Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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August 2007
PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY TO ADVANCE THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION OF WELDING
AND ALLIED JOINING AND CUTTING PROCESSES, INCLUDING BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND THERMAL SPRAYING
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NATIONAL STANDARD:FP_TEMP
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CONTENTS
24
Features
24
29
34
Departments
Washington Watchword ..........4
Press Time News ..................6
34
38
Editorial ............................8
News of the Industry ............10
Brazing Q&A ......................14
Aluminum Q & A ................16
New Products ....................18
Welding Workbook ..............44
Coming Events....................46
Society News ....................51
Tech Topics ......................52
Guide to AWS Services..........69
38
211-s
222-s
231-s
238-s
245-s
New Literature....................74
Personnel ........................78
Classifieds ........................81
Advertiser Index..................84
WELDING JOURNAL
7/11/07
WASHINGTON
WATCHWORD
1:18 PM
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BY HUGH K. WEBSTER
AWS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS OFFICE
AUGUST 2007
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PRESS TIME
NEWS
North American Robot Orders Jump 24% in First Quarter
of 2007
North American robotics companies posted gains of 24% in new orders in the first
quarter, according to statistics recently released by Robotic Industries Association (RIA),
Ann Arbor, Mich.
A total of 4603 robots valued at $274.5 million were sold to North American manufacturing firms through March. When sales to companies outside North America are included, the totals are 5027 robots valued at $293.9 million, a gain of 26% in units and
3% in revenue.
Donald A. Vincent, RIAs executive vice president, explained that one of the drivers
in the first-quarter growth was a pickup in orders placed by automotive manufacturing
companies and their suppliers.
In addition, from an applications standpoint, the first quarter saw growth in orders
for robots that perform spot welding, arc welding, coating/dispensing, and material handling applications.
Copyright 2007 by American Welding Society in both printed and electronic formats. The Society is not responsible for any statement made or
opinion expressed herein. Data and information developed by the authors
of specific articles are for informational purposes only and are not intended for use without independent, substantiating investigation on the
part of potential users.
MEMBER
AUGUST 2007
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EDITORIAL
Founded in 1919 to Advance the Science,
Technology and Application of Welding
Officers
President Gerald D. Uttrachi
WA Technology, LLC
Vice President Gene E. Lawson
ESAB Welding & Cutting Products
Vice President Victor Y. Matthews
The Lincoln Electric Co.
Vice President John C. Bruskotter
Bruskotter Consulting Services
Treasurer Earl C. Lipphardt
Consultant
Executive Director Ray W. Shook
American Welding Society
Directors
B. P. Albrecht (At Large), Miller Electric Mfg. Co.
O. Al-Erhayem (At Large), JOM
A. J. Badeaux Sr. (Dist. 3), Charles Cty. Career & Tech. Center
H. R. Castner (At Large), Edison Welding Institute
N. A. Chapman (Dist. 6), Entergy Nuclear Northeast
N. C. Cole (At Large), NCC Engineering
J. D. Compton (Dist. 21), College of the Canyons
L. P. Connor (Dist. 5), Consultant
G. Fairbanks (Dist. 9), Gonzalez Industrial X-Ray
D. Flood (Dist. 22), Tri Tool, Inc.
J. E. Greer (Past President), Moraine Valley C. C.
M. V. Harris (Dist. 15), Reynolds Welding Supply
R. A. Harris (Dist. 10), Consultant
W. E. Honey (Dist. 8), Anchor Research Corp.
D. C. Howard (Dist. 7), Concurrent Technologies Corp.
W. A. Komlos (Dist. 20), ArcTech LLC
D. J. Kotecki (Past President), The Lincoln Electric Co.
D. Landon (Dist. 16), Vermeer Mfg. Co.
R. C. Lanier (Dist. 4), Pitt C.C.
J. L. Mendoza (Dist. 18), CPS Energy
S. P. Moran (Dist. 12), Miller Electric Mfg. Co.
R. L. Norris (Dist. 1), Merriam Graves Corp.
T. C. Parker (Dist. 14), Miller Electric Mfg. Co.
W. R. Polanin (Dist. 13), Illinois Central College
O. P. Reich (Dist. 17), Texas State Technical College at Waco
W. A. Rice (At Large), OKI Bering, Inc.
E. Siradakis (Dist. 11), Airgas Great Lakes
N. S. Shannon (Dist. 19), Carlson Testing of Portland
K. R. Stockton (Dist. 2), PSE&G, Maplewood Testing Serv.
D. R. Wilson (At Large), Wilson Industries
AUGUST 2007
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NEWS OF THE
INDUSTRY
Students Compete in Five Categories at State Secondary Welding Competition
At the 2007 State Secondary Welding Competition, hosted by Ferris State Universitys Welding Engineering Technology Department,
students competed for more than $30,000 in scholarships, prizes,
and awards. Shown above, from left, are gas tungsten arc welding
winners Chad Mier (first place), Preston Graham (second place),
Rick Hovey (third place), and Devon DeFranceso (honorable
mention).
10
AUGUST 2007
his students to attend the college after graduating from their high
school program.
The Monroe Career & Technical Institute Welding Scholarship will provide an annual award of $500 to a graduate of the
schools welding program who enrolls as a full-time student in
Penn Colleges welding and fabrication engineering technology
bachelor degree major, the welding technology associate degree
major, or the welding certificate major.
Additionally, Smith said the scholarship honors the memory
of one of his students, Jason E. Ammon Honey, who died in a
collision with a drunken driver in January 2006. Ammon Honey
was a junior at MCTI and Pleasant Valley High School, and he
worked part time at his fathers welding business in Kunkletown
at the time of his death.
NI August 2007:Layout 1
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The company now ships an average of approximately 2 million tons per year of carbon steel flat rolled sheet and pipe. With
the proposed changes, it will have the capability and flexibility to
produce up to 3 million tons per year.
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Industry Notes
has purchased Precision Products Co., Canaan, N.H. The acquired company specializes in manufacturing plasma torches
and consumables used primarily in the metal fabricating industry. The acquisition will give American Torch Tip Co. an expanded product line and increased manufacturing capability.
12
AUGUST 2007
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Wright was presented with the honor for his companys business achievements, management, innovations in product, service, technology, and community service.
MISTRAS Group Inc., Princeton Junction, N.J., recently announced CONAM Inspection & Engineering Services has received accreditation by the Nadcap (National Aerospace &
Defense Contractors Accreditation Program) Nondestructive
Testing Task Group after the completion of an audit at its
Heath, Ohio, facility. The requirements of the Nadcap audit
process entitles CONAM to be listed in the Nadcap Qualified
Manufacturers List and is valid until January 31, 2009.
The Permasteel Group, a building construction firm headquartered in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, has been named Builder of
the Year by VP Buildings, a large manufacturer of preengi-
WELDING JOURNAL
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11:19 AM
BRAZING
Q&A
Q: We are experiencing undercutting and
erosion when brazing base metal 600,
UNS N06600, with BNi-2 brazing filler
metal at 1066C (1950F). We are brazing
a 0.8-mm- (0.031-in.-) wall tubing 25.4
mm (1 in.) in diameter into a heavy fitting. The brazing filler metal, in paste
form, is applied around the tube at the
joint to be brazed. The assemblies are
taken directly to the brazing temperature. After brazing, we find that the tube
has eroded, leaving a thinned tube wall,
and sometimes a hole in the tubing. What
can we do?
A: Erosion and undercutting are controllable and should not occur. If they do
occur, the brazing engineer probably does
not have a good understanding of the
brazing filler metals and process. Many
successful brazements are made every day
with brazing filler metals that have mutual solubility with the base metal.
Any brazing filler metal that has mutual solubility with a base metal at the brazing temperature can alloy with the base
metal, and in so doing, dissolves some of
the base metal to form a modified brazing
Page 14
BY R. L. PEASLEE
filler metal to some degree or another. In
some cases, the alloying effect improves
the properties of the brazing filler metal
in the alloyed area. Sometimes, it may
have no effect, and at other times may
change the filler metal properties.
Braze erosion and undercutting are
generally caused when an excessive
amount of brazing filler metal is applied.
In particular, when the brazing filler
metal and the base metal are mutually
soluble in each other. Erosion and undercutting can result when aluminum is
brazed with an AlSi brazing filler metal,
copper is brazed with a AgCu filler metal,
or a nickel-based metal is brazed with a
NiCrB filler metal, whenever an excessive
amount of brazing filler metal is present,
and all have mutual solubility. When
brazing an iron-based metal with a copper filler metal, there isnt a problem with
erosion because there is extremely small
solubility of copper in iron at the brazing
temperature.
Nicrobraz 130, and other nickel brazing filler metals that contain boron, are
prone to cause erosion and undercutting.
Boron is a small molecule and is the melt-
Stainless, Nickel,
Aluminum, and
Low Alloy Welding
Consumables
Consistent High
Quality Products
Technical Support
In stock: St. Louis or Houston
1.800.776.3300
www.midalloy.com
For info go to www.aws.org/ad-index
14
AUGUST 2007
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ALUMINUM
Q&A
Q: In one of my processes, I have been
using aluminum extruded tube made of
6061-T6 alloy. The way these tubes are
used requires the following heating and
cooling profile:
a) Ramp up from room temperature
25C (77F) to 425C (797F) at the rate
of 10C per min
b) Dwell at 425C for 2 h
c) Cool down to room temperature at
the rate of 1C per min.
The initial hardness of the aluminum
tube is 80 hardness Brinell (HB). The
hardness dropped to approximately 8 HB
in 6 cycles of heating and stayed at approximately 8 HB after 30 cycles.
My questions are as follows:
1. What is the reason for this drop in
hardness and will the hardness drop
further?
2. What is the phenomenon behind the
hardness drop?
3. Surface roughness of the aluminum
tube is critical; will the hardness drop
affect surface roughness, pitting, corrosion, etc.?
A: What is the reason for this drop in hard-
16
AUGUST 2007
12:18 PM
Page 16
BY TONY ANDERSON
ness and will the hardness drop
further?
First, I question the hardness readings, particularly the
lower reading (8 HB), which
appears too low.
On examination of your
heating and cooling profile,
it is not surprising that you
are experiencing a substantial
reduction in hardness of your
aluminum tubing. The Aluminum Associations Aluminum Standards and Data
provides typical Brinell hard- Fig. 1 Solution heat treatment requires that the mateness numbers and tensile rial be heated to around 990F, followed by quenching in
strengths for most aluminum water. Artificial aging or precipitation hardening as it is
alloys in various strain-hard- also known requires that the solution heat-treated mateened and heat-treated condi- rial be reheated to around 340F for up to 18 h.
tions. ASTM B918, Standard
Practice for Heat Treatment of
to drastically change the materials
Wrought Aluminum Alloys, provides the
strength and hardness. In fact, these times
times and temperatures recommended for
and temperatures are adequate to reduce
obtaining the various tempers of the aluthe material to its lowest strength and
minum heat-treated conditions. After refhardness, the fully annealed condition.
erencing these documents, it was easy to
After reviewing the data supplied and
confirm that the times and temperatures
comparing it with data provided by The
used in your heating profile are sufficient
7/6/07
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NEW
PRODUCTS
The company has added several products to its maintenance offering. The comfort-grip hand scrub brush with polypropylene fill comes with a contoured handle
and rubber insert to fit more comfortably
in the hand. Two scratch brushes have
been added as well a V-groove brush
designed with wire that is angled to a point
to reach in tight areas that require a narrow face and a double-sided plastic handle scratch brush that offers two types of
fill in one brush. The different fill combinations include brass/white nylon,
brass/stainless, or stainless/white nylon. A
18
AUGUST 2007
Weiler Corp.
www.weilercorp.com
(800) 835-9999
www.milwaukeetool.com
(800) 729-3878
Screwdriver Contains
Powerful Motor
Welding Generator
Available with
Weatherproof Stainless
Steel Case
The Miller PRO 300 welding generator with an optional stainless steel case
provides protection of the units motor
and generator from harsh weather conditions and corrosive environments. Capable of shielded metal arc, gas metal arc,
flux cored, DC gas tungsten arc, and air
carbon arc with a welding output range of
20410 A, it offers good arc performance
7/10/07
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WELDING JOURNAL
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all-position welding. These wires meet requirements for multiple weld procedures
ranging from general fabrication to critical welding applications.
www.esabna.com
(800) 372-2123
www.staffordmfg.com
(800) 695-5551
The CobraMig 400P software algorithms allow for hard wire and aluminum
welding when using the Cobramatic wire
feed cabinet (Model 150-006). Wave pulse
functions of the product allow for gas tungsten arc-like welds on aluminum. The wave
20
AUGUST 2007
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that allows operators to convert their standard 17F or 17FV gas tungsten arc torch
into 20 different torch styles using an existing cable. The kit includes the following 1726: 200 A, 70-deg head; 1726P:
200 A, 180-deg head; 9-90: 125 A, 90-deg
head; 9P: 125 A, 180-deg head; 24-90: 80
A, 90-deg head; 150CE molded coil element; 150SE solid element; 150TB torch
body (without valve); 150VTB torch body
(with valve); and 105Z55R ribbed handle.
Weldcraft
www.weldcraft.com
(800) 752-7620
www.kalamazooindustries.com
(269) 382-2050
The AK-150 Modular Flex (AK150MF) Kit was designed to provide flexibility on a wide range of gas tungsten arc
welding applications. It is an all-in-one kit
WELDING JOURNAL
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Tandem MAG
Lars-Erik Stridh, IWE, Process R&D, Application
Manager, ESAB AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
Tandem Gas Metal Arc Welding for Out-ofPosition High-Strength Steel Erection Joints
Nancy C. Porter, Project Manager, Edison
Welding Institute, Columbus, Ohio
Progressive Construction2:Layout 1
7/6/07
9:46 AM
Page 24
Fig. 1 By building these steel chimneys on-site, Progressive Construction Systems saved
the customer thousands of dollars in transportation costs.
AUGUST 2007
Progressive Construction2:Layout 1
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7:56 AM
Page 25
Fig. 4 Baldwins artful staircases feature exquisite blending of steel with expensive hard woods. All work is done in house.
Fig. 2 CWI Jeff Baldwin performs all
weld inspections personally. Here he is
shown working on a steel chimney frame.
Our metals capabilities, Jeff explained, mainly cover steel, stainless
steel, and aluminum. We also get into aircraft metals such as Type 4130 tubing and
321 stainless steel using the GTAW
process. The tooling and equipment that
we use in our shop is mainly from Miller,
Jeff explained, not because we dont like
the other brands, but its pricing has consistently been better for our needs.
Our portable welder, he said, is a
Miller Trailblazer 301G. We use the Miller
S-32P suitcase feeder for FCAW and this
combination works great. For plasma arc
cutting we use a Hypertherm 1000. It gives
us enough capacity but does not overdraw
the generator. The shop-based machines
include the Miller XMT 300 CC/CV with
a S-22A feeder on solid wire using Star 66
TriMix from Praxair. The XMT power
supplies are the best machines we have
used. For our precision GTA welding we
recently purchased a Miller Dynasty
200 DX.
Fig. 6 Marias carpentry skills compliment her weld prep and fitup talents.
WELDING JOURNAL
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7/6/07
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AUGUST 2007
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Comparison of Properties
hese CSEF alloys have similar compositions within a given alloy family. Specific properties, particularly
strength or enhanced corrosion resistance
at elevated temperatures, are achieved by
controlled alloy additions such as tungsten, vanadium, or boron. Compositions
and specifications for candidate advanced
chromium-molybdenum steels for hightemperature service are shown in Tables
1 and 2.
Base material development and code
acceptance have preceded effort and research in the areas of weld properties and
welding consumables for the advanced
chromium alloys. Information presented
at recent conferences on advanced materials suggest that although the base metals offer potentially superior properties,
restoration of heat-affected zones (HAZ)
created by welding or remediation of cold
work/bending effects may not have been
fully examined and need further investigation. Like P(T)91, dealing with the
HAZ in other CSEF alloys may in fact
offer the most challenges. Figure 1 illustrates the typical soft zone that forms
in CSEF HAZs. (See Refs. 110.)
