Professional Documents
Culture Documents
300-308 (2013)
DOI: 10.6119/JMST-012-0508-2
300
ABSTRACT
The natural frequency of axial-loaded concrete beam decreases with increasing applied compressive force, and the
natural frequency of tensioned cable increases with increasing
tensile force. However, the variation of natural frequency of
prestressed concrete beam (PCB) consisting of concrete and
cable has rarely been discussed based on both |the rigorous
mathematic model and experimental results. In this study, a
testing program was conducted and Rayleighs method was
used to derive an approximate equation for computing natural
frequency. The results indicate that (1) the natural frequency
decreases with increasing prestressing force for PCB with
eccentric parabolic tendon, but it is no change for PCB with
eccentric straight tendon, (2) the proposed equation was
proved to be an adequate method for estimating first mode
natural frequency in vertical direction, and (3) a modified
computed method for effective moment of inertia of PCB was
also proposed.
I. INTRODUCTION
From the previous literatures [10, 12], the natural frequency
n in vertical direction for a simply supported beam subjected
to an axial compressive force is computed as
EI
P 1/ 2
)
n = ( ) 2 ( )1/ 2 (n 4 n 2
l
n 2 = (
Pcri
n 4 EI
n
P
) ( ) ( )2 ( )
l
m
l
m
(1)
(1a)
n =
n T 1/ 2
( )
2l m
(2)
T.-H. Wang et al.: The Variation of Flexural Rigidity for Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Beams
P/2
P/2
115
16
115
b
H1_2
4-#3
30
H1_3
15
10
301
2-7 mm wires
350
3@20
10
370
2-#6
Section a-a
P/2
115
16
115
15
H1_2
4-#3
30
H1_3
10
350
2-7 mm wires
3@20
10
370
2-#6
Section b-b
n 2 = (
n 4 I
P
n
P
) ( )( E ) ( ) 2 ( )
m
l
A
l
m
(3)
302
Under measuring
42
40
38
35
33
30
28
25
23
20
18
15
13
10
8
5
3
0
H1_2
(Gn/LBF 1 10-4)
H1_3
20
40
47
45
42
39
36
33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
60
140
80 100 120
Frequency (Hz)
P500
160
180
H1_3
20
40
60
80 100 120
Frequency (Hz)
P625
140
160
180
45
43
40
37
35
33
30
27
25
23
20
18
15
13
10
8
5
3
0
200
H1_2
H1_3
H1_2
48
45
42
39
36
33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
200
(Gn/LBF 1 10-4)
(Gn/LBF 1 10-4)
(Gn/LBF 1 10-4)
(Gn/LBF 1 10-4)
20
40
40
38
35
33
30
28
25
23
20
18
15
13
10
8
5
3
0
60
80 100 120
Frequency (Hz)
P750
40
60
180
200
140
160
180
200
H1_3
20
40
60
80 100 120
Frequency (Hz)
S500
H1_2
20
160
H1_2
H1_3
140
80 100 120
Frequency (Hz)
S750
140
160
180
200
T.-H. Wang et al.: The Variation of Flexural Rigidity for Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Beams
303
Table 1. The first two measured natural frequencies in vertical direction of specimens.
Prestressing Force
Ps (KN)
31.39
39.24
47.09
31.39
47.09
b1
27.00
33.80
36.00
33.00
30.30
Loading (KN)
Specimen
Designation
P500
P625
P750
S500
S750
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0
g1
27.00
43.50
36.50
23.30
33.30
b2
123.50
132.20
130.50
131.00
113.30
P500
P750
S500
S750
P625
Scaled up as
Fig. 6
8
17
26
36
45
55
Deflection at center (mm)
g2
116.70
140.00
135.60
116.70
129.50
64
P500
P750
S500
S750
P625
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Un-Cracked Cracked
Loading (KN)
100
200
300
400
Deflection at center (mm 10-2)
Fig. 6. Scaled up part of Fig. 5.
3. Load-Deflection Test
Load-deflection tests were conducted in the laboratory to
estimate the flexural rigidity of specimens. The test set-up as
shown in Fig. 4, each specimen was equally loaded at two
points 115 cm away from supports. Three electronic gages
connected to a data acquisition system were arranged under
two loading points and middle point. Deflection was recorded
at each 0.6 KN increment until failure. The load-deflection
curves for five specimens are illustrated in Fig. 5 and partial
curves are magnified as in Fig. 6 for estimating flexural rigidity of the uncracked specimen.
For predicting the immediate deflection after cracking, the
effective moment of inertia, Ie, was suggested as Eq. (4) by
ACI [1].
Pcr
Ie = (
Where M cr =
M cr 3
M
) I g + 1 ( cr )3 I cr
Ma
M
a
fr I g
yt
(4)
304
d = 26 cm
dp = 23 cm
h = 30 cm
b = 16 cm
N.A.
n=
Aps
nAps
As
Es
Ec
nAs
Fig. 7. Cracked Transformed Section of PCB.
c
= nAs (d c) + nAps (d p c)
2
(5)
I cr =
bc3
+ nAs (d c) 2 + nAps (d p c) 2
3
l
0
( x)[ w( x)]2 dx
(8)
By disregarding the work done by shear forces, the potential energy of the deformed beam can be expressed as
V=
1 l
Md
2 0
(9)
1 l
2w 2w
(
)( 2 ) cos 2 tdx
EI
2
0
2
x
x
1 l
2w 2
(
) cos 2 tdx
EI
2 0
x 2
(10)
III. THEORETICALS
Rayleighs method is one of the methods for determining an
approximate fundamental natural frequency. Since the system
of simply support PCB is conservative, based on Rayleighs
principle, the maximum kinetic energy Tmax. is equal to the
maximum potential energy Vmax.. By equating Tmax. to Vmax.,
the fundamental natural frequency can be founded.
