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High row
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[3.] Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance :-
The term AFP means paralysis of acute onset involving limbs leading to
flaccidity
Poliomyelitis is most important etiology of AFP others are –GBS (guillain –
barge syndrome), transverse myelitis , traumatic neuritis.
AFP surveillance aims at defecting cases of AFP and reporting them
immediately to district immunization officer of area .
After reporting workers come in 24 hours and collect two stool samples of
thumb size in sterile container and send them to central laboratory using
reverse cold chain system.
Central does culturing and PCR of sample to identify virus.
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# immunization :-
The induction of immune response by the deliberate inoculation of
appropriate immunogenic in form of vaccine is termed as active
immunization.
Types of vaccines available in India are:-
1) Live attenuated bacteria: BCG, S.typhiTy214.
2) Live attenuated virus: OPV, measles, mumps, rubella,
varicella(chicken pox).
3) Killed bacteria: B.pertusis, S.typhi, and V.cholera.
4) Killed virus: IPV, rabies, hepatitis A, Japanese encephalitis,
influenza.
5) Toxoids: Tetanus, diphtheria.
6) Polysaccharide: Typhoid-virus, pneumococcal, meningococcal.
7) Protein conjugated: H.influenza B.
8) Viral subunit: Hepatitis.
All vaccines except polysaccharide induce complete immune
response-IgM, IgG antibodies cell mediated immunity and memory
cells. But polysaccharide antigens can only directly stimulate B-cells so
IgM, IgG and memory cells are not produced if given before age of 2
years.
Newer vaccines :-
1) Hepatitis B : 0, 1, 6 months
: 6, 10, 14 weeks.
2) Hib : 6, 10, 14 weeks, 16-18 months.
3) MMR: 15-18 months.
4) Typhoid: After 2 years.
5) Varicella: After 1 year single dose.
6) Hepatitis A: After 1 year.,- 2 doses – 6 month apart.
Now we will discuss primary vaccines:
BCG vaccines:
Bacillus of Chalmette and Guerin (BCG) vaccine is
attenuated
Live vaccine obtained from the bovine strain of tubercle
Bacilli.
In India it is produced at Guindy, Chennai.
a) Age of vaccination :
At birth or 6 weeks.
b) Site :
Intra dermal at middle of deltoid left upper arm.
c) Dose :
0.05 ml of BCG vaccine
d) Reaction :
Papules appears in 2 to 3 weeks after vaccinations and by
4th week grows in size and then subsides or ulcerates which
heals by 8 to 12 weeks leading to BCG scar.
e) Complication :
BCG site abscess
Axillary lymphedenopathy (also called BCG- adenines)
Oral polio vaccines :
Oral polio vaccine is live but attenuated virus.