Code Acceptance
Base Material
ASME/AWS specifications are approved for using P91 base material and
weld metal. Table 3 illustrates base metal
code cases that have been issued for
Welding Consumables
A variety of welding consumables with
AWS or other national specifications are
available for P91 materials. (See Refs. 15,
1825.) This is not the case for the other
CSEF alloys. Table 4 provides examples
of welding consumables, and Table 5 lists
consumables for welding P91. Where an
AWS classification is shown, specific consumables are available from more than
one source. Those without an AWS classification are available on a commercial
basis and characteristically mirror base
KENT K. COLEMAN is manager, Boiler Life and Availability Improvement, Electric Power Research Institute, Charlotte, N.C. W. F.
NEWELL JR., PE, IWE, is cofounder and vice president Engineering, Euroweld, Ltd., Mooresville, N.C.
WELDING JOURNAL
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Page 30
Heating Operations
roper application of heating operations is critical to success. Application and rigorous control of preheat,
interpass, and postweld heat treatment
operations are required to ensure that de-
Preheat
The literature suggests that 200C
(~400F) is adequate for preheating P91
and P92 weldments. Fabricators typically
C
Mn
Si
S
P
Cr
Ni
Cu
Mo
W
V
Nb
N
B
Al
Ti
30
P91
P92
E911
T23
T24
P122
0.080.12
0.300.60
0.200.50
<0.010
<0.020
8.009.50
<0.40
0.851.05
0.180.25
0.060.10
0.0300.070
<0.040
0.070.13
0.300.60
<0.50
<0.010
<0.020
8.509.50
<0.40
0.300.60
1.502.00
0.150.25
0.040.09
0.0300.070
1060 ppm
<0.040
0.100.13
0.300.60
0.100.30
<0.010
<0.020
8.509.50
(<0.40)
0.901.10
0.901.10
0.150.25
0.060.10
0.0500.080
0.040.10
0.100.60
<0.50
<0.010
<0.030
1.92.6
0.050.30
1.451.75
0.200.30
0.020.08
<0.030
560 ppm
<0.030
0.050.10
0.300.70
0.150.45
<0.010
<0.020
2.22.6
0.901.10
0.200.30
<0.012
1570 ppm
<0.020
0.050.10
0.070.14
0.300.70
<0.50
<0.010
<0.020
10.0012.50
<0.50
0.301.70
0.250.60
1.502.50
0.150.30
0.040.10
0.0400.10
<0.005
<0.040
AUGUST 2007
7/9/07
11:03 AM
Page 31
Code/Jurisdiction
Specification or Designation
91
ASTM
DIN/EN
BS
AFNOR
911
Japan
DIN
92
ASTM
1.4905 (X11CrMoWVNb 9 1 1)
G-X12CrMoWVNbN 10 1 1 (cast)
A 213 T92 (seamless tubes)
A 335 P92 (seamless pipes)
A 387 Gr 92 (plates)
A 182 F92 (forgings)
A 369 FP92 (forged & bored pipe)
X10CrWMoVNb 9-2
Nf 616
KA-STPA29 (pie)
KA-SFVAF29 (forging)
KA-STBA29 (tube)
HCM12A
HCM12, KA-SUS410J2TB
A 213 T23 (seamless tubes)
EN
Japan
122
Japan
T23
ASTM
EN
Japan
T24
Specification,
A/SFA
Classification
SMAW
SAW
GTAW
FCAW
5.5
5.23
5.28
5.29
E90XX-B9
EB9 + flux
ER90S-B9
E91T1-B9
Postweld Bake-Out
postweld bake-out may be of
critical importance, especially for
heavy sections or where flux-type
processes are used. This involves maintaining the preheat/interpass temperature
for an extended period of time subsequent
to interruption or completion of the weld.
When establishing the length of time necessary, factors that play a role include
thickness of the material, length of time
the weldment has been exposed to the
heat regime, and the extent of low hydrogen practices used. Where proper
preheat, consumables, and storage/handling are implemented, bake-outs can be
minimized or even eliminated.
HCM2S
KA-STPA24J1 (pipe)
KA-SFVAF22AJ1 (forging)
KA-STBA24J1 (tube)
7 CrMoVTiB 10-10
Germany
Process
Grade
Material (seamless)
Code Case
Issue Date
NF616
HCM12A
HCM2S
E911
P92
P122
T23
E911
9Cr-2W
12Cr-2W
2.25Cr-1.6W-V-Cb
9Cr-1Mo-W-Cb
2179
2180
2199
2327
August 8, 1994
August 8, 1994
June 5, 1995
May 2, 2000
SMAW
GTAW
FCAW
SAW
P91
P92*
E911*
T23*
T24*
P122*
E9015-B9
ER90S-B9
E91T1-B9
EB9
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Interpass
A typical maximum interpass temperature is 300C (572F); less is acceptable
but no more than 370C (700F). The interpass maximum helps to prevent the
possibility of hot cracking due to the silicon and niobium content of the weld
metal. Field operations rarely have prob-
WELDING JOURNAL
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Page 32
Table 6 Typical Weld Metal Deposit Compositions and Mechanical Properties (Refs. 15, 1825)
Weld Metal
C
Mn
P, max
S, max
Si, max
Cr
Mo
W
Ni, max
V
Nb
N, max
Al, max
B
Ti
Cu, max
Ult, ksi
Yield, ksi
Elong. %
T23
T24
P911
P92
0.040.10
0.101.00
0.020
0.015
0.50
1.92.6
0.050.30
1.451.75
0.80
0.200.30
0.020.08
0.03
0.03
0.00050.0060
0.15
741
(110138, as-welded)
[90102; 1365 2 h]
581
(126, as-welded)
[7489; 1365 2 h]
201
(1819, as-welded)
[19; 1365 2 h]
0.050.09
0.300.80
0.01
0.01
0.150.45
2.102.60
0.801.10
1.52.0
0.2
0.25
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.005
0.03-0.09
852
(116136, as-welded)
[91126; 1365F 2 h]
652
(96102, as-welded)
[7486; 1365F 2 h]
202
(1719, as-welded)
[2022; 1365F 2 h]
0.080.13
0.501.20
0.02
0.01
0.150.50
9.010.0
0.91.1
0.91.1
0.400.80
0.180.25
0.040.07
0.040.07
0.02
0.005
903
(107116; 1400F 24 h)
0.080.13
0.401.00
0.020
0.015
0.40
8.09.5
0.300.60
1.52.0
0.80 (0.6)
0.150.25
0.040.07
0.030.07
0.02
0.0010.005
0.15
904
(107116; 1400F 24 h)
643
(91102; 1400F 24 h)
644
(91102; 1400F 24 h)
203
(1622; 1400F 24 h)
204
(1622; 1400F 24 h)
References
Table 7 Recommended Preheat Temperatures
Alloy
23
24
91
92
122
660 (350)
400 (200)
480 (250)
reasonable levels of toughness. In practice, this involves selecting both an appropriate temperature and time in accordance with governing code requirements.
Conclusions
ase material development and code
acceptance has preceded effort and
research in the areas of weldment
properties and welding consumables for
advanced chromium alloys. Although the
base metals offer potentially superior
properties, restoration of weld heataffected zones (HAZ) or remediation of
cold work/bending effects may not have
been fully examined and need further investigation. From a welders standpoint,
the ability to weld the creep strengthenhanced ferritic steel is rather straightforward. For the majority of the CSEFs,
proper preheat and PWHT are not optional, they are mandatory.
32
AUGUST 2007
Lessons learned with P(T)91 weldments have truly demonstrated that these
advanced
chromium-molybdenum
(CrMo) steels are quite different and require significantly more attention than the
P(T)22 and lesser chromium-molybdenum alloys. The members of the American Welding Societys D10 Committee on
Piping and Tubing decided to remove
P(T)91 materials from their existing
guideline publication on welding CrMo
piping and tubing (D10.8) and prepare a
new document (D10.21, pending) for it
and the other advanced chrome-molys
such as P(T) 92, etc. Greater attention to
weld metal selection, preheating, and rigorous postweld heat treatment schedules
were offered as some of the reasons that
the CSEF alloys must be treated differently. However, the AWS document is
pending resolution of technical items, due
to lessons learned, now being deliberated
in various ASME committees.
7/9/07
11:04 AM
Page 33
flux and metal cored wires. EPRI Welding and Repair Technology for Power
Plants, Third International EPRI Conference. Scottsdale, Ariz.
32. Zhang, Z., Farrar, J. C. M., and
Barnes, A. M. 2000. Weld metals for P91
Tough enough? Conference Proceedings, Fourth International EPRI Conference
on Welding and Repair Technology for
Power Plants. Naples, Fla.
33. Zhang, Z., Marshall, A.W., and
Holloway, G. B. 2001. Flux Cored Arc
Welding: The High Productivity Welding
Process for P91 Steels. Metrode Products,
Ltd.
34. Newell, W. F. Jr., and Scott, J. R
2000. Properties and fabrication experience with submerged arc welding of P91
piping systems. Conference Proceedings,
Fourth International EPRI Conference on
Welding and Repair Technology for Power
Plants, Naples, Fla.
Change of Address?
Moving?
Make sure delivery of your Welding Journal is not interrupted. Contact the Membership Department with your new address information (800) 443-9353, ext.
217; smateo@aws.org.
WELDING JOURNAL
33
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1:44 PM
Page 34
Modular Fixturing
Helps Fab Shop
Maintain Tight
Tolerances
Production bottlenecks and high assembly costs sent a
Massachusetts fab shop searching for solutions that would
produce precise, easy-to-assemble fabrications
Precision Metal Fabricators, LLC,
Franklin, Mass., is a young, fast-growing
fab shop focused on the fabrication and
field installation of large-scale, gantrybased ultrasonic inspection systems.
These inspection systems are designed
and engineered by the shops principal
customer, Matec Instrument Companies,
Inc., a leading ultrasonic systems integrator and supplier of quality control inspection instrumentation and production test
equipment.
Matecs ultrasonic gantry systems are
used for nondestructive examination, primarily in the aerospace industry to inspect
components such as wing and fuselage
sections, turbine disks, machinery cases,
and similar items. Its customers include
Boeing and its sub-tier contractors on the
787, 737, and various winglet programs.
Cessna is also an airframe customer.
Other applications include the Joint
Strike Fighter program as well as nonaerospace uses such as inspection of ordinance, railroad wheels and axles, and
the like.
Precision Metal Fabricators was spun
off from Matec in 2004 by its president,
Carmen Fruci, who then, as now, was also
the companys chief design engineer. The
Needed: Precision on a
Large Scale
These ultrasonic gantry systems are a
manufacturing challenge. Typical systems
utilize a large operating envelope as
big as 20 160 ft Fig. 1.
The gantry is fitted with water
squirters and associated ultrasonic sensors and equipment, all of which are programmed to automatically traverse the
workpiece to generate and capture inspection data. Positioning the sensors relative to the workpiece is critical tolerances of 0.005 in. must be held throughout the measuring envelope.
The systems incorporate precision motion control components including drives,
motors, gears, and rack and pinions, so
gantry structures must be precisely aligned
to one another to ensure that mounting
points, bolt holes, etc., are in the correct
relative locations Fig. 2. As a result,
Precision Work:
Done Once Too Often
From the outset, Matec outsourced the
largest gantry components such as the 14in. 16-in. 30-ft main carrying beams
and column weldments Fig. 3. These
large structural elements were delivered
to the installation site with mounting surfaces premachined, and mounting holes
predrilled and tapped.
Components would be machined to
accuracies commensurate with 160-ft-long
precision systems, Fruci explained, but
no matter how accurate the machine
shops work all paid for at machining
center rates we still had to pay technicians who spent inordinate amounts of
34
AUGUST 2007
7/6/07
1:45 PM
Page 35
Fig. 1 Main gantry structure for ultrasonic system used in fuselage inspection installed at end-users site.
ger and heavier and as volume grew, repeatability and fast setup became critical.
We needed a way to efficiently create precision welding fixturing.
While doing online research, Fruci
came across the Demmeler modular welding fixture systems from Bluco Corp.,
Naperville, Ill. Fruci commented, The
modular fixturing looked like it would fit
the bill. And, since Bluco had a rental program, we were able to explore use of components to determine the exact mix
needed before committing to purchase.
Modular Fixturing
The fixturing system is based on a fivesided, high-tensile-strength steel table
with a grid of accurately located 28-mm
(1.1-in.) bores on 100-mm (3.9-in.) centers, a pattern of grid lines across the top
and a scale etched on all four edges to aid
setups. Flatness of the table is 0.004 in.
overall, and the bores are located 0.001
WELDING JOURNAL
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Page 36
AUGUST 2007
ing from both ends mean we avoid distortions due to overheating we hold a tolerance of less than one millimeter over
the length of the beams. Then we weld
precision-ground stripper plates to the
beams Fig. 6.
With this approach, we pay technicians to do final drilling and tapping in the
field after gantry elements are erected
on the customers site rather than paying for both milling center time while nevertheless having to pay field techs to make
final adjustments anyway.
Advanced Development
A complete 3-D solid model database
including all the tables parts, tools, and
modular elements was included with the
package Precision Metal Fab ordered.
Fruci said, We design in 3-D models and
actually have the Demmeler table in our
3-D realm. When we design a part, first
ARCOS:FP_TEMP
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Page 38
When GTA welding chrome-moly tubing, minimizing heat creates quality welds.
JACK FULCER is operations and product manager at Weldcraft, Appleton, Wis., and JEFF
FOGLE is process specialist, TIG solutions, at Miller Electric Co., Appleton, Wis.
38
AUGUST 2007
to weld than mild steel, and in some instances gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding
has replaced oxyfuel as a preferred
method of joining.
As with most materials, heat is the
number one enemy of 4130 steel. Fortunately, GTA welding creates a narrow
heat-affected zone (HAZ) to minimize
weak joints or cracking that can result
from excessive heat.
4130 chrome-moly steel contains approximately 0.28 to 0.33% carbon, 20%
molybdenum, and 0.8 to 1.0% chromium.
While the latter amounts of chromium
make it significantly less corrosion resistant than stainless steel, the amount of carbon it contains (though higher) makes it
similarly weldable and conductive as mild
steel.
7/9/07
11:09 AM
Page 39
cations). Thinner tubing (116 in.) would require a 116-in.-diameter filler rod.
As with the tubing itself, clean the filler
rod with an emery cloth or Scotch Brite
pad to remove any contaminates that may
have been picked up from a worktable or
another filler rod.
Note: stainless steel filler rods, despite
their corrosion resistance, are not
recommended.
A pointed, 332-in. ceriated tungsten
provides good arc transfer at a wide range
of amperages and is an appropriate
choice for GTA welding 4130 chromemoly tubing. Grind the tungsten with an
electric grinder or on a grinding wheel
designated for this purpose Fig. 2.
When using a grinding wheel, grind the
tungsten straight vs. at a 90-deg angle to
ensure that the grind marks run the length
of the electrode, which in turn helps reduce arc wandering.
Set the tungsten extention no farther
than the distance of the inside-diameter
of the cup being used. For example, the
tungsten extension with a number four cup
should be approximately 14 in. Fig. 3.
A DC power source with 100- to 200-
WELDING JOURNAL
39
40
4130
chrome-moly
AUGUST 2007
11:10 AM
Page 40
Often
7/9/07
tubing
reaches the welding operator with the joints already prepared. Commonly, this tubing has a
saddle joint that is cut
either by an end mill or
a die cutting machine,
and it must be tacked to
avoid shifting and creating gaps during welding
Fig. 5.
To tack the tubing,
first secure it with a
clamp, find a comfortable position, and be
certain there is enough
room around the work
area to move unobstructed during welding. Remember, GTA welding tubing requires a certain amount of agility on the
part of the welding operator, so comfort
is key.
Using either a pencil grip or a standard grip, hold the torch in a manner that
provides the most control, and hold it at
a 90-deg angle to the tubing Fig. 6.
Place the filler rod at a 45-deg angle
and weld four short tacks (approximately
1
8 in. long) on the tubing, one in each quadrant: top, bottom, left, and right. These
tacks prevent the tubing from shifting and
also eliminate gaps that can lead to incomplete fusion during welding. They also
serve as good starting and stopping points
during welding. For example, it is recommended to weld between the nine-oclock
and twelve-oclock position first, stop, and
then weld on the opposite side.
To establish a weld pool, a good rule
of thumb is to increase the welding amperage (via a foot petal or fingertip control) until the pool is approximately twice
the diameter of the filler rod Fig. 7. For
example, when using a 332-in.-diameter
filler rod, establish a pool that is around
3
16 of an inch in diameter.
Because 4130 chrome-moly steel is sus-
A Final Word
Remember, as when welding any other
material, becoming proficient at GTA
welding chrome-moly tubing requires
practice. Beginning welding operators
may find that using less heat and slower
travel speeds is necessary until they have
had more experience GTA welding on
4130 tubing, while the more experienced
welding operators may choose to weld
faster and hotter.
In either instance, the goal is the same:
minimize heat, and with it the HAZ, to
create sound, quality welds.
Change of Address?
Moving?
Make sure delivery of your Welding Journal is not interrupted. Contact the Membership Department with your new address information (800) 443-9353, ext.
217; smateo@aws.org.
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WELDING
WORKBOOK
Datasheet 288
Chromium-Molybdenum Steels
Chromium-molybdenum (Cr-Mo) steels are widely used in the
petroleum industry and in elevated-temperature applications
such as in power-generating equipment. They come in various
product forms as shown in Table 1. Oxidation resistance, elevated
temperature strength, and resistance to sulfide corrosion all increase as the chromium and molybdenum contents increase.
Cr-Mo steels are hardenable and undergo high and low metallugical transformations common to low-alloy steels. Mechanical
properties depend upon the condition of heat treatment. Preheat
is required to prevent hardening and cracking. The tensile property requirements of the ASTM specifications for these steels
vary with the product form and type of heat treatment (Table 2).
Low-hydrogen welding procedures must be used with Cr-Mo
steels.The composition of the filler metal should be close to that
of the base metal except the carbon content, which is usually
lower than the base metal. However, higher carbon levels are required when the weldment is to be quenched and tempered, or
when 100% joint efficiency is required at elevated temperatures.
Forgings
Tubes
Pipe
Castings
2Cr-12Mo
A182-F2
A213-T2
A356-GR5
1 Cr-12Mo
A182-F12
A336-F12
A213-T12
114Cr-12Mo
F182-F11/F11A
A336-F11/F11A
214Cr-1Mo
A182-F22/F22a
A336-F22/F22A
3 Cr-1Mo
A182-F21
A336-F21/F21A
5Cr-12Mo
A182-F5/F5a
A336-F5/F5A
A199-T11
A200-T11
A213-T11
A199-T22
A200-T22
A213-T22
A199-T21
A200-T21
A213-T21
A199-T5
A200-T5
A213T5
A213-T5b
A335-P2
A369-FP2
A426-CP2
A335-P12
A369-FP12
A426-CP12
A335-P11
A369-FP11
A426-CP11
A335-P22
A369-FP22
A426-CP22
A335-P21
A369-FP21
A426-CP21
A335-P5
A369-FP5
A426-CP5
A335-P5b
A426-CP5b
A335-P5c
A335-P7
A369-FP7
A426-CP7
A335-P9
A369-FP9
A426-CP9
A335-P91
A369-FP91
5Cr-12MoSi
5Cr-12MoTi
7Cr-12Mo
A182-F7
9Cr-1Mo
A182-F9
A336-F9
9Cr-1Mo and
V+Nb+N
A182-F91
A213-T5c
A199-T7
A200-T7
A213-T7
A199-T9
A200-T9
A213-T9
A199-T91
A200-T91
A213-T91
A217-WC6/11
A356-Gr6
A389-C23
A217-WC9
A356-Gr10
Plate
A387-Gr2
A387-Gr12
A387-Gr11
A387-Gr22
A387-Gr21
A217-C5
A387-Gr5
A387-Gr7
A217-C12
A387-Gr9
A387-Gr91
Table 2 Representative Minimum Tensile Properties of Cr-Mo Products Manufactured to ASTM Standards
Tensile Strength
Yield Strength
Product
Form
ksi
ksi
MPa
Forgings
Tubing
Pipe
Castings
Plate
60 to 85
60 to 85
55 to 90
70 to 90
55 to 85
30 to 65
30 to 60
30 to 60
40 to 60
30 to 60
207 to 448
207 to 414
207 to 414
276 to 414
207 to 414
20 to 22
20 to 30
18 to 20
18 to 20
18 to 22
MPa
414 to 586
414 to 586
379 to 621
483 to 621
379 to 586
AUGUST 2007
Elongation
Reduction
of Area
%
30 to 50
35 to 45
40 to 45
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HUR
RY!
LIM
ITE
DT
OF
IRS
T1
00
REG
IST
RAN
TS!
REGISTRATION INCLUDES:
Lunch is included on both session days. Valuable manual,
guide, and certificate of completion are provided, and
complimentary admission to the show floor. (Hotel
accommodations, all other meals, and transportation are
the responsibility of the attending participant.)
RWMA
Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance
A STANDING COMMITTEE OF
X CE August:Layout 1
7/10/07
10:29 AM
COMING
EVENTS
Page 46
24th Annual ASM Intl Heat Treating Society Conf. and Expo.
Sept. 1719, Cobo Hall, Detroit, Mich. Visit www.asminternational.org/heattreat.
SOUTH-TEC and SME Motorsports. Oct. 24, Charlotte Convention Center, Charlotte, N.C. Cosponsored by Society of Mfg.
Engineers, Assn. for Mfg. Technology, and American Machine
Tool Distributors Assn. Visit www.amtda.org.
3rd Technical Conf. on Injection Molding. Sept. 1819, Wyndham in Playhouse Square, Cleveland, Ohio. Contact Plastics Technology, www.ptonline.com/conf/leadingedge; (646) 827-4848.
National Maritime Salvage Conf. & Expo. Oct. 911, Hyatt Regency Crystal City, Arlington, Va. Sponsored by American Salvage Assn. and Marine Log magazine. Visit www.marinelog.com.
ASME India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conf. Oct. 1518, Le Meridien, New Delhi, India. Contact: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Visit www.asmeconferences.org/PipelineIndia07.
Marine Log Global Greenship Conf. & Expo. Sept. 20, 21, Washington Marriott, Washington, D.C. Will focus on cost-effective
solutions for meeting pollution-prevention regulations. Visit
www.marinelog.com.
Die Mold Expo. Sept. 2527, Tech Center, Auburn Hills, Mich.
Contact (800) 552-3288; www.makino.com.
46
AUGUST 2007
Southeast Asia Wire and Tube Trade Fairs. Oct. 1618, Bangkok,
Thailand. Contact: Messe Dsseldorf North America,
info@mdna.com; www.mdna.com.
X CE August:Layout 1
7/10/07
10:29 AM
Page 47
Weld Cracking VI Conf. Oct. 16, 17, Imperial Palace Hotel, Las
Vegas, Nev. To include conditions that trigger cracking in weldments and steps to prevent cracking in steel, stainless steels, aluminum, and titanium. Contact: AWS Conferences and Seminars
Business Unit, (800) 443-9353, ext. 223; www.aws.org/conferences.
ICALEO 2007 Conf. Oct. 29Nov. 1, Hilton Hotel, Walt Disney World Resort, Orlando, Fla. Contact: Laser Institute of
America, Conference Dept., conferences@laserinstitute.org.
Kiev Technical Trade Show 2007. Oct. 31Nov. 2, National Complex Expocenter of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine. Contact www.weldexpo.com.ua.
Safety Management Academy. Nov. 39, Clemson University,
Clemson, S.C. Hosted by National Center for Construction Education and Research. Contact www.nccer.org; (888) 622-3720.
16th Steelmaking Conf. and 6th Ironmaking Conf. Nov. 68,
Metropolitano Convention Center, Rosario, Argentina.
www.siderurgia.org.ar.
PACE 2008, The Power of Paint + Coatings. Jan. 2730, Los Angeles Convention Center, Los Angeles, Calif. Visit
www.PACE2008.com.
MetalForm. April 13, Birmingham-Jefferson Convention Complex, Birmingham, Ala. Contact Precision Metalforming Assn.,
(216) 901-8800; www.pma.org; www.metalform.com.
PICALO 2008. April 1618, Capital Hotel, Beijing, China. Third
Pacific Intl Conf. on Applications of Lasers and Optics. For information, visit www.laserinstitute.org/conferences.
Automotive Laser Application Workshop, ALAW 2008. May
1315, Plymouth, Mich. Contact The Laser Institute of America, www.alawlaser.org; (407) 380-1553.
Educational Opportunities
Advanced Pipe Welding. Aug. 2024, Aug. 2731, Sept. 47, Oct.
15, Oct. 812, Oct. 1519, Nov. 1216, Nov. 1923, Nov. 2630,
Cleveland, Ohio. Contact The Lincoln Electric Co. Welding
School. Visit www.lincolnelectric.com for Bulletin ED.122; (216)
383-8325.
ASME Section IX Seminars. Oct. 2325, Houston, Tex.; Dec.
35, Atlanta, Ga.; April 810, 2008, Las Vegas, Nev. Contact:
ASME Continuing Education Institute, (800) 843-2763;
www.asme.org/education.
Automotive Body in White Training for Skilled Trades and
Engineers. Orion, Mich. A 5-day course covers operations, troubleshooting, error recovery programs, and safety procedures for
For info go to www.aws.org/ad-index
WELDING JOURNAL
47
X CE August:Layout 1
7/10/07
10:30 AM
Page 48
Comprehensive, All Common Welding Processes Program. A 15week course offered Sept. 10Dec. 21, Oct. 22Feb. 8, 2008,
Cleveland, Ohio. Contact The Lincoln Electric Co. Welding
School. Visit www.lincolnelectric.com to obtain Bulletin ED.122;
(216) 383-8325.
CWI/CWE Course and Exam. This 10-day program prepares students for the AWS CWI/CWE exam. Contact: Hobart Institute
of Welding Technology, (800) 332-9448; www.welding.org.
Flux Cored Arc Welding/Semiautomatic. A one-week course offered Sept. 2428, Nov. 59, Dec. 1721, Cleveland, Ohio. Contact The Lincoln Electric Co. Welding School. Visit www.lincolnelectric.com for Bulletin ED.122; (216) 383-8325.
CWI Preparation. Courses on ultrasonic, eddy current, radiography, dye penetrant, magnetic particle, and visual at Levels 13.
48
AUGUST 2007
X CE August:Layout 1
7/10/07
1:53 PM
Page 49
Impress my
friends
Maybe save
my employer
millions
CER1280
2006 American Welding Society
WELDING JOURNAL
49
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Page 50
LOCATION
SEMINAR DATE
EXAM DATE
LOCATION
SEMINAR DATES
EXAM DATE
Corpus Christi, TX
Miami, FL
Anchorage, AK
Salt Lake City, UT
Philadelphia, PA
Tulsa, OK
Seattle, WA
Minneapolis, MN
St. Louis, MO
Miami, FL
Baton Rouge, LA
Long Beach, CA
Newark, NJ
Roanoke, VA
Corpus Christi, TX
Nashville, TN
Dallas, TX
Portland, OR
Columbus, OH*
Sacramento, CA
Miami, FL
Syracuse, NY
Reno, NV
Houston, TX
Fresno, CA
New Orleans, LA
Miami, FL
Albuquerque, NM
Pittsburgh, PA
Denver, CO
Seattle, WA
Milwaukee, WI
Indianapolis, IN
Atlanta, GA
Houston, TX
San Diego, CA
Norfolk, VA
Portland, OR
Boston, MA
Phoenix, AZ
Miami, FL
Anchorage, AK
Dallas, TX
Chicago, IL
EXAM ONLY
EXAM ONLY
EXAM ONLY
Sep. 23-28
Sep. 23-28
EXAM ONLY
Sep. 30-Oct. 5
Sep. 30-Oct. 5
Oct. 14-19
Oct. 14-19
Oct. 21-26
Oct. 21-26
Oct. 28-Nov. 2
Oct. 28-Nov. 2
EXAM ONLY
Nov. 25-30
Nov. 25-30
Dec. 2-7
Dec. 3-7
Dec. 9-14
Dec. 9-14
Dec. 9-14
Dec. 16-21
Dec. 16-21
Jan. 6-11, 2008
Jan. 6-11
Jan. 13-18
Jan. 13-18
Jan. 27-Feb. 1
Jan. 27-Feb. 1
Feb. 3-8
Feb. 3-8
Feb. 10-15
Feb. 10-15
Feb. 24-29
Feb. 24-29
Feb. 24-29
Mar. 2-7
Mar. 2-7
Mar. 2-7
Mar. 9-14
Mar. 30-Apr. 4
Mar. 30-Apr. 4
Mar. 30 -Apr. 4
Sep. 1
Sep. 20
Sep. 22
Sep. 29
Sep. 29
Sep. 29
Oct. 6
Oct. 6
Oct. 20
Oct. 20
Oct. 27
Oct. 27
Nov. 3
Nov. 3
Nov. 3
Dec. 1
Dec. 1
Dec. 8
Dec. 8
Dec. 15
Dec. 15
Dec. 15
Dec. 22
Dec. 22
Jan. 12, 2008
Jan. 12
Jan. 19
Jan. 19
Feb. 2
Feb. 2
Feb. 9
Feb. 9
Feb. 16
Feb. 16
Mar. 1
Mar. 1
Mar. 1
Mar. 8
Mar. 8
Mar. 8
Mar. 15
Apr. 5
Apr. 5
Apr. 5
Dallas, TX
Orlando, FL
New Orleans, LA
Denver, CO
Dallas, TX
Oct. 29-Nov. 3
Dec. 3-8
Jan. 14-19, 2008
Feb. 11-Feb. 16
Mar. 10-Mar. 15
NO EXAM**
NO EXAM**
NO EXAM
NO EXAM
NO EXAM
**For current CWIs needing to meet education requirements without taking the
exam. If needed, recertification exam can be taken at any site listed under Certified
Welding Inspector.
SEMINAR DATES
EXAM DATE
Atlanta, GA
Tulsa, OK
Atlanta, GA
Long Beach, CA
Atlanta, GA
Houston, TX
Baton Rouge, LA
Sept. 24-28
Oct. 15-19
Nov. 12-16
Nov. 26-30
Jan. 14-18, 2008
Jan. 28-Feb. 1
Mar. 31-Apr. 4
Sept. 29
Oct. 20
Nov. 17
Dec. 1
Jan. 19, 2008
Feb. 2
Apr. 5
SEMINAR DATES
EXAM DATE
St. Louis, MO
Philadelphia, PA
Seattle, WA
Jacksonville, FL
Long Beach, CA
Indianapolis, IN
Houston, TX
Sept. 24-28
Oct. 22-26
Nov. 5-9
Nov. 26-30
Jan. 14-18, 2008
Feb. 11-15
Mar. 10-14
Sept. 29
Oct. 27
Nov. 10
Dec. 1
Jan. 19, 2008
Feb. 16
Mar. 15
AWS 2007
CER1324-08
International Courses
The Mexico AWS-accredited seminar and testing location is
Dalus, S.A. de C.V., Monterrey, N.L. It employs S.E.N.S.E.
(Schools Excelling Through Skill Standards Education)
programs. Contact Lorena Garza at info@dalus.com.
LOCATION
SEMINAR DATES
EXAM DATE
Monterrey, Mexico
Nov. 5-9
Nov. 10
7/10/07
3:11 PM
Page 51
SOCIETYNEWS
BY HOWARD M. WOODWARD
Proudly displaying the prestigious Labor-Management Award are (from left) James H. Dunn,
Charlie E. Mercer, Rich Trumka, John R. Panetti, and Stephen F. Kelly.
welding and fabrication industry by playing active roles on national committees
devoted to the development of codes and
standards, including participation on the
AWS D1, Structural Welding Committee,
Pipe Fabrication Institute, and American
Society of Mechanical Engineers committees. Team Industries has sponsored
WELDING JOURNAL
51
7/10/07
3:11 PM
Page 52
Tech Topics
Standards for Public Review
A5.16/A5.16M:200X, Specification for
Titanium and Titanium-Alloy Welding
Electrodes and Rods. Revised $25. Review expired 7/30/07.
D14.5/D14.5M:200X, Specification for
Welding of Presses and Press Components.
Revised $92. Review expires 8/13/07.
AWS was approved as an accredited
standards-preparing organization by the
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) in 1979. AWS rules, as approved
by ANSI, require that all standards be
open to public review for comment during the approval process. The above standards have been submitted for public review. A draft copy may be obtained from
Rosalinda ONeill, roneill@aws.org;
(800/305) 443-9353, ext. 451.
ISO/DIS 9606-1, Qualification test of
welders Fusion welding Part 1: Steels.
ISO/DIS 14172, Welding consumables
Covered electrodes for manual metal arc
welding of nickel and nickel alloys Classification.
ISO/DIS 2503, Gas welding equipment
Pressure regulators and pressure regulators with flow metering devices for gas cylinders used in welding, cutting and allied
processes up to 300 bar.
ISO/DIS 26304, Welding consumables
Solid wire electrodes, tubular cored electrodes and electrode-flux combinations for
submerged arc welding of high strength
steels Classification.
Copies of the above Draft International Standards are available from your
national standards body, which in the
United States is ANSI, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th
Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 6424900. Any comments regarding ISO documents should be sent to your national
standards body. In the United States, if
you wish to participate in the development
of International Standards for welding,
contact Andrew Davis, adavis@aws.org;
(800/305) 443-9353, ext. 466.
Standard Approved by ANSI
D1.9/D1.9M:2007, Structural Welding
Code Titanium. Approved 6/5/07.
Technical Committee
Meetings
Aug. 15, International Standards Activities Committee. Pella, Iowa. Contact:
A. Davis, ext. 466.
Aug. 16, Technical Activities Committee. Pella, Iowa. Contact: J. Gayler, ext.
472.
Sept. 1821, D1 Committee on Structural Welding. Salt Lake City, Utah. Contact: S. Morales, ext. 313.
All AWS technical committee meetings are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend a meeting should contact the
committee secretary listed for the meeting notice at (800/305) 443-9353.
52
AUGUST 2007
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Affiliate Companies
A & B Metal Services, Inc.
6219 Wendell Dr.
Wesley Chapel, FL 33544
Advance Mfg. Co.
8 Turnpike Industrial Rd.
PO Box 726
Westfield, MA 01085
Alpine Mobile Welding
PO Box 385
Shoshone, ID 83352
Azure Dynamics
9 Forbes Rd.
Woburn, MA 01801
Membership Counts
Member
Grades
As of
7/1/07
Sustaining..........................................469
Supporting.........................................284
Educational.......................................427
Affiliate..............................................401
Welding distributor............................46
Total corporate members..................1,627
Individual members.....................46,265
Student + transitional members........5,220
Total members..............................51,485
Coboxi
Av Banzer 3510
Entre 4 to y 5 to anillo Frente
al banco visa, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Enduron/Custom Inc.
150 Cree Crescent
Winnepeg, MB R3J 3W1
Canada
Fluid Dynamics International
1095 Cedar Ridge Rd.
Kendrick, ID 83537
Gastonia Iron Works
624 Legion Rd., PO Box 748
Mount Holly, NC 28120
Supporting Companies
Hackett Precision Co., Inc.
1001 W. Kirkland Ave.
Nashville, TN 37216
S. Q. Fabrication, Inc.
391 Progress Dr.
Andalusia, AL 36421
Magnum Piering
6083 Schumacher Park Dr.
Westchester, OH 45069
53
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Page 54
54
AUGUST 2007
G. Fudala, Philadelphia 8
R. Wilsdorf, Tulsa 7
J. Bruskotter, New Orleans 5
G. Taylor, Pascagoula 5
B. Converse, Detroit 4
T. Ferri, Boston 4
H. Jackson, L.A/Inland Empire 4
J. Leen, Chicago 4
K. Smythia, Kansas City 4
B. Trees, Detroit 4
P. Zammit, Spokane 4
S. Chuk, International 3
J. Goldsberry Jr., SE Nebraska 3
G. Lau, Cumberland Valley 3
P. Phelps, Western Carolina 3
T. White, Pittsburgh 3
C. Yaeger, Northeastern Carolina 3
Presidents Honor Roll
AWS Members sponsoring 1 or 2 new Individual Members between June 1, 2006, and
May 31, 2007. Only those sponsoring 2
AWS Individual Members are listed.
C. Amick, Columbia
A. Badeaux, Washington, D.C.
G. Beer, Northern New York
W. Cash, Fresno
G. Cottrell, South Florida
G. Cunningham, North Texas
A. Demarco, New Orleans
J. Dolan, New Jersey
T. Gamble, New Orleans
D. Gillies, Green & White Mts.
R. Gollihue, Tri-State
S. Harris, Triangle
D. Herr, York-Central Pa.
D. Irvin, Mid-Ohio Valley
J. Jones, Maine
G. Koza, Houston
M. Lamarre, Palm Beach
E. Lamont, Detroit
D. Lawrence, Peoria
J. Little, British Columbia
D. Malkiewicz, Niagara Frontier
S. Modrow, Northwest
P. Newhouse, British Columbia
E. Norman, Ozark
R. Pierce, Mobile
K. Price, Northern Plains
M. Rieb, Inland Empire
D. Robinson, Arizona
D. Shackelford, L.A./Inland Empire
T. Shirk, Tidewater
W. Sims, Long Island
L. Weathers, Tulsa
E. White, SW Virginia
D. Wright, Kansas City
R. Wright, San Antonio
Student Sponsors
AWS Members sponsoring 3 or more new
AWS Student Members between June 1,
2006, and May 31, 2007.
C. Daily, Puget Sound 225
G. Euliano, Northwestern Pa. 116
D. Williams, North Texas 116
7/10/07
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Page 55
SECTIONNEWS
DISTRICT 1
Director: Russ Norris
Phone: (603) 433-0855
District 1 Conference
MAY 19
Activity: Sixteen members of the District
1 Sections met to discuss past activities
and plan for the future. Cassie Burrell,
AWS deputy executive director, made a
presentation detailing the Societys national activities. Russ Norris, District 1
director, conducted the program. The
meeting was held at Crisanver House in
Shrewsbury, Vt.
BOSTON
MAY 14
Activity: The Section members visited
New England Laborers Training Center
in Hopkinton, Mass. The facility trains
members of The Laborers International
Union of North America in welding and
other skills. The facility has been approved
by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
for training of other groups, including high
school and junior college students in welding. Center staff members, Jamie Merloni, training director, and Marie Guilmette, hosted the event.
Shown at the District 1 Conference are (from left) District 1 Director Russ Norris, Warren
Ballard, Walter Chojnacki, Geoff Putnam, Jim Reid, Tom Cormier, Tom Ferri, and Joe
Tokarski.
CONNECTICUT
JUNE 9
Activity: The Section hosted a CWI exam
for about 50 attendees. District 1 Director Russ Norris conducted the event with
the help of test supervisors Teila Norris
and Jim Reid, and proctors Joseph McGloin, Richard Munroe, and Steven Bowling. The program was held at the Sheraton Bradley Airport Hotel in Windsor,
Conn.
Boston Section Chair Tom Ferri (left) presents an appreciation award to Marie Guilmette and Jamie Merloni at the New England Laborers Training Center.
Shown at the Connecticut Section CWI examination are (front, from left) Teila Norris and Jim Reid; (standing, from left)
Joseph McGloin, Richard Munroe, and
Steven Bowling.
MONTREAL
JUNE 16
Activity: The Section held a board meeting at Nichols Deli in Montreal, Que.,
Canada. In attendance were Yves Cote,
Michel Marier, Gil Trigo, and District 1
Director Russ Norris.
DISTRICT 2
Director: Kenneth R. Stockton
Phone: (732) 787-0805
Shown at the Montreal Section program are (from left) Yves Cote, District 1 Director Russ
Norris, Michel Marier, and Gil Trigo.
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DISTRICT 4
Director: Roy C. Lanier
Phone: (252) 321-4285
READING
APRIL 19
Activity: The Section hosted its annual
awards banquet at Lancaster County Career and Technical Center in Mount Joy,
Pa. The results of the student welding
contest were announced. Treasurer Dave
Hibshman presented a scholarship to
Josh Kryeski. Secretary Merilyn
McLaughlin presented outgoing Chair
Chris Ochs an appreciation award for his
services 20052007.
DISTRICT 5
Shown at the West Palm Beach Section program are (from left) Treasurer Neil Prager, OSHA
Compliance Specialist Vergie Bain, and Chairman Frank Rose.
MAY 16
Speaker: Vergie Bain, compliance specialist
Affiliation: OSHA, Ft. Lauderdale
Topic: OSHA requirements for hexavalent chromium
Activity: The program was held at Palm
Beach Community College in West Palm
Beach, Fla.
DISTRICT 6
Director: Neal A. Chapman
Phone: (315) 349-6960
DISTRICT 7
Josh Kryeski (right) receives his scholarship
award from Reading Section Treasurer
Dave Hibshman.
James Lutz (left) receives his Gold Member Certificate Award from Kevin Clear,
Columbus Section chairman.
COLUMBUS
MAY 31
Speaker: Mike Flagg, SAW applications
engineer
Affiliation: The Lincoln Electric Co.
Topic: Tandem subarc welding with PWAC/DC technology
Activity: Following the talk, Flagg presented a demonstration of submerged arc
technology. Jim Lutz received his Gold
Member Award for 50 years of service to
the Society. The program was presented
at Edison Welding Institute in Columbus,
Ohio.
Merilyn McLaughlin presents Chris Ochs
his past chairmans award at the Reading
Sections awards banquet.
AUGUST 2007
DISTRICT 3
Director: Alan J. Badeaux Sr.
Phone: (301) 753-1759
DAYTON
MAY 8
Activity: The Section members toured the
J. W. Harris filler metal manufacturing
plant in Lebanon, Ohio. The tour was
conducted by various company personnel
including Dan Arthur.
7/10/07
Welding instructor Tom Geisler (left) presents Jason Heinlein with a Pittsburgh Section Scholarship.
3:14 PM
Page 57
Shown at the Columbus Section program are (from left) Owen Meston, Jason Keyes, and
speaker Mike Flagg.
Dan Arthur (left) discusses the manufacture of filler metal products for members of the Dayton Section on May 8.
JOHNSTOWN-ALTOONA
MARCH 21
Speaker: Gerald Uttrachi, AWS president
Affiliation: WA Technology, LLC
Topic: Welding race cars
Activity: The Section held its past chairmens night program in Johnstown, Pa.
APRIL 24
Activity: The Johnstown-Altoona Section
members participated in a students day
program in Altoona, Pa. Awards were
presented to the outstanding welding students from six local high schools.
MAY 25
Activity: The Johnstown-Altoona Section
held its 40th annual golf outing in
Blairsville, Pa., for 37 participants.
PITTSBURGH
APRIL 2
Activity: John Foley and Roger Hilty presented the weld-off students with their
test results and various awards. Later in
the day, the group of about 150 attendees
toured the MAGLEV, Inc., facilities in
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Page 58
The Beaver Valley Vo-Tech students attended the Pittsburgh Sections student day activities
in April.
NE MISSISSIPPI
APRIL 19
Activity: The Section hosted a banquet at
Columbus-Lowndes Development Link
in Columbus, Miss. Ricky Collier, a welding instructor at East Mississippi Community College, received the Postsecondary Educator of the Year Award.
The incoming NE Mississippi officers are (from left) Robin Shull, chairman; Sam Gray,
vice chair; Gary Gammill, treasurer; and Ervin Perrigan, secretary.
MAY 17
Activity: The NE Mississippi Section
members held its installation of officers
at Golden Horn Steak House in Columbus, Miss. The incoming officers are
Robin Shull, chairman; Kevin Reed and
Sam Gray, vice chairs; Gary Gammill,
treasurer; and Ervin Perrigan, secretary.
Outgoing Chairman Larry Odom was
presented an appreciation award for his
services.
WEST TENNESSEE
MAY 24
Activity: The Section hosted an all-day
welding contest at Tennessee Technology
Center in McKenzie, Tenn.
DISTRICT 9
Director: George D. Fairbanks
Phone: (225) 673-6600
DISTRICT 8
Director: Wallace E. Honey
Phone: (256) 332-3366
58
AUGUST 2007
Larry Odom (right) receives his past chairmans appreciation certificate from incoming Chair Robin Shull at the NE Mississippi
Section program in May.
District 8 Conference
JUNE 8
Activity: The conference was held at Tri
County Technical College in Pendleton, S.C.
BIRMINGHAM
APRIL 28
Activity: The Section hosted its weld-off
competition at Lawson State Community
College. Four schools participated:
Bessemer Center for Technology, Shelby
County School of Technology, Gardendale High School, and Bibb County AVC.
Scholarships were presented to the topthree winners.
7/10/07
The New Orleans Calcutta Contest winners are Kurt Freeman (left) and Romeo
Mamolo.
3:15 PM
Page 59
Recognized at the Mobile Section program were (from left) Grant Myers, Doug Baxter, Jerry
Betts, Nick Frazier, and Steve Ward.
MOBILE
MAY 10
Activity: The Section held its election of
officers for the new year. Elected were
Randy Henderson, chairman; Teresa
Hart and Joshua Sanders, vice chairs;
Brenda Bradley, treasurer; and Eleanor
Ezell, secretary. Also recognized were
past chairmen in attendance and the winners of the Sections scholarship awards.
Recognized were the students who passed
their Certified Welding Supervisors
exam, including Grant Myers, Doug Baxter, Jerry Betts, Nick Frazier, and Steve
Ward.
NEW ORLEANS
MAY 1
Speaker: Pat Gootee, owner
Affiliation: Gootee Construction Co.
Topic: The future of construction in the
New Orleans and Gulf Coast area
Activity: Past Section Chair Tony Demarco demonstrated techniques for welding lead. Glen Jruaszek Sr. received a
$450 scholarship as his reward for being
the student who attended the most Section meetings during the year. Following
the meeting, held at the New Orleans
Pipe Trades, the 62 members and students
were taken on a tour of the facilitys
shops.
MAY 5
Activity: The New Orleans Section hosted
its Ninth Annual Fishing Rodeo based at
C&M Fishing Marina in Lafitte, La. The
event, well supported by local companies,
benefited student welders affiliated with
the Section. More than 120 people attended the event including the 70 competing fishermen. The Redfish Contest
winners were Romeo Mamolo, Preston
Mamolo, Ken Sapia, and Mike Silom.
The Speckled Trout Contest winners included Kurt Freeman, Ben McNeil, Ron
Crotwell Sr., and Ron Crotwell Jr. The
Calcutta Contest winners were Kurt Freeman and Romeo Mamolo.
The New Orleans Redfish Contest winners are (from left) Romeo Mamolo, Preston Mamolo,
Ken Sapia, and Mike Silom.
The New Orleans Speckled Trout Contest winners are (from left) Kurt Freeman, Ben McNeil, Ron Crotwell Sr., and Ron Crotwell Jr.
DISTRICT 10
Director: Richard A. Harris
Phone: (440) 338-5921
CLEVELAND
MAY 18
Speaker: Harry Sadler
Affiliation: The Lincoln Electric Co.
Topic: Shipbuilding in the United States
Activity: Outgoing Section Chair Dan
Harrison presented the incoming slate of
officers: Bob Gardner, chairman; Larry
Boros and Jim Szmania, vice chairs;
Mark Demchak, secretary; and Harry
Sadler, treasurer.
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Page 60
Having fun at the Cleveland Section program are (from left) Paul Null, Colleen Romantic,
and Bob Gardner, incoming Section chair.
NORTHWEST OHIO
MAY 17
Speaker: Angie Grosjean, public relations
specialist
Affiliation: HNTB Corp., Toledo, Ohio
Topic: Review of the construction details
of the I-280/Maumee River Crossing
Activity: The Section hosted its Old
Timers Night program with the presentation of awards. Reginald L. Scifers received the Silver Certificate Award for 25
years of service to the Society.
SAGINAW VALLEY
Shown at the Saginaw Valley student welding awards program are (from left) welding instructor Mike Jones from Bay-Arenac Career Center with his students Chris Szeszulski,
Chad Mier, and Jeremy Knickerbocker, and District 11 Director Eftihios Siradakis.
APRIL
Activity: The Section presented local students with their awards for participating
in welding programs held throughout
Michigan during the 20062007 school
year. District 11 Director Eftihios Siradakis presented the awards.
DISTRICT 12
Director: Sean P. Moran
Phone: (920) 954-3828
FOX VALLEY
Lacy Collins discussed welding metallurgy at the Fox Valley Section program in
November.
MAHONING VALLEY
MAY 24
Activity: The Section members toured
Spectrochemical Testing in Struthers,
Ohio. Frank Galletta demonstrated the
companys chemical, physical, and metallurgical testing procedures.
60
AUGUST 2007
DISTRICT 11
Director: Eftihios Siradakis
Phone: (989) 894-4101
NOVEMBER 9
Speakers: Lacy Collins, Team Industries;
District 12 Director Sean Moran, Miller
Electric Co.; and Cory Satka, Weld
Source Alliance
Topic: Welding metallurgy
Activity: The meeting was held at Fox Valley Technical College in Appleton, Wis.
Following the presentations, the Section
members toured the colleges welding facilities.
MARCH 8
Speaker: Sam Gentry, executive director
Affiliation: AWS Foundation, Inc.
Topic: AWS Foundation initiatives and
programs for welding workforce develop-
7/10/07
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Page 61
Shown at the Fox Valley-sponsored program are (from left) Lakeshore Section officers Dave
Ramseur, secretary; Jeff McLeod, chairman; and John Zielonka, treasurer.
Sean Moran (left), District 12 director, presents Ben Mueller the District Educator
Award at the March Fox Valley program.
Shown at the Chicago Section meeting are (rear) Marty Vondra, and (front, from left) Craig
Ticheler, Chuck Hubbard, Hank Sima, Eric Krauss, and Messrs. Host and Harris.
DISTRICT 13
Director: W. Richard Polanin
Phone: (309) 694-5404
CHICAGO
MAY 2
Activity: The Section held a board meeting at Bohemian Crystal Restaurant.
Craig Ticheler received the District Educator Award, Martin Vondra received the
District Meritorious Certificate Award,
and Hank Sima received the Section Educator Award.
DISTRICT 14
Director: Tully C. Parker
Phone: (618) 667-7744
Craig Wentzel (left) and Roger Edge, Milwaukee Section chair and certification
chair, respectively, are shown at the Fox Valley Section-sponsored program.
INDIANA
MAY 5
Activity: The Sections executive committee members and family members
WELDING JOURNAL
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Shown at the St. Louis Section program are the scholarship winners with representatives from their organizations or schools.
Indiana Section executive committee members roughed it at Brown County State Park.
Shown are (from left) LaDonna Dugger, Treasurer Mike Anderson, Conner Flynn, Vice
Chair Bennie Flynn, Chairman Gary Dugger, and Tony Brosio.
camped out for two days at Brown County
State Park for a rustic setting for its activity planning meetings. The top topics discussed were the Mid-West Team Welding
Tournament and the Professional Welding Competition to be held in Chicago.
MAY 17
Speaker: Craig Allman, technical sales
representative
Affiliation: FlexOvit
Topic: Types and uses of abrasives
Activity: The Indiana Section observed its
annual awards presentation program.
Chairman Gary Dugger presented Phil
Bedel with the District Educator Award.
ST. LOUIS
Phil Bedel (left) received the District Educator Award from Gary Dugger, chairman
of the Indiana Section.
62
AUGUST 2007
MAY 10
Activity: The Section hosted its annual
students night program at Elks Lodge in
St. Louis, Mo., for 50 attendees. Twelve
students received scholarships for their
outstanding efforts and achievements in
welding technologies at local schools and
Sheet Metal Union Local 36. Six received
scholarships of $500, and six received
$200.
Ervin G. Stoch (left) receives the AWS Distinguished Member Award from Tom Baldwin, Arrowhead Section chair, in May.
DISTRICT 15
Director: Mace V. Harris
Phone: (952) 925-1222
ARROWHEAD
MAY 18
Activity: The Section hosted its annual
awards-presentation program at Goodfellas Bar and Grill in Eveleth, Minn.
Ervin G. Stoch, a charter member of the
Section and a member of AWS for 54
years, received his AWS Distinguished
Member Award and pin from Tom Baldwin, Section chairman.
DISTRICT 16
Director: David Landon
Phone: (641) 621-7476
KANSAS CITY
MAY 12
Speaker: John Gayler, director, national
standards activities
Affiliation: AWS Technical Services Dept.
Topic: Staff report on national AWS projects and activities
7/10/07
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Page 63
MID PLAINS
MAY 16
Activity: The Section members toured the
Spitz Foundry, Inc., in Hastings, Neb., to
study its procedures for machining gravel
pump parts and casting parts.
DISTRICT 17
Director: Oren P. Reich
Phone: (254) 867-2203
District 17 Conference
JUNE 15, 16
Activity: The District 17 conference was
held at Grand Plaza Hotel in Branson,
Mo. Attending were officers from the
Central Arkansas, Central Texas, East
Texas, North Texas, Oklahoma City,
Ozarks, and Tulsa Sections. Five thousand dollars in scholarships were presented.
Shown are the attendees at the District 17 conference held in Branson, Mo.
CENTRAL ARKANSAS
MAY 3
Activity: The Section members toured the
Plumbers and Pipefitters Local #29 new
hall and apprenticeship training facilities
in Van Buren, Ark., to learn about its
welding programs. Monte Breedon, business manager, made the presentation.
Founded in 1907, Local #29 is celebrating its 100th anniversary this year.
DISTRICT 18
Shown at the Lake Charles Section program are award winners (from left) Rahn
Drost, Joe Vidrine, and Drew Fontenot.
Ruel Riggs (left) receives the District 18 Directors Award from John Mendoza at the
Sabine Section program.
LAKE CHARLES
MAY 23
Speaker: David Savoy, president
Affiliation: Savoy Technical Services, Inc.,
Sulphur, La.
Topic: Principles and applications for ultrasonic testing
Activity: Savoy demonstrated some of the
latest ultrasonic testing equipment. District 18 Director John Mendoza presented
Joe Vidrine the Section CWI of the Year
Award, Rahn Drost the District CWI of
the Year Award, and Drew Fontenot the
District Educator Award and the District
18 Directors Award. The program was
held at Logans Roadhouse Restaurant in
Lake Charles, La.
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District 19 conference attendees are shown at Oxarc Welding Supply Training Center in Spokane, Wash.
DISTRICT 20
Director: William A. Komlos
Phone: (801) 560-2353
DISTRICT 21
Director: Jack D. Compton
Phone: (661) 362-3218
CALIFORNIA CENTRAL
COAST
Shown at the District 19 conference are (from left) Wendy Sue Reeve, AWS staff representative; Chuck Daily; Lena Rink, student speaker; Neil Shannon, District 19 director; and Phil
Zammit.
SABINE
MAY 19
Activity: The Section held its installation
of officers program at Weeks Welding
Labs in Beaumont, Tex. John L. Mendoza,
District 18 director, presented Ruel Riggs
the District 18 Directors Award. The incoming slate of officers was installed, including Ken Dillard, chairman; Morris
Weeks and James Amy, vice chairs; Tom
Holt, secretary; and Ruel Riggs, treasurer.
DISTRICT 19
Director: Neil Shannon
Phone: (503) 201-5142
64
AUGUST 2007
District 19 Conference
MAY 18, 19
Activity: The meeting, hosted by the
Spokane Section, was held at the Oxarc
Welding Supply Training Center in
Spokane, Wash. This year, nine teams
competed in the 39th Annual Stump the
Welding Experts contest. Eric Waterfield
of the British Columbia Section provided
the questions. Student Lena Rink presented a talk on the April 25 Washington
state welding contest. Leaders of the event
included District 19 Director Neil Shannon, Chuck Daily, and Phil Zammit.
OCTOBER 20
Activity: The Section participated in the
Allan Hancock College and Praxair Career Day event featuring a welding
demonstration trailer. More than 100
members, high school students, and visitor attended the event.
NOVEMBER 6
Activity: The Calif. Central Coast members met at Praxair in Fresno, Calif., to
study a number of custom-built hot rods
and talk with Miller Roadster representatives.
NOVEMBER 9
Activity: Calif. Central Coast Chair Stan
Luis and Praxair manager Joe Ingram led
a tour of the Praxair pumping plant. Featured were industrial gases and demonstration of several welding processes.
NOVEMBER 13
Activity: The Calif. Central Coast Section
members toured the Praxair facility in
Santa Maria, Calif. Special guests were
students from the local colleges who
learned about opportunities in the welding industry.
DECEMBER 7
Activity: The Calif. Central Coast Section
7/10/07
3:17 PM
Page 67
Many of the Sacramento Section members posed for a group shot during their tour of Holt
of California in May.
Silvio Modena presents a weld power supply to raffle winner Tony Tully at the Sacramento Section program.
members met at El Camino Jr. High
School to participate in its Career Day activities.
JANUARY 27
Activity: The Calif. Central Coast Section
members attended an open house at
Speed Ox Welding Supply in Richmond,
Calif.
FEBRUARY 8
Activity: The Calif. Central Coast Section
members participated in the career day
activities at Tommi Kunst Jr. High School.
The students saw the video presentation
The Weld of Opportunity, then had a handson demonstration of several welding
processes.
MARCH 31
Activity: The Calif. Central Coast Section
members assisted with the Allan Hancock
College and high school welding competition held at the college in Santa Maria,
Calif. Nearly $15,000 in prizes were
awarded.
APRIL 4
Activity: The Calif. Central Coast Section
members participated in the career day
activities at Arellanes Jr. High School in
Santa Maria, Calif.
MAY 5
Activity: The Calif. Central Coast Section
participated in the FFA Welding Finals
held at Cuesta College in San Luis
Obispo, Calif. The Sections booth displayed Welding Journals and offered information on student memberships and
welder education opportunities.
Shown at the Sacramento Section program are (from left) Treasurer Mark Feuerbach, Past
Chair Rob Purvis, Chairman Mike Rabo, Newsletter Editor Matt Wysocki, District 22 Director and Past Chair Dale Flood, and Secretary Don Robinson.
DISTRICT 22
Director: Dale Flood
Phone: (916) 933-5844
SACRAMENTO
MAY 16
Activity: Fifty-five Section members
toured Holt of California in Pleasant
Grove, Calif. The visit included the welding and shop areas used for servicing
Caterpillar earth-moving equipment. Max
Jones, training development, and Bob
Casey, weld shop foreman, conducted the
program. Following the tour, the Section
convened for the election of officers and
a raffle drawing. Silvio Modena, district
manager, northern California, for Miller
Electric, presented a welding power supply to raffle winner Tony Tully.
WELDING JOURNAL
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AUGUST 2007
M. Rahn, Iowa 4
R. Richwine, Indiana 4
R. Rowe, Kansas City 4
J. Swoyer, Lehigh Valley 4
D. Wright, Kansas City 4
C. Yaeger, NE Carolina 4
T. Zablocki, Pittsburgh 4
C. Bridwell, Ozark 3
R. Chase, L.A./Inland Empire 3
S. Click, Lexington 3
J. Crosby, Atlanta 3
B. Donaldson, British Columbia 3
T. Garcia, New Orleans 3
F. Gorglione, Connecticut 3
L. Gross, Milwaukee 3
7/10/07
3:18 PM
Page 69
AWS PRESIDENT
PUBLICATION SERVICES
Gerald D. Uttrachi
guttrachi@aol.com
WA Technology, LLC
4313 Byrnes Blvd., Florence, SC 29506
ADMINISTRATION
Welding Journal
Publisher/Editor
Andrew Cullison.. cullison@aws.org . . . .(249)
Executive Director
Ray W. Shook.. rshook@aws.org . . . . . . .(210)
CFO/Deputy Executive Director
Frank R. Tarafa.. tarafa@aws.org . . . . . . .(252)
Deputy Executive Director
Cassie R. Burrell.. cburrell@aws.org . . . .(253)
Associate Executive Director
Jeff Weber.. jweber@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(246)
Executive Assistant for Board Services
Gricelda Manalich.. gricelda@aws.org . .(294)
Administrative Services
Managing Director
Jim Lankford.. jiml@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(214)
IT Network Director
Armando Campana..acampana@aws.org .(296)
Director
Hidail Nuez..hidail@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(287)
Human Resources
Director, Compensation and Benefits
Luisa Hernandez.. luisa@aws.org . . . . . .(266)
Manager, Human Resources
Dora Shade.. dshade@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(235)
MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS
Director
Ross Hancock.. rhancock@aws.org . . . .(226)
Assistant Director
Adrienne Zalkind.. azalkind@aws.org . . .(416)
MEMBER SERVICES
CERTIFICATION SERVICES
Director, Operations
Terry Perez.. tperez@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(470)
Directs the department operations.
EDUCATION SERVICES
Managing Director
Dennis Marks.. dmarks@aws.org . . . . . . .(237)
Director, Education Services Administration
and Convention Operations
John Ospina.. jospina@aws.org . . . . . . . .(462)
Director, Education Product Development
Christopher Pollock.. cpollock@aws.org (219)
Coordinates in-plant seminars and workshops.
Administers the SENSE program. Assists Government Liaison Committee and Education Committees. Also responsible for conferences, exhibitions, and seminars. Organizes CWI, SCWI, and
9-year renewal certification-driven seminars.
WELDING JOURNAL
69
7/10/07
3:18 PM
Page 70
member of the Society, other than a Student Member, must be frequently available
to the national office, and should be of executive status in business or industry with
experience in financial affairs.
Director-at-Large: To be eligible for
election as a director-at-large, an individual shall previously have held office as
chairman of a Section; as chairman or vice
chairman of a standing, technical, or special committee of the Society; or as District
director.
Interested persons should submit a letter stating which office they seek, including
a statement of qualifications, their willingness and ability to serve if nominated and
elected, and a biographical sketch.
E-mail the letter to Gricelda Manalich,
gricelda@aws.org, c/o Damian J. Kotecki,
chair, National Nominating Committee.
The next meeting of the National Nominating Committee is scheduled for November 2007. The terms of office for candidates
nominated at this meeting will commence
January 1, 2009.
70
AUGUST 2007
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2:05 PM
Page 73
7/10/07
8:00 AM
Page 74
NEW
LITERATURE
Tools and Ideas to Enhance
Productivity Detailed
74
AUGUST 2007
Page 75:FP_TEMP
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2:11 PM
Page 75
Spotlight on a scholar
My name is Wesley Doneth. I
received the Praxair
International Scholarship in
2000. The AWS and AWS
local chapters were very
generous to me and
provided several
scholarships to help me pay
for tuition at Ferris State
University so I could complete my
B.S. in Welding Engineering
Technology. My father Richard is a
boilermaker, and grandfather James
Watson had 30+ years as a welder and
foreman for CB&I; welding is in the blood. I
paid for most of my schooling by working
and student loans, as many of my
classmates did, so the scholarships helped
Spotlight on a scholarship
The American Welding Society Foundation has helped thousands of students who
otherwise would be unable to afford a welding education. We are proud of the fact that we
help hundreds of welding students annually by providing them with funding towards their
education. In fact, we are the only industry foundation set up specifically to further welding
education and, in so doing, create the careers that sustain and grow our industry.
These funds are from your generous contributions. If you dont contribute, we will not be
able to expand our work and our students educations. And there is so much work to be
done.
Please make a scholarship contribution, or set up your own Section, District Named, or
National Named Scholarship. Contact the AWS Foundation at 1-800-443-9353, ext. 212.
7/10/07
8:00 AM
Page 76
around lenses meet ANSI Z87.1, and provide 99.9% protection from both UVA
and UVB rays. Models are available with
smoke, amber, indoor/outdoor, and clear,
antifog lenses.
Wheelabrator Group
Kimberly-Clark
www.wheelabratorgroup.com
(800) 544-4144
www.kcprofessional.com
(888) 346-4652
www.cgwheels.com
(800) 447-4248
CD Catalog Pictures
Welding Products
www.bugo.com
(800) 245-3186
AUGUST 2007
The companys latest full-color catalog details more than 1400 metal-fabrication products, including 361 new items.
Pictured are flap discs, thin cut-off wheels,
semi-flex discs, resin fiber discs, back-up
pads, flap wheels, depressed-center
wheels, high-speed reinforced cut-off
Page 77:FP_TEMP
7/10/07
2:13 PM
Page 77
There is a great deal of new and revived interest in hot wire welding, as a means of combining the deposition rates of
GMAW with the quality of GTAW. One version or other is already being used by participants in the oil and gas industry,
by the Navy, and by builders of aircraft engines. Hot wire welding and cladding will be the subject of a one-day
conference at the FabTech Intl and AWS Welding Show in Chicago. Presentations on both hot wire GTAW and hot wire
plasma processes will be also on the agenda. One topic that will be addressed at the conference will be the popular
use of hot wire gas tungsten arc cladding of tube and piping for the offshore oil and gas industries. In another
presentation, hot wire GTA narrow groove welding will be shown to have performed well on titanium. Advantages
are increased deposition rates and faster travel speeds. Also on the agenda are buildups, butterings, and claddings
of Inconel. Critical metallurgical and other issues will be addressed by hot wire equipment producers, users, and
consultants.
Personnel August:Layout 1
7/10/07
10:16 AM
Page 78
PERSONNEL
Hypertherm Appoints
Sales Manager
Hypertherm,
Hanover, N.H., has
appointed Thomas
(Tommy) Hanchette
district manager to
support its distributors in Nebraska,
Kansas,
South
Dakota, Colorado,
and Iowa. Before
Tommy Hanchette joining the company, Hanchette
served as a sales manager for a welding
and cutting manufacturer.
78
AUGUST 2007
VP Buildings Names
Plant Manager
VP Buildings, Memphis, Tenn., a manufacturer of metal buildings, has named
Terry Gentle plant manager for its North
Carolina Service Center in Kernersville.
Gentle joined the company in 1976, and
since 1998 has served as the Kernersville
plant superintendent.
Personnel August:Layout 1
7/10/07
10:17 AM
Professional Services
Industries Hires CWI
Professional Services Industries, Inc.,
Green Tree, Pa., has
named Tim Griffith
as a Certified Weld
Inspector (CWI) in
its Nondestructive
Examination Department.
Previously employed by
Tim Griffith
Dansco Engineering, LLC, Griffith
has more than 25 years of experience in
construction, materials testing, and inspection services.
Tregaskiss Welding
Products Fills Two Posts
Tregaskiss Welding Products, Windsor,
Ont., Canada, has named Mark Morgan
as customer training specialist and Judy
Wilson as customer service specialist.
Morgan is responsible for the Midwest
and Pacific Northwest regions. Wilson,
like Morgan, has more than 20 years of
customer service experience.
Page 79
E. A. Hartwell III
Our innovation.
Its built around you.
The tempo at Toyota reects a mood of excitement. Our rise to
the top is the result of team members unwavering commitment
to quality. Their focus is always on innovation and continuous
improvement. Ours is building a better future for and with them.
Engineers
Electrical I Manufacturing I Material Science
I Mechanical I Product/Process I Quality
Youll be joining a team that has created a globally valued
brand. A team proud to be associated with one of the most
admired companies in the world. We support great talent
working closely together - the Toyota way. Align your career
with a company that has priorities in the right place, great
respect for people, and its horizons moving forward.
Cliff Ankersen
Weihs Appointed to
Presidents Council
Timothy (Tim) Weihs has been appointed to the Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technologys New
Nanotechnology Technical Advisory
Group. Weihs is CTO and cofounder of
Reactive NanoTechnologies, Inc., Hunt
WELDING JOURNAL
79
Personnel August:Layout 1
7/10/07
10:17 AM
Page 80
American Weldquip
Appoints President
American
Weldquip,
Inc.,
Sharon
Center,
Ohio, has appointed
Howard Fisher president. Prior to joining the company,
Fisher was a regional
business manager
for Tregaskiss U.S.
Ltd. He replaces
Howard Fisher
Rex Carper who remains as founder and CEO.
Thermadyne Names
Marketing Manager
Tom Wermert
Thermadyne
Industries, Inc., St.
Louis, Mo., has
named Tom Wermert
marketing
manager for Americas Arc Welding.
With the company
for 13 years, Wermert
previously
served as global
product manager
Obituaries
Cynthia L. Jenney
Cynthia Lou Jenney, 53, died June 8
in Miami, Fla., after
a long illness. Ms.
Jenney worked for
the American Welding Society at its
headquarters
in
Miami, Fla., from
January 1999 to
Cynthia L. Jenney September 2006.
She started in the
Publications Services Department as staff
editor for the Welding Handbook, Vol. 1,
ninth edition. Her next assignment was in
the AWS Technical Services Department
where she served as a technical editor
working with the A2 Definitions and Symbols and C3 Brazing and Soldering committee members and their documents.
The Brazing Handbook, 5th edition, due to
be published soon, is dedicated to her
memory. The dedication reads in part,
80
AUGUST 2007
Member Milestone
Castner Receives Premier RIA Robotics Award
Harvey Castner, an AWS Life Member, received the prestigious Engelberger Robotics Award
for Application at a ceremony held June 13 during
the 38th Annual International Symposium on Robotics, hosted by the Robotic Industries Association (RIA), held in Chicago, Ill.
Castners citation reads, His pioneering work
in the early 1980s led to the application of first-generation industrial robots to arc welding tasks for the
manufacture of agricultural products and heavy
equipment. Joining the Edison Welding Institute
(EWI) in 1986, Castner directs the Government
Programs office at the Institute. He serves as director of the Navy Joining Center (NJC), a Navy Manufacturing Technology (MANTECH) Center of
Excellence at EWI. He is responsible for the development and administration of R programs for the
U.S. Navy, Dept. of Defense, and other government agencies. His extensive experience in welding
engineering and engineering management includes
Harvey Castner
projects that encompass robotics, arc weld vision,
automated inspection, and automated guided vehicle technologies. His work involved robotic welding
for shipbuilding, heavy equipment, and aerospace, adaptive arc welding systems, and
design/implementation of weld vision systems for automated and robotic welding applications. Castner has authored more than 30 welding-related technical articles.
The Engelberger Robotics Awards honor industry leaders in four categories:
Leadership, Application, Education, and Technology Development. The awards were
presented by Trevor Jones, RIA president, and Donald Vincent, RIA executive vice
president.
Castner joined AWS in 1962. Currently, he is serving his second term on the AWS
board of directors as a director-at-large (20032009).
Henry Hahn
Henry Hahn died
June 11 at this home
in Fairfax, Va. Mr.
Hahn was a member
and a past chairman
of the AWS B4
Committee on Mechanical Testing of
Welds, a past chair
of ISO/TC44/SC5,
past chairman of
Henry Hahn
ISAC-05, and a former member of the AWS Technical Activities Committee and ISAC.
Change of Address?
Moving?
Make sure delivery of your Welding Journal is not interrupted. Contact the Membership Department with your new address information (800) 443-9353, ext.
217; smateo@aws.org.
7/10/07
2:21 PM
Page 81
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83
7/11/07
12:17 PM
Page 84
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www.midalloy.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800-776-3300
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AUGUST 2007
Zervaki
07:Layout 1
7/9/07
11:53 AM
Page 211
WELDING RESEARCH
SUPPLEMENT TO THE WELDING JOURNAL, AUGUST 2007
Sponsored by the American Welding Society and the Welding Research Council
Introduction
KEYWORDS
Aluminum
Heat-Affected Zone
HAZ
Hardness Profiles
Laser Beam Welding
Thermodynamics
Zervaki
07:Layout 1
7/9/07
11:54 AM
Page 212
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 2 Thermal cycles in the HAZ (z = 0 lies on the upper surface of the
sheet). Experimental conditions: laser power = 4500 W, weld speed = 4.8
m/min, h = 56 J/mm.
isothermal conditions.
the following:
Zervaki
07:Layout 1
7/9/07
11:55 AM
Page 213
WELDING RESEARCH
C / , C /
Fig. 3 Thermal cycles at the boundary HAZ/weld pool interface for three values of heat input at the surface of the plate.
z-positions in the HAZ of 6061-T6. The effect of heat input on the resulting thermal
Tmax
(C)
HC/HR
(C/s)
(s)
595
575
550
500
450
1035 107
1035 107
1035 107
500106
500106
7.8 1060.39
7 1060.35
6 1060.3
2 1040.4
1040.2
dominates.
WELDING RESEARCH
A
0
Fig. 6 Volume fraction (f) variation vs. time for r =2nm. A Short cycles; B longer cycles.
lution rate.
1
1
= (Tmax TCR )
+
H C H R
(1)
1
r = 1/ 2 1 r
-phase.
(Ref. 11), shown in Fig. 5A , where each 214 -s AUGUST 2007, VOL. 86
balance equations
Zervaki
07:Layout 1
7/9/07
11:57 AM
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WELDING RESEARCH
A
o
=10 nm . A Short cycles; B longer cycles.
0
Fig. 8 Volume fraction (f) variation vs. time for r =50nm. A Short cy
cles; B medium cycles; C long cycles.
,0
0
r0 C Mg, 0 + r0 C Mg
= C Mg
,0
r0 CSi
,0
+ r0 CSi
0
= CSi
(3)
(4)
0
=2, 10, 50 nm (cycle
,0
and phases, respectively. C
and
Si
,0
C Si
are the initial Si contents of the
0
and phases, respectively. C Mg and
0
C
are the Mg and Si alloy contents,
Si
respectively.
The Mg diffusion in the -phase
(0<r<r) is described by the following
equation:
C Mg
t
1 C Mg
rDMg
r r
r
(5)
Zervaki
07:Layout 1
7/9/07
11:57 AM
Page 216
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 11 Variation of mean radius of vs. thermal cycle duration () and ini-
u / C /
C /
C Mg
= DMg
r
/
(6)
terface.
For this closed system, the boundary
conditions are
r
r=0
= 0 and
r = ra + r
=0
(8)
(7)
C Mg ( r, 0 ) = 0.98 for 0 r r
and 50 nm.
During the weld thermal cycle, the vol-
C Mg
C Mg
Zervaki
07:Layout 1
7/9/07
11:58 AM
Page 217
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 14 Variation of r
3
0
vs. for various values of Tmax (r = 2 nm ).
Fig. 15 Variation of r
0
3
vs. for various values of Tmax (r = 5 nm).
precipitation.
Zervaki
07:Layout 1
7/9/07
11:59 AM
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WELDING RESEARCH
Table 2 Values of the Thermal Cycle
Parameters Used for the Coarsening
Simulations
Table 3 Comparison of Experimental and Calculated Microhardness Values for Certain Positions
within HAZ1
Tmax
(C)
HC
(C/s)
1
(s)
(s)
416
400
393
380
350
102104
102104
102104
102104
102104
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
Position
A
B
C
D
E
F
0.0122
0.01173
0.01183
0.01245
0.013175
0.014247
r
(nm)
Microhardness from
calculations
(HV)
1.725
1.70
1.7029
1.7424
1.7975
1.8692
95.3
92
92.8
96.6
100.6
106.6
Microhardness from
measurements
(HV)
85
83
85
85
87
88
For the simulations, the coarsening module in DICTRA was employed. According
to this method coarsening of the dispersion can be described by considering one
spherical particle, which has the maximum
size of the dispersion prior to the application of the welding cycle. According to the
LSW theory of coarsening (Refs. 20, 21),
the maximum size rp is 1.5 times the mean
(Ref. 11).
in the HAZ.
Jm2
1
r = 1/ 3 1 r
duration . The mean particle size increases with cycle duration, the change
being more rapid for short cycles. For cy-
(10)
(11)
coarser.
2 Vm
r
16D.
The hardness of the base metal is HB =
contributions to the free energy causes difIn this section a comparison is at-
0
r=2nm. The experimental hardness pro-
fusion of Mg and Si atoms toward the particle with radius rp , which grows.
Zervaki
07:Layout 1
7/9/07
11:59 AM
Page 219
WELDING RESEARCH
B
B
HAZ2.
0
=1.63% and r = 2 nm for the
where f
condition T6.
contributions:
2 r1.
H
H = H BM +
H BM
H BM
(14)
F,
and
HR
24375C/s,
and
HC=17727C/s for point A, while the respective cycle lengths are F = 0.01038 s
and A = 0.019 s. The values of Tmax, HR,
HC, and are the input parameters of the
thermal cycle for the simulation of dissolution. The simulation provides the values
of f and r at the end of the thermal cycle
)1/2 (
f0 r0
f r
H
=
1/ 2
H BM
f0 r0
+
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1/ 2 0 1
r
f1/22 r1 f0
1
2
1
/
f0
r0
1/ 2
only dissolution was accounted for the observed softening. Taking into account all
the assumptions made for the current simulation, the comparison with the experi(13)
Zervaki
07:Layout 1
7/9/07
12:00 PM
Page 220
WELDING RESEARCH
Table 4 Comparison of Experimental and Calculated Microhardness Values for Certain Positions
within HAZ2
Position
A
B
C
D
E
F
Tmax
416
400
380
350
330
310
r
(nm)
Microhardness from
calculations
(HV)
3.22
3.05
2.69
2.26
2.08
2.02
73.3
77.3
87.7
104.4
113.4
116.8
Microhardness from
measurements
(HV)
stated in the paper, the calculated hardness profiles in the HAZ are in good
agreement with the experimental values.
References
88
90
93
103
109
111
1. Tempus, G. 2001. Werkstoffe fur transport und verkehr, Materials Day, ETH, Zurich,
Switzerland.
2. Zink, W. 2004. Opening lecture at the Me-
the Orowan mechanism is active (overaging conditions). For this case, hardening is
Greece.
by
minum alloys: experimental study and simulation of microstructure evolution in the HAZ,
metastable phases and , only the equilibrium precipitate -Mg2Si was consid-
H=
Inc.
H BM r0
r
(15)
Conclusions
17B.
Fig. 17C.
cycles.
mal conditions.
Zervaki
07:Layout 1
7/9/07
12:01 PM
Page 221
WELDING RESEARCH
M. F. 1984. A second report on diagrams of mi-
pp. 3550.
Steels for Power Generation. IOM Communications Ltd., London, pp. 270276.
65, pp.
581591.
22. ABAQUS. 1997. Hibbit, Karlsson &
Sorensen, Inc., Pawtucket, R.I.
CAN WE TALK?
The Welding Journal staff encourages an exchange of ideas with you, our readers. If youd like to ask a question, share an idea or
voice an opinion, you can call, write, e-mail or fax. Staff e-mail addresses are listed below, along with a guide to help you interact with
the right person.
Publisher/Editor
Andrew Cullison
cullison@aws.org, Extension 249
Article Submissions
Managing Editor
Zaida Chavez
zaida@aws.org, Extension 265
Design and Production
Senior Editor
Mary Ruth Johnsen
mjohnsen@aws.org, Extension 238
Feature Articles
Associate Editor
Howard Woodward
woodward@aws.org, Extension 244
Society News
Personnel
Assistant Editor
Kristin Campbell
kcampbell@aws.org, Extension 257
New Products
News of the Industry
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Introduction
Nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless
steels offer a unique combination of high
strength and excellent toughness (Ref. 1).
In addition to its beneficial effect on mechanical properties (Refs. 24), nitrogen
acts as a strong austenite-forming element
in stainless steel (Ref. 5), which favors its
M. DU TOIT is Associate Professor, Department of
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering,
University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. P. C.
PISTORIUS is Professor, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
KEYWORDS
Autogenous Welding
Nitrogen Absorption
Oxygen Addition
Shielding Gas
Stainless Steel
Sulfur
Weld Pool
significant extent by the base metal nitrogen content in alloys with lower sulfur levels. In alloys with higher sulfur concentrations, however, an increase in base metal
nitrogen resulted in higher weld metal nitrogen contents over the entire range of
shielding gases evaluated. The nitrogen
saturation limit was reached at progressively lower shielding gas nitrogen contents as the base metal nitrogen level increased. Less nitrogen was required in the
shielding gas to reach the saturation limit
in alloys with higher sulfur concentrations
because an appreciable fraction of the
base metal nitrogen was prevented from
escaping by the higher level of surface
coverage.
A kinetic model was developed to describe the effect of shielding gas nitrogen
content, base metal nitrogen content, and
weld sulfur concentration on nitrogen absorption and desorption during autogenous arc welding (Ref. 11). This model
displayed good agreement with experimental results, and revealed that the nitrogen desorption rate constant decreases
at higher concentrations of sulfur. This is
consistent with a site blockage model,
where surface-active elements occupy a
fraction of the surface sites required for
nitrogen adsorption. The rate constant for
the absorption of dissociated nitrogen is
not a strong function of the sulfur
concentration.
As described above, sulfur was deliberately added to the experimental steels during the first phase of this project to
demonstrate the effect of surface-active
elements on nitrogen absorption and desorption during welding. Increasing the sulfur content of nitrogen-alloyed stainless
steels to reduce nitrogen losses is, however, not feasible in practice, as sulfur increases the likelihood of hot cracking. As
an alternative, small amounts of oxygen
(another surface-active element) can be
added to the shielding gas during welding.
Since oxygen is routinely added to shielding gas mixtures for gas metal arc welding
of stainless steels to increase arc stability,
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WELDING RESEARCH
monatomic nitrogen
in the arc. Such an increase in the level of
monatomic nitrogen
in the arc is expected
to enhance nitrogen
dissolution
(Refs.
B
1922). The results of
emission spectroscopy
studies of Ar-N2-O2 Fig. 2 The oxide layers observed after autogenous gas tungsten arc weldglow discharge plas- ing in argon-rich shielding gas containing 2% oxygen. A Alloy VFB 241;
mas, however, illus- B Cromanite.
trated that at temperatures higher than
2) The presence of surface-active eleapproximately 7000 K, NO disappears
ments in the weld pool promotes converfrom the plasma phase, and monatomic
gent surface-tension driven (Marangoni)
species, such as N and O, become domiflow. In a pure metal, Marangoni flow is
nant (Ref. 18). Calculated and measured
divergent across the weld pool surface, but
temperature profiles within the arc colsurface-active elements may cause the
umn illustrate that, even in low-current
gradient of surface tension with temperagas tungsten arc welds, temperatures
ture to reverse. Surface flow then becomes
within the arc generally exceed the range
convergent, causing nitrogen-rich weld
where NO is likely to be stable (Ref. 18).
metal to flow downward toward the weld
This hypothesis also does not account for
root (Ref. 19). In iron-oxygen alloys the
the higher nitrogen levels observed when
gradient of surface tension with temperawelding nitrogen-alloyed stainless steels
ture reverses at approximately 100 ppm
in oxygen-containing shielding gas withoxygen (Refs. 2327). Although converout nitrogen. The formation of NO in the
gent Marangoni flow in the presence of
welding arc is therefore likely to play a
oxygen probably contributes toward enminor role in increasing the nitrogen conhanced nitrogen dissolution during lowtent of most welds.
current gas tungsten arc welding, it is not
Table 1 Chemical Compositions of the Stainless Steel Alloys Included in this Investigation
Alloy
VFB 237
VFB 241
Cromanite
Comments
Cr
Ni
Mn
Si
Al
Low N
High N
24.7
23.8
18.1
20.3
19.2
0.59
2.03
2.16
9.74
1.52
1.81
0.29
0.038
0.040
0.036
0.010
0.020
0.004
0.0064
0.0053
0.0220
0.002
0.280
0.511
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WELDING RESEARCH
(Ref. 16). Surface oxide formation may be
a likely explanation for the effect of oxygen
on nitrogen dissolution, and needs to be investigated further.
The objective of this investigation was
therefore to systematically examine the influence of oxygen additions to argon and
argon-nitrogen shielding gas mixtures on
nitrogen absorption and desorption during
autogenous arc welding, and to confirm the
mechanism responsible for enhanced nitrogen dissolution in the presence of oxygen.
A
C
Fig. 3 Scanning electron micrographs of the
surface oxide layers observed on welds performed
in shielding gas containing argon and 2% oxygen.
A VFB 237; B VFB 241; C Cromanite.
With O2 addition
Ar
Ar + 1% N2
Ar + 5% N2
Ar + 2% O2
Ar + 1% N2 + 2% O2
Ar + 5% N2 + 2% O2
percentage by volume
Experimental Procedure
Stainless Steel Alloys
Welding Procedure
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WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 4 Calculated equilibrium compositions of the liquid metal (upper graphs) and slag (lower graphs) for VFB 237 weld metal reacted with different amounts
of oxygen. The results are shown for two temperatures. A 1750 K; B 1995 K.
The average weld metal nitrogen contents are given in Table 3, and shown
graphically in Fig. 1. The equilibrium nitrogen solubilities were calculated using
Wada and Pehlkes equations and interaction parameters (Ref. 29) at an average
weld pool temperature of 1995 K (Ref.
10). Appendix A displays photographs of
the welds and details some of the observations made during welding.
Figure 1 confirms that the weld metal
nitrogen contents exceed the equilibrium
concentrations calculated from Sieverts
law for the shielding gases evaluated. The
Table 3 Average Weld Metal Nitrogen Content of Welded Samples as a Function of Shielding Gas Composition
Alloy
VFB 237
VFB 241
Cromanite
Base
Metal N
Content
0.002%
0.280%
0.511%
0.004%
0.255%
0.495%
0.040%
0.290%
0.450%
0.080%
0.380%
0.555%
Ar + 5% N2
0.170%
0.315%
0.555%
Ar + 5% N2 + 2% O2
0.370%
0.575%
0.690%
percentage by mass
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within the weld metal. Welds appeared
smoother in the presence of oxygen, with
finer surface ripples.
Weld Oxygen Content and Surface
Availability
Fig. 5 Calculated equilibrium compositions of the liquid metal (upper graphs) and slag (lower graphs)
for VFB 241 weld metal reacted with different amounts of oxygen. The results are shown for two temperatures. A 1750 K; B 1995 K.
The measured weld metal oxygen contents after welding in argon and in argonoxygen shielding gas mixtures are shown
in Table 4. These results indicate that very
little oxygen was absorbed by the experimental alloy welds, and that welds produced in argon-oxygen mixtures did not
contain significantly more oxygen than
welds produced in argon. The beneficial
influence of oxygen in suppressing nitrogen degassing is therefore not consistent
with a site-blockage model. This was confirmed by estimating the total fraction of
vacant surface sites (or the surface availability), (1T), from Equation 1 (Ref. 19)
for each weld. This equation is a simplified
version of an equation derived by Byrne
and Belton (Ref. 30) to describe the effect
of sulfur and oxygen on the fraction of vacant surface sites in the adsorbed surface
layer, as determined from measured rate
constants for the reaction of N2 with liquid
iron and Fe-C alloys. The slight decrease
in surface availability on welding in oxygen-containing shielding gas (amounting
to reductions of 3.3 and 8.3% in VFB 237
and VFB 241, respectively) does not adequately explain the observed increase in
weld metal nitrogen contents.
(1 T ) =
1
1 + K oads ( wt %O ) + K sads ( wt %S )
(1)
Table 4 Average Weld Metal Oxygen Content after Welding in Ar and Ar-O2 Shielding Gas Mixtures, and the Calculated Surface Availability at
1995 K
Alloy
VFB 237
VFB 241
Cromanite
Base Metal
Oxygen
Content
Ar
Weld Metal
Oxygen
Content
0.030%
0.020%
0.062%
0.031%
0.021%
0.022%
Ar + 2% O2
Surface
Availability
Weld Metal
Oxygen
Content
(1 - T) = 0.361
(1 - T) = 0.411
(1- T) = 0.496
0.033%
0.027%
0.062%
Surface
Availability
(1 - T) =0.349
(1 - T) = 0.377
(1 - T) = 0.297
Table 5 Weld Pool Depth-to-Width Ratio (D/W) as a Function of Shielding Gas Composition
Alloy
VFB 237
VFB 241
Cromanite
Ar
Ar + 2% O2
Ar + 1%N2
D/W = 0.48
D/W = 0.57
D/W = 0.32
D/W = 0.20
D/W = 0.11
D/W = 0.28
D/W = 0.51
D/W = 0.53
D/W = 0.43
Ar + 1%N2 + 2%O2
D/W = 0.20
D/W = 0.08
D/W = 0.24
Ar + 5%N2
D/W = 0.40
D/W = 0.38
D/W = 0.34
Ar + 5%N2+2%O2
D/W = 0.14
D/W = 0.08
D/W = 0.24
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Fig. 6 Calculated equilibrium compositions of the liquid metal (upper graphs) and slag (lower graphs) for Cromanite weld metal reacted with different amounts
of oxygen. The results are shown for three temperatures. A 1750 K; B 1995; C 2275 K. For the lowest temperature (1750 K), no liquid slag forms until
the amount of reacted oxygen exceeds 250 ppm, as solid Al2O3 and MnAl2O4 form instead. For the two higher temperatures, the absence of slag at lower levels
of reacted oxygen indicates that all the oxygen dissolves in the metal.
Table 6 Compositions of the Weld Oxide Layers Estimated Using SEM-EDS Analysis
Alloy
SiO2
Cr2O3
MnO
Al2O3
VFB 237
VFB 241
Cromanite
44.2
38.2
2.3
16.8
19.0
62.3
38.6
39.3
26.7
0.4
1.9
0.9
percentage by mass
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WELDING RESEARCH
face remained oxide-free Fig. 2A. The
oxide layers at the weld periphery were
continuous, fairly uniform, and tightly adherent. Although a heavy oxide layer was
observed at the periphery of Cromanite
welds after welding in oxygen-containing
shielding gas (Fig. 2B), the oxide layer was
not as continuous or adherent as in the
case of the experimental alloys, and the
oxide appeared to be more granular.
In order to study these surface oxide
layers in more detail, cross sections of the
welds were mounted in resin, polished to
a 3 m finish, and examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Micrographs of the oxide layers are shown in
Fig. 3A C. The surface oxides on the experimental steels formed continuous layers over short distances at the weld pool
periphery, while the central region of the
weld was oxide-free. Average oxide thicknesses of 19.7 3.8 m and 17.1 4.1 m
(95% confidence interval) were measured
for VFB 237 and VFB 241, respectively.
No oxide particles were observed within
the weld metal of the experimental alloys
after welding in oxygen-containing shielding gas.
The SEM examination confirmed that
the surface layers on Cromanite welds are
less uniform, and not as continuous as
those observed on the experimental alloys.
The average thickness of the Cromanite
oxide layer was measured as 17.7 4.3
m. The layer had a granular appearance,
and consisted of a mixture of oxide particles and small metal droplets. Although
active degassing was not observed during
welding in argon-oxygen mixtures, the
presence of metal droplets in the surface
layer can probably be attributed to nitrogen evolution during welding. It is postulated that the formation of nitrogen bubbles in the weld pool disrupted the oxide
layer and generated a spray of metal
droplets that became trapped in the oxide
layer. Due to the granular nature of the
layer, the surface oxide probably acted as
a less effective barrier for oxygen absorption, which may account for the higher
oxygen content measured in these welds.
Small oxide inclusions (5 m or less in diameter) were observed within the Cromanite weld metal.
The surface oxide compositions were
determined using SEM-EDS analysis
techniques (Table 6). The oxide layers on
the experimental welds were shown to
consist of almost equal amounts of SiO2
and MnO, with some CrOx (assumed to be
Cr2O3) and a small amount of Al2O3. No
iron was detected in any of the oxide layers. The Cromanite surface oxide layer
was shown to consist largely of Cr2O3, with
some MnO and low levels of SiO2 and
Al2O3.
Because of the important influence of
the dissolved weld oxygen content on nitrogen absorption and degassing during
welding, the factors that control this oxygen content need to be understood. Those
elements that form the most stable oxides
tend to remove dissolved oxygen from the
weld metal. In principle, it is possible to
estimate the weld pool oxygen content by
calculating the deoxidation equilibria for
such elements. This calculation is complicated by the presence of several reactive
(deoxidizing) elements in the weld pool,
namely aluminum, silicon, manganese,
and chromium. The oxide compositions
(Table 6) demonstrate that these elements
reacted simultaneously, and apparently
formed a liquid oxide mixture (slag) on the
weld surface.
In order to evaluate the complex reaction equilibrium of the four main reactive
elements in the weld pool, the FactSage
package (v. 5.4.1) (Ref. 31) was used, with
the alloy compositions (Table 1) as inputs.
In the calculation, different amounts of
oxygen were conceptually allowed to react
with the steel to equilibrium. Equilibrium
phases considered were the liquid steel
(modeled using FactSage liquid solution
phase FTmisc-FeLQ (Ref. 32)), liquid slag
(modeled using FactSage liquid FToxidSLAGA), various solid-solution oxides,
and stoichiometric oxides such as SiO2,
Al2O3, MnO, MnAl2O4, and Cr2O3. Two
temperatures were used in the majority of
calculations. The lower temperature, 1750
K, is approximately 20 K higher than the
equilibrium liquidus temperature of AISI
310 and about 40 K higher than the liquidus of Cromanite. This temperature
represents the cooler weld pool periphery.
The higher temperature, 1995 K, is the average temperature of the pool measured
earlier (Ref. 10). An additional temperature, 2275 K, was used in calculating the
deoxidation equilibria for Cromanite.
This temperature falls within the predicted weld pool peak temperature range,
estimated for AISI 304 during GTAW at a
current of 150 A and a welding speed of
2.5 mm/s (Ref. 33).
The results of the FactSage calculations are presented in Figs. 46. In each of
these figures, the metal composition is
given in the upper graph, and the composition of the oxide (liquid slag) in the lower
graph. If no slag composition is given, no
slag formed typically because all the
oxygen dissolved in the metal. In most
cases, the oxygen was present in two forms
in the equilibrium reaction products: as
dissolved oxygen in the steel, and as liquid
slag. Occasionally (for the lower reaction
temperature), solid Al2O3 or (in the case
of Cromanite) MnAl2O4 were stable, but
only at low amounts of reacted oxygen,
typically less than 250 ppm. The main
form of chromium oxide in the slag was
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ing nitrogen dissolution. The conclusion
can be drawn that the higher weld metal
nitrogen contents observed in the presence of oxygen are mainly due to the formation of a surface oxide layer.
Any mechanism accounting for the
role of the surface slag layer has to be consistent with the kinetic model developed
earlier (Ref. 11). This model states that
the weld metal nitrogen content is determined by the amounts of nitrogen entering and leaving the weld pool per unit
time.
Nitrogen enters the pool from the arc
atmosphere, i.e., the dissolution of
monatomic nitrogen from the arc plasma
into the liquid metal, and from nitrogencontaining base metal melting at the leading edge of the pool.
Dissolved nitrogen is removed from
the weld pool by recombining to form N2
molecules that escape to the atmosphere,
and through solidification of nitrogencontaining weld metal at the rear of the
pool.
Since the travel speed was kept constant, it follows that the melting and solidification rates at the leading and trailing
edges of the pool did not vary significantly
with changes in shielding gas composition.
The presence of a slag layer can therefore
influence the amounts of nitrogen entering
and leaving the pool due to melting and solidification only through a change in the
weld pool dimensions (in particular the
pool volume and length). To examine the
influence of a change in pool dimensions on
the weld metal nitrogen content, the weld
pool length and volume were measured
after welding in various shielding gases and
substituted into the kinetic model. The
model revealed that the increase in pool
length and volume observed after welding
in oxygen-containing shielding gas does not
result in any appreciable change in the predicted steady-state weld metal nitrogen
content. The presence of a surface slag
layer is therefore not expected to affect the
amounts of nitrogen entering and leaving
the weld pool through melting and resolidification to any significant extent.
The presence of a surface oxide layer
can influence the absorption of
monatomic nitrogen from the arc and the
evolution of nitrogen from the pool by acting as a barrier between the liquid weld
metal and the arc atmosphere. Absorption
of monatomic nitrogen, however, occurs
at the interface between the arc plasma
and the liquid weld metal, the area not
covered by the oxide layer. Absorption of
nitrogen from the arc is therefore not influenced by the presence of oxygen. The
recombination of nitrogen to form N2
molecules occurs over the entire weld pool
surface. The presence of a slag layer at the
weld periphery is thus expected to retard
Conclusions
The addition of nitrogen to argon
shielding gas during autogenous arc welding raises the nitrogen content of stainless
steel welds, but increases the likelihood of
active degassing and porosity. An increase
in base metal nitrogen content results in
higher weld metal nitrogen levels.
The addition of 2% oxygen to argon
and argon-nitrogen shielding gas mixtures
increases the weld metal nitrogen content,
stabilizes the arc, suppresses degassing
and limits nitrogen-induced porosity. The
addition of oxygen to the shielding gas
does not raise the weld oxygen content to
any significant extent.
Thermodynamic calculation of the
deoxidation equilibria in the weld metal
demonstrates that a liquid slag layer forms
on the weld pool surface during welding in
oxygen-containing shielding gas. This slag
layer forms readily at the cooler weld periphery, but is suppressed by the higher
temperatures under the arc due to increased oxygen solubility in the molten
metal.
The slag layer that forms at the weld
periphery in the presence of oxygen retards
nitrogen degassing by reducing the surface
area available for the adsorption of nitrogen atoms prior to recombination. The absorption of monatomic nitrogen is, however, not strongly affected by the oxide
layer, since absorption occurs mostly at the
interface between the arc plasma and the
liquid metal, the area not covered by oxide
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ing of stainless steel Part 2: A kinetic model
for nitrogen absorption and desorption. Welding Journal 82(9): 231-s to 237-s.
12. Lancaster, J. F. 1999. Metallurgy of Welding. p. 212, Cambridge, Abington Publishing.
13. Ogawa, T., Suzuki, K., and Zaizen, T.
1984. The weldability of nitrogen-containing
austenitic stainless steel: Part II Porosity,
cracking and creep properties. Welding Journal
63(7): 213-s to 223-s.
14. Blake, P. D. 1979. Nitrogen in steel weld
metals. Metal Construction 11(4): 196197.
15. Uda, M., and Ohno, S. 1973. Effect of
surface active elements on nitrogen content of
iron under arc melting. Transactions of the National Research Institute of Metallurgy 15(1): 20
to 28.
16. Hooijmans, J. W., and Den Ouden, G.
1992. The influence of oxygen on nitrogen absorption during arc melting of iron. Welding
Journal 71(10): 377-s to 380-s.
17. Cross, C. E., Hoffmeister, H., and Huismann, G. 1997. Nitrogen control in hyperbaric
welding of duplex stainless steel. Welding in the
World 39(3): 154161.
18. Palmer, T. A., and DebRoy, T. 1998. Enhanced dissolution of nitrogen during gas tungsten arc welding of steels. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 3(4): 190203.
19. Katz, J. D., and King, T. B. 1989. The kinetics of nitrogen absorption and desorption
from a plasma arc by molten iron. Metallurgical
Transactions B 20B(2): 175185.
20. Bandopadhyay, A., Banerjee, A., and
DebRoy, T. 1992. Nitrogen activity determination in plasmas. Metallurgical and Materials
Transactions B 23B(2): 207214.
21. Mundra, K., and DebRoy, T. 1995. A
general model for partitioning of gases between
a metal and its plasma environment. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 26B(1):
149157.
22. Palmer, T. A., and DebRoy, T. 1996.
Physical modeling of nitrogen partition between the weld metal and its plasma environment. Welding Journal 75(7): 197-s to 207-s.
23. Lu, S., Fujii, H., and Nogi, K. 2004.
Marangoni convection and weld shape variations in Ar-O2 and Ar-CO2 shielded GTA welding. Materials Science and Engineering A 380(12): 290297.
24. Lu, S., Fujii, H., and Nogi, K. 2005. Influence of welding parameters and shielding gas
composition on GTA weld shape. ISIJ International 45(1): 6670.
25. Lu, S., Fujii, H., and Nogi, K. 2004. Weld
shape comparison with iron oxide flux and ArO2 shielding gas in gas tungsten arc welding.
Science and Technology of Welding and Joining
9(3): 272 to 276.
26. Lu, S., Fujii, H., Tanaka, M., and Nogi,
K. 2004. Effects of welding parameters on the
weld shape in Ar-O2 and Ar-CO2 shielded GTA
welding. IIW Document XII-1801-04, International Institute of Welding.
27. Lu, S., Fujii, H., Sugiyama, H., Tanaka,
M., and Nogi, K. 2003. Effects of oxygen addi-
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WELDING RESEARCH
Double-Electrode GMAW
Process and Control
A novel welding process adds a GTAW torch to a conventional
GMAW system to create a bypass arc for increasing melting
current while controlling base current
BY K. H. LI, J. S. CHEN, AND Y. M. ZHANG
ABSTRACT. Double-electrode gas metal
arc welding (DE-GMAW) is a novel
process that decouples the melting current
into base metal current and bypass current
by adding a bypass torch to a conventional
GMAW system to establish a bypass arc.
This makes it possible to increase the
melting current while the base metal
current can be controlled at a desired level.
Experiments have been done to find the
conditions that can assure a stable bypass
arc is established/maintained between the
welding wire and the bypass torch. To
control the base metal current at the
desired level, a group of power resistors is
added in the bypass loop. The resistance of
the power resistor group is adjusted realtime by changing the combination of the
resistors, and the change in the resistance
results in a change in the bypass current
and thus a change in the base metal
current. A model has been developed to
correlate the change of the resistance
needed to achieve the desired base metal
current to the deviation of the base metal
current from its desired level. Experiments
demonstrated that the developed control
system can adjust the bypass current in a
great range to maintain the base metal
current at the desired levels.
Introduction
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is a
major process for metals joining.
Conventional GMAW is normally used in
the direct current electrode positive
polarity (DCEP), in which the wire is
connected to the positive terminal of the
power source and the power source
operates in the constant voltage (CV)
mode. The reverse polarity contributes to
a stable arc, uniform metal transfer, and
greater penetration. A CV power source
can adjust the welding current such that
the wire melting rate is equal to the given
wire feed speed, and the welding voltage,
KEHAI LI, JINSONG CHEN, and YUMING
ZHANG (ymzhang@engr.uky.edu) are with
Center for Manufacturing and Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky.
Principles of DE-GMAW
I L
m = 5.1 10 13
+ 2.2 10 6 I
S
(1)
.
where m (kg/s) is the melting rate, I (A) is
the total melting current, L (m) is the wire
extension, and S (m2) is the cross-sectional
area of the wire. That means the melting
current must be increased in order to
increase the melting rate. Unfortunately,
the melting current in conventional
GMAW is the same as the base metal
current. Thus, a greater melting current
not only melts the wire faster, but also
increases the based metal heat input,
which contributes to increasing the weld
pool, residual stress, and distortion. This
fundamental characteristic of conventional
GMAW makes it difficult to increase the
deposition rate without imposing excessive heat
to the base metal.
While tandem GMAW (Refs. 2, 3), T.I.M.E
(Refs. 4, 5), and variable-polarity GMAW (Refs.
68) have successfully increased the melting rate
to certain degrees without changing this
fundamental characteristic of conventional
KEYWORDS
Double-Electrode
GMAW
Base Metal Current
Control
Heat Input
Welding Productivity
(2)
where I (A) is the total current or melting
current, Ibm (A) is the base metal current,
Ibp (A) is the bypass current. As can be
seen in Fig. 1, the bypass current flows
back to the power source through the
bypass torch without going through the
base metal. As a result, the base metal
current is no longer the same as the
melting current and the fundamental
characteristics in conventional GMAW no
longer apply. On the other hand, as is
illustrated later, the total melting current
is still determined by the wire feed speed
and welding voltage as in conventional
GMAW. Hence, the bypass arc can change
and reduce the base metal current without
changing the total melting current.
The bypass loop in Fig. 1 includes an
adjustable resistor. When this system is
used, the user can choose the wire feed
speed based on the deposition rate
desired. The total current which melts the
wire will be dictated by the wire feed
speed and the arc voltage setting. When
the resistance of the adjustable resistor is
zero, the majority of the melting current
would tend to flow through the bypass
loop because the tungsten
emits
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WELDING RESEARCH
Process Stability
The presence of the bypass arc is the
fundamental characteristic of the DEGMAW process. A stable bypass arc
assures the DE-GMAW function. Hence,
the behavior and stability of the bypass arc
must be studied and understood. For the
novel DE-GMAW system demonstrated
in Fig. 1, the behavior and stability of the
bypass arc were determined by several
parameters discussed below.
Bypass Electrode
Control System
The control system consisted of an
adjustable power resistor group controlled
by IGBTs (isolated gate bipolar
transistors), two current sensors to detect
the base metal current and bypass current,
and a PC to run the control program. The
controllable power resistor group shown in
Fig. 3 includes four individual parallel
power resistors, and each is controlled by
an IGBT. When the IGBT is in ON
status, the corresponding power resistor
will be used in parallel with other resistors.
Those IGBTs can be switched ON/OFF
very quickly in several milliseconds to
choose the parallel power resistors, and
then adjust the resistance of the power
resistor group. Assume all four power
resistors have the same resistance
(R1=R2=R3=R4=R), then the nominal
resistance r of the power resistor group is
R/N, where N is the number of IGBTs in
ON status in the resistor combination. The
possible nominal resistances are R/4, R/3/,
R/2, R, and infinite (when N = 0). If the
IGBT connected to Ri,i = 2,3,4, is ON, then
the IGBT connected to Ri1 must be ON.
Because the power resistor group was
connected in series with the bypass torch (a
Li
07layout:Layout 1
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WELDING RESEARCH
A
B
Fig. 4 Electrical simplification of DE-GMAW.
I bp r0 + I bp 0 r + I bp r = 0
(4)
In comparison with other two terms in
Equation 4, Ibp r can be omitted as a
higher order small number. Hence,
Equation 4 can be approximated by
As a result
I bp 0 r0 = I bp 0 + I bp ( r0 + r )
(3)
I bp r0 + I bp 0 r = 0
r =
I bp
I bp 0
(5)
r0
(6)
Equation (6) implies that the
resistance of the power resistor group
should be decreased if the bypass current
needs to be increased, and vice versa. In a
stable DE-GMAW process, the total
current
is
approximately
fixed
(determined by the wire feed speed). If the
base metal current is greater than the
required level, the bypass current must be
increased to reduce the base metal current
as it can be seen in Equation 2. To this end,
the change of the bypass current should be
equal to the negative change of the base
metal current. That means,
I bp = I bm
(7)
= I*
r =
r0
I bp 0
I bm
(8a)
07layout:Layout 1
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Voltage (V)
WELDING RESEARCH
Current (A)
Current (amp)
Li
R
r0 + r
( N + 1 N ) N T
N
(11)
Implementation of Control
Algorithm
An implementation method has been
proposed to execute the control
algorithm. First, the measurement of the
base metal current is compared with its
desired value and Equation 8b is used to
calculate the required bypass resistance
change r. Second, the new resistance is
calculated as r=r0+r. Third, a new
resistor combination can be determined
such that N = R/r. Finally, the first N
IGBTs are switched to ON to obtain the
required bypass resistance.
When N is not an integer, the
resistance r=R/N is obtained using two
different combinations: r1 = R/N and r2
= R/N+1, where is an operator to
return the integer part of N, and obviously
N+1 = N + 1. For example, when N is
equal to 2.3, this operation will return 2
such that N = 2 and N+1 = 3. Denote T
as the control period, which is 0.05 s. The
control system will first output the resistor
combination for r2 = R/N+1 for a period
of TR/N+1 and then output the resistor
combination for r1 = R/N for a period of
TR/N, where TR/N+1 + TR/N=. To make
TR / N +1
TR / N
N + 1 ( N N )
( N + 1 N ) N
(12)
Experimental Results
and Discussion
Experimental Setup
Experimental Results
Total Current Relationship with Bypass Arc
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Current (A)
Current (A)
WELDING RESEARCH
Current (A)
Current (A)
Li
07layout:Layout 1
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Page 236
Fig. 13 Experiment 5: bypass current can be larger than base metal current.
In this experiment, all four IGBTs are in ON status.
WELDING RESEARCH
Current (A)
Current (amp)
Li
Li
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WELDING RESEARCH
B
Fig. 17 Effect of bypass arc on metal transfer. The total (melting) current in A and B is the same and
is lower than the critical current. The spray mode is achieved because of the presence of the bypass arc.
Conclusion
A double-electrode GMAW system was
developed by adding a nonconsumable
tungsten electrode in a conventional
GMAW system to form a bypass loop. The
conditions for establishing and maintaining
a stable process were obtained through
experiments. The system utilized an
adjustable power resistor group controlled
by IGBTs to obtain different bypass
currents. A model has been derived to
correlate the change of the resistance
needed to achieve the desired base metal
current to the deviation of the base metal
current from its desired level. Experiments
verified that the control system developed
can assure a fast enough settling time for the
DE-GMAW and that the bypass current
can be adjusted to maintain a desired base
metal current in a relatively wide range of
total current.
References
1. Waszink, J. H., and Heuvel, G. P. M. V.d.
1982. Heat generation and heat flow in the filler
metal in GMAW welding. Welding Journal
61:269-s to 282-s.
2. Ueyama, T., Ohnawa, T., Tanaka, M., and
Nakata, K. 2005. Effects of torch configuration
and welding current on weld bead formation in
high speed tandem pulsed gas metal arc welding
of steel sheets. Science and Technology of
Welding and Joining 10(6): 750759.
3. Tsushima, S., and Kitamura, M. 1996.
Tandem electrode AC-MIG welding
development of AC-MIG welding process
(Report 4). Welding Research Abroad 42(2):
2632.
4. Church, J. 2001. T.I.M.E. process
produces fracture-proof welds. Welding Design
and Fabrication 74(5): 3235.
5. Lahnsteiner, R. 1992. The T.I.M.E.
process an innovative MAG welding process.
Welding Review International 11(1): 1720.
6. Talkington, J. E. 1998. Variable Polarity
Gas Metal Arc Welding, in Welding Engineering.
The Ohio State University: Columbus, Ohio.
7. Chen, K.-X., Li, H.-Q., and Li, C.-X.
2004. Progress in variable polarity plasma arc
welding. Hanjie Xuebao/Transactions of the
China Welding Institution 25(1): 124128.
8. Cary, H., and Chaisson, W. 1986. Variable
Polarity Plasma Arc Welding, Metairie, La.:
Aluminum Assoc, Washington, DC.
9. OBrien, R. L., ed. 1991. Welding
Handbook, Vol. 2: Welding Processes, 8th
edition. American Welding Society.
10. Kim, Y. S., and Eagar, T. W. 1993.
Analysis of metal transfer in gas metal arc
welding. Welding Journal 72(6): 269-s to 278-s.
11. Lancaster, J. F. 1986. The Physics of
Welding, 2nd Edition: International Institute of
Welding, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
Acknowledgment
This work was funded by the National
Science Foundation under grant
DMI-0355324 and Toyota Motor Manufacturing North America, Inc. The authors sincerely thank Stave Byerly from
Toyota Motor Manufacturing North
America for his technical assistance during this study.
WELDING JOURNAL 237-s
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WELDING RESEARCH
Introduction
CAD-based path planning of robotwelded parts is an elegant technique.
Using this method, the programming is
moved away from the robot to a graphical
computer system often referred to as an
off-line programming (OLP) system. This
method makes it possible to maintain constant velocity, distance from, and orientation with respect to a part with complex
shape. This would be virtually impossible
using manual programming. The OLP
M. ERICSSON (Mikael.Ericsson@hv.se) and P.
NYLN are with University West, Sweden.
KEYWORDS
Robot Simulation
Off-Line Programming (OLP)
Welding Speed
Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
Temperature
Weld Velocity
Principle of Off-Line
Programming (OLP) and
Integration with the FEA Model
The overall architecture of the simulation system is given in Fig. 1. The programming of the robot motion is based on
a simulation of the process by the IGRIP
system of Deneb, Inc. The model consists
of two main parts: a) a geometric, kinematic, and dynamic model of the robot,
and b) a model of the workpiece to be
welded. The workpiece model is usually
first constructed in a CAD/CAM system
and afterward exported to the OLP system. The geometrical as well as the kinematic model of the work cell are usually
made directly in the OLP system. In this
system, a weld trajectory is also generated
by defining torch locations and orientations. This trajectory is then simulated,
and checks for collisions between the
workpiece and the weld gun are made.
Checks for and elimination of robot singularities are also made. A calibration of
the model with the real cell is thereafter
done; this can include several sub steps
such as tool point, workpiece, and signature calibration (Ref. 1). A translation of
the program to a specific robot manufacturer language is made, and the robot coordinates, welding speeds, and process parameters are finally exported from the
OLP model to the FEA model where a
heat and residual stress prediction is
made. The principle of this FEA model is
given in the next section.
7/6/07
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WELDING RESEARCH
B
Fig. 1 The overall architecture of the simulation system.
Fig. 3 Conductivity for SS 316L. Top Original values (Ref. 20); bottom increased with a factor 10 above the liquidus temