Impulse Turbine and Reaction Turbine.

Impulse Turbine

Reaction Turbine

Impulse turbine is mainly

concerned with velocity head.
Newtons second law governs the
impulse turbine.
Water tight casing isnt required at
necessary levels.
High heads devices are employed at
impulse turbine.
Despite having high head, power
output is low.
Water can be made to strike by
number of nozzles.
Hydraulic efficiency is high.

Reaction turbine is concerned with

pressure head.
Newtons third law is implementation of
reaction turbine.
The casing of reaction turbine requires to
be water filled.
Medium head or low head devices can
operate under the reaction turbine.
Reaction Turbine gives the higher output
with medium or low head.
Whole circumference of runner is made
to dive in water.
Relatively low hydraulic efficiency.

Since water jet doesnt cover all the

buckets so heavy maintenance isnt
required.
Example is Pelton Wheel.

Due to complete filling of water casing,

reaction turbine needs excessive
maintenance.
Example is Francis and Kaplan Turbines.

Francis Turbine and Kaplan Turbine:

Francis Turbine

Kaplan Turbine

Medium flow rate is required.

Works with medium head.
Regular generator can work easily.
Runner vanes arent adjustable.
Generally number of vanes range
from 16-24.

Can operate under low flow rate.

Works with low head even.
Heavy duty generator is needed.
Runner vanes can be adjusted.
Usually, number of vanes are as low as 38.

Pelton Wheel and Francis Turbine:

Pelton Wheel

Francis Turbine

Water energy is available at high

head.
Water casing isnt filled.
Lower efficiency.

Works with low head.

Water covers the whole internal section.
Higher efficiency.

Propeller and Kaplan Turbine:

Propeller

Kaplan Turbine

Propeller is a single regulated.

Single way control exists.
Pitch isnt adjustable

Kaplan Turbine double regulated.

Two way control exists.
Adjustable pitch.

Power Stations in Pakistan:

This is a list of Power Stations in
Pakistan. Pakistan had a total installed
power generation capacity of almost 23
GW in 2013. However, dependable or derated capacity is in the range of 16 to 18
GW during the year, due to variety of
factors, whereas demand for electricity is
increasing at an average annual rate of
eight per cent.
Operation Hydraulic Power Plants:
Name
Tarbela Power Plant
Mangla Power Plant
Ghazi Broth Power Plant
Chashma Power Plant
Neelum Jhelum Power
Plant
Warsak Dam
Nandipur Power Plant
Chichoki Power Plant
Shadiwal Power Plant
Rasul Power Plant

Turbine Used
Vertical Francis Turbine
Vertical Francis Turbine
Francis Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
Francis Turbine

Capacity
3478 MW
1000 MW
1450 MW
184 MW
969

Vertical Francis Turbine

Kaplan Vertical Shaft
Kaplan Vertical Shaft
Kaplan Vertical Shaft
Kaplan Vertical Shaft

243 MW
425
50 KW
6.75 MW
11 MW

On-going Hydraulic Power Plant:

Name
Diamer Bhasha Dam
Dasu Dam
Keyal Khawar Dam

Turbine Used
Unknown
Francis Turbine
Unknown

Capacity
4500 MW
4320 MW
128 MW

Future Hydraulic Power Plants:

Name
Renala Power Plant
Chitral Hydel Plant
Bunji Power Plant
Lower Palas Valley
Plant
Lower Spat Gah Plant
Thakot Power Plant
Harpo Power Plant
Basho Dam
Karrum Tangi Dam
Phandar

Turbine Used
Kalpan Pit Type Turbine
Francis Horizontal Turbine
Francis Turbine
Pelton Wheel

Capacity
4.4 MW
5 MW
700 MW
665 MW

Pelton Wheel
Francis
Pelton Wheel
Pelton Horizontal
Unknown
Pelton Horizontal

495 MW
4000 MW
34.5 MW
40 MW
83.4 MW
80 MW