The kinetic energy of PCB can be expressed as
1 l 2
1 l
y dm = y 2 ( x)dx
2 0
2 0
1 l
2
2
(
y
(
t
)
)
(
x
)
dx
=
max
2 0
2
(6)
T=
Tmax =
(7)
Vmax. =
1 l
2w 2
EI
(
) dx
2 0
x 2
(11)
0
x
2 = 2 l
1
( x)( w( x))2 dx
2 0
(12)
T.-H. Wang et al.: The Variation of Flexural Rigidity for Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Beams
200
200
Icr Calculated
by proposed
100
50
0
0
20
IIcr Calculated
cr
by proposed
150
P (KN)
P (KN)
150
100
Icr Calculated
following ACI
Notes
50
Icr Calculated
following ACI
Notes
40
60
80
0
0
100
20
Deflection (mm)
P500
40
60
80
100
80
100
Deflection (mm)
P625
200
200
Icr
cr Calculated
by proposed
100
Icr Calculated
following ACI
Notes
50
20
100
Icr Calculated
following ACI
Notes
50
0
0
Icr Calculated
by proposed
150
P (KN)
150
P (KN)
305
40
60
Deflection (mm)
P750
0
0
100
80
20
40
60
Deflection (mm)
S500
200
Icr Calculated
by proposed
P (KN)
150
100
Icr Calculated
following ACI
Notes
50
0
0
20
60
40
Deflection (mm)
S750
80
100
Fig. 8. Comparison of immediate deflections computed following ACI Notes with proposed.
w( x) = K (l 3 x 2lx3 + x 4 )
(13)
12 = (
Vmax
3024 EI 4 EI
)=
Tmax
31ml 4
ml 4
(14)
For beams with parabolic pre-stressing tendons, an additional moments dMp induced by pre-stressing forces at x as
shown in Fig. 9 exists in the specified section. By force equilibrium,
dM p + ( Ps + dPs )(e( x) + de) cos( ( x) + d )
(15)
where Ps is prestressing force, dPs is the change of prestressing force which will increase in one side and decrease in the
other side for beams with symmetrical tendon and prestress at
306
dx
w(x)
Mp
V + dV
Mp + dMp
M
e
Ps
M + dM
e + de
Ps + dPs
+ d
dx
dx
Beams without
pre-stressed
pre-stressed only
4e0 2
( x lx) = C ( x 2 lx)
l2
(16)
de
= tan = C (2 x l ) sin
dx
(17)
de = dx
d = 2Cdx
(19)
(20)
0
2
2 0
Vmax
3024 1296 Ps C 3l 2 / 0
)=(
) EI
Tmax
31ml 4
(22)
(21)
(18)
d d 2 e
=
= 2C
dx dx 2
12
3
EIK 2l 5 Ps C 3 Kl 7
5
70
12 = (
4e
where C = 20
l
Vmax =
T.-H. Wang et al.: The Variation of Flexural Rigidity for Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Beams
307
Table 2. Comparison of initial flexural rigidities of PCB before prestressing computed by three approaches.
P- test
Specimen Designation
Pcr (KN)
14.55
15.63
16.70
14.55
16.70
P500
P625
P750
S500
S750
(EcIg)
(KN-m2)
4,853
7,551
7,724
7,411
6,524
(mm)
2.260
1.560
1.630
1.480
1.930
Table 3. Variation of flexural rigidities for PCB prestressed before grouting (PCB with unbonded tendon).
Specimen
Designation
Prestressing
Force Ps (KN)
P500
P625
P750
S500
S750
31.39
39.24
47.09
31.39
47.09
Before prestressing
(EcI0)i
b1 (Hz)
(KN-m2)
27.00
4,887
33.80
7,658
36.00
8,687
33.00
7,300
30.30
6,154
(EcI0)i
(KN-m2)
u1 =
4,675
7,273
7,440
7,138
6,284
(E I )
( Ec I 0 )iP
= c 0 p
( Ec I 0 ) p u 2 ( Ec I 0 )i
1.013
1.056
1.015
0.978
1.021
0.944
0.899
0.844
1.000
1.000
Table 4. Variation of flexural rigidities for PCB prestressed after grouting (PCB with bonded tendon).
Before prestressing (KN-m2)
Specimen
Designation
Prestressing
Force Ps (KN)
(EcI0)i
(EcIg)i
After grouting
(EcIg) (KN-m2)
P500
P625
P750
S500
S750
31.39
39.24
47.09
31.39
47.09
4,887
7,658
8,687
7,300
6,154
5,073
7,951
9,019
7,579
6,389
4,853
7,551
7,724
7,411
6,524
u 2 =
( Ec I g ) p
( Ec I g )i
0.957
0.950
0.856
0.978
1.021
308
0.85 f c 1b c = As f y + Aps f ps
(23)
f pu d
(
+
p
f c d p
(24)
Icr (cm4)
36,000
22,475
21,459
23,480
35,636
REFERENCES
Where fpu = 1,658 MPa is specified tensile strength of
prestressing steel, factor of type of prestressing steel p is
Aps
taken as 0.55 for this study, p =
, tensile reinforcement
bd p
index is taken as
index ' is taken as
As f y
, and compressive reinforcement
bdf c
As f y
= 0 in this study.
bdf c
V. CONCLUSSIONS
The findings from the testing program and theoretical
analysis are summarized as follows:
1. No matter what post-tensioned PCB with bonded or unbonded tendons, natural frequencies (flexural rigidities) of
PCB with parabolic tendons will decrease with increasing
prestressing force. But natural frequencies (flexural rigidities) will not be affected by prestressing forces for PCB
with straight tendons.