SHAHEED BENAZIR BHUTTO UNIVERSITY

SHAHEED BENAZIRABAD
ASSIGNMENT NO: 4
NAME: AYAZ ALI
CLASS: MBA 15 (II)
ROLL NO: 18
TEACHER: SIR GHULAMMUSTAFA
SUBJECT: M.I.S

QNO: 1

The Open-loop System

In the last tutorial about Electronic Systems, we saw that a system can be a collection of
subsystems which direct or control an input signal. The function of any electronic system is to
automatically regulate the output and keep it within the systems desired input value or set
point. If the systems input changes for whatever reason, the output of the system must respond
accordingly and change itself to reflect the new input value.
Likewise, if something happens to disturb the systems output without any change to the input
value, the output must respond by returning back to its previous set value. In the past, electrical
control systems were basically manual or what is called an Open-loop System with very few
automatic control or feedback features built in to regulate the process variable so as to maintain
the desired output level or value.
For example, an electric clothes dryer. Depending upon the amount of clothes or how wet they
are, a user or operator would set a timer (controller) to say 30 minutes and at the end of the 30
minutes the drier will automatically stop and turn-off even if the clothes are still wet or damp.
In this case, the control action is the manual operator assessing the wetness of the clothes and
setting the process (the drier) accordingly.
So in this example, the clothes dryer would be an open-loop system as it does not monitor or
measure the condition of the output signal, which is the dryness of the clothes. Then the accuracy
of the drying process, or success of drying the clothes will depend on the experience of the user
(operator).

Another disadvantage of open-loop systems is that they are poorly equipped to handle
disturbances or changes in the conditions which may reduce its ability to complete the desired
task. For example, the dryer door opens and heat is lost. The timing controller continues
regardless for the full 30 minutes but the clothes are not heated or dried at the end of the drying
process. This is because there is no information fed back to maintain a constant temperature.

Any open-loop system can be represented as multiple cascaded blocks in series or a single block
diagram with an input and output. The block diagram of an open-loop system shows that the
signal path from input to output represents a linear path with no feedback loop and for any type
of control system the input is given the designation i and the output o.
Generally, we do not have to manipulate the open-loop block diagram to calculate its actual
transfer function. We can just write down the proper relationships or equations from each block
diagram, and then calculate the final transfer function from these equations as shown.
Open-loop System

systems are designed to automatically achieve and maintain the desired output condition by
comparing it with the actual condition. It does this by generating an error signal which is the
difference between the output and the reference input. In other words, a closed-loop system is
a fully automatic control system in which its control action being dependent on the output in
some way.
So for example, consider our electric clothes dryer from the previous open-loop tutorial.
Suppose we used a sensor or transducer (input device) to continually monitor the temperature or
dryness of the clothes and feed a signal relating to the dryness back to the controller as shown
below.

Close loop system

closed-loop system, the basic transfer function still applies to more complex multi-loop systems.
Most practical feedback circuits have some form of multiple loop control, and for a multi-loop
configuration the transfer function between a controlled and a manipulated variable depends on
whether the other feedback control loops are open or closed.

Any cascaded blocks such as G1 and G2 can be reduced, as well as the transfer function of the
inner loop as shown.

Open system
An open system is a system that has external interactions. Such interactions can take the form of
information, energy, or material transfers into or out of the system boundary, depending on the
discipline which defines the concept. An open system is contrasted with the concept of
an isolated system which exchanges neither energy, matter, nor information with its environment.
An open system is also known as a constant volume system or a flow system.

Close loop system

The terms closed system and open system have long been defined in the widely (and long before
any sort of amplifier was invented) established subject of thermodynamics, in terms that have
nothing to do with the concepts of feedback and feedforward. The terms 'feedforward' and
'feedback' arose first in the 1920s in the theory of amplifier design, more recently than the

thermodynamic terms. Negative feedback was eventually patented by H.S Black in 1934. In
thermodynamics, an open system is one which can take in and give out ponderable matter. In
thermodynamics, a closed system is one which cannot take in or give out ponderable matter, but
which may be able to take in or give out radiation and heat and work or any form of energy. In
thermodynamics, a closed system can be further restricted, by being 'isolated': an isolated
system cannot take in nor give out either ponderable matter or any form of energy. It does not
make sense to try to use these well established terms to try to distinguish the presence or absence
of feedback in a control system.

Qno: 2
Infrastructure and five major components

Businesses require a wide variety of computing equipment, software, and communications

capabilities simply to operate and solve basic business problems. Obviously, you need
computers, and, as it turns out, a wide variety of computers are available, including desktops,
laptops, and handhelds.
You will also need plenty of software. Each computer will require an operating system and a
wide range of application software capable of dealing with spreadsheets, documents, and data
files.

Infrastructure components
Todays IT infrastructure is composed of five major components: computer hardware, computer
software, data management technology, networking and telecommunications technology, and
technology services. These components must be coordinated each other.

Computer Hardware
Computer hardware consists of technology for computer processing, data storage, input, and
output.

Computer Software
Include both systems software and application software. System software manages the resources
and activities of the computer. Application software applies the computer to a specific task for
and end user, such as processing an order or generating a mailing list.

Data Management Technology

Data management software organizes, manages, and processes business data concerned with
inventory, costumers, and vendors.

Networking and Telecommunications Technology

Provides data, voice, and video connectivity to employees, costumers, and suppliers.

Technology Services

Businesses need people to run and manage the other infrastructure components we have just
described and to train employees in how to use these technologies for their work.

What is infrastructure
Businesses require a wide variety of computing equipment, software, and communications
capabilities simply to operate and solve basic business problems. Obviously, you need

computers, and, as it turns out, a wide variety of computers are available, including desktops,
laptops, and handhelds.
You will also need plenty of software. Each computer will require an operating system and a
wide range of application software capable of dealing with spreadsheets, documents, and data
files.

INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS
Todays IT infrastructure is composed of five major components: computer hardware, computer
software, data management technology, networking and telecommunications technology, and
technology services. These components must be coordinated each other.
Computer Hardware
Computer hardware consists of technology for computer processing, data storage, input, and
output.
Computer Software
Include both systems software and application software. System software manages the resources
and activities of the computer. Application software applies the computer to a specific task for
and end user, such as processing an order or generating a mailing list.

Data Management Technology

Data management software organizes, manages, and processes business data concerned with
inventory, costumers, and vendors.

Networking and Telecommunications Technology

Provides data, voice, and video connectivity to employees, costumers, and suppliers.

Technology Services
Businesses need people to run and manage the other infrastructure components we have just
described and to train employees in how to use these technologies for their work.