (burning designs into wood) and
welding. Soldering irons are most often used for installation, repairs, and limited
production work. High-volume production lines use other soldering methods.

Wire Stripper:
Wire stripper is used to strip off wire insulator from its conductor before it is
used to connect to another wire or soldered into the printed circuit board. Some wire
stripper or wire cutter has a measurement engraved on it to indicate the length that will be
stripped.
Side-Cutting Plier:
A 4-inch side cutting plier will come in handy as one
of the electronic tools when one need to trim off excess
component leads on the printed circuit board. It can also be used
to cut wires into shorter length before being used. Tweezer

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Small tweezer is used to hold small components especially when doing

soldering and de-soldering of surface mount components.

PCB Designing and Working

PCB Layout
The entire circuit can be easily assembled on a general purpose PCB board respectively.
Layout of desired diagram and preparation is first and most important operation in any printed
circuit board manufacturing process. First of all layout of component side is to made in
accordance with available components dimensions. The following points are to be observed
while forming the layout of PCB.
1
2

Between two components, sufficient space should be maintained.

High voltage/max dissipated components should be mounted at sufficient distance

from semiconductor and electrolytic capacitors.

The most important points are the components layout is making proper
compromise with copper side circuit layout. Printed circuit board is used to avoid
most of all the disadvantages of conventional breadboard. These are small in size
and efficient in performance.

Preparing Circuit Layout

First of all the actual size circuit layout is to be drawn on the copper side of the copper clad
board. Then enamel paint is applied on the tracks of connection with the help of a shade brush.
We have to apply the paints surrounding the point at which the connection is to be made. It
avoids the disconnection between the leg of the component and circuit track. After completion of
painting work, it is allowed to dry.

Drilling

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After completion of painting work, holes 1/23inch (1mm) diameter are drilled at desired points
where we have to fix the components.
Etching
The removal of excess of copper on the plate apart from the printed circuit is known as etching.
From this process the copper clad board with printed circuit is placed in the solution of FeCl with
3-4 drops of HCL in it and is kept so for about 10 to 15 minutes and is taken out when all the
excess copper is removed from the PCB. After etching, the PCB is kept in clean water for about
half an hour in order to get PCB away from acidic field, which may cause poor performance of
the circuit. After the PCB has been thoroughly washed, paint is removed by soft piece of cloth
dipped I thinner or turbine. Then PCB is checked as per the layout, now the PCB is ready for use.
Soldering
Soldering is the process of joining two metallic conductor the joint where two metal
conductors are to be join or fused is heated with a device called soldering iron and then as allow
of tin and lead called solder is applied which melts and converse the joint. The solder cools and
solidifies quickly to ensure is good and durable connection between the joined metal converting
the joint solder also present oxidation.
Soldering And Desoldering Techniques.
There are basically two soldering techniques.

Manual soldering with iron.

Mass Soldering.

Soldering with Iron

The surface to be soldered must be cleaned and fluxed. The soldering iron switched on and
bellowed to attain soldering temperature. The solder in form of wire is allied hear the component
to be soldered and heated with iron. The surface to be soldered is filled, iron is removed and joint
is cold without disturbing.
Solder Joint are Supposed to:
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1
2
3
4

Provide permanent low resistance path.

Make a robust mechanical link between PCB and leads of components.
Allow heat flow between component, joining elements and PCB.
Retain adequate strength with temperature variation. The following precaution should be
taken while soldering:
Use always an iron plated copper core tip for soldering iron.
Slightly for the tip with a cut file when it is cold.
Use a wet sponge to wipe out dirt from the tip before soldering.
Tighten the tip screw if necessary before iron is connected to poor supply.
Clean component lead and copper pad before soldering.
Apply solder between component leads, PCB pattern and tip of soldering iron.
Iron should be kept in contact with the joint for 2-3 seconds only instead of

keeping for very long or very small time.

Use optimum quantity of solder.

Conclusion
In this proposed system, Implementation of RFID dramatically increases efficiency and lowers
operational costs, avoids cost of lost baggage & saves the time. A number of technologies have
been implemented to speed these processes but one technology that has the potential to
45

revolutionize baggage handling technique is Radio-Frequency Identification Technology (RFID).

RFID is used to enhance the ability for baggage tracking, dispatching and conveyance so as to
improve the management efficiency and the users satisfaction. The RFID enabled system
provides baggage handlers real-time and historical track and trace data.

Applications

Government Vehicles like Airplanes, trains, buses

Hospitals
Schools, Colleges
Industries

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Code
#include<reg52.h>
#include<lcdp1.h>
#include<string.h>

sbit buz=P1^0;

char buffer[13];
int k=0;

void serial_intr(void) interrupt 4

{
buz=1;
if(RI==1)
{
buffer[k++]=SBUF;
RI = 0;

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buz=0;
}

void main()
{
int l=0,m=0;
buz=0;

TMOD = 0x21;
SCON = 0x50;
TH1 = 0xFD;
TR1 = 1;
IE = 0x90;
TH0=0x00;
TL0=0x00;

init_lcd();
cmd_lcd(0x80);
display_lcd("college Baggage ");
cmd_lcd(0xC0);
display_lcd("

system

");

delay_ms(1000);
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cmd_lcd(0x01);
while(1)
{
if(k==12)
{
//buffer[11]='\0';
buffer[12]='\0';
buffer[13]='\0';

l=strcmp(buffer,"090096BABF9A"); //090096BABF9A

//090096D65019
m=strcmp(buffer,"090096D65019");

cmd_lcd(0x01);

if(l==0|m==0)
{
if(l==0)
{
display_lcd("ID:TRR ECE /1234");
delay_ms(1000);

}
if(m==0)
49

display_lcd("ID:TRR ECE /3746");

delay_ms(1000);
}

}
else
{
cmd_lcd(0x01);
display_lcd("Invalid Bag ");
buz=1;
delay_ms(1000);
buz=0;
}

k=0;
}
else
{
cmd_lcd(0x80);
display_lcd("Waiting for Bag");

}
50

}
}

References
1. Muhammad Ali Mazidi , The 8051 Microcontroller & Embedded Systems

2.

AT89C52 Datasheet; Atmel Corporation. Modified May, 2000. www.microchip.com.

3. http://www.electronicshub.org/interfacing-16x2-lcd-8051/
4. http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/interface-rfid-AT89C51circuit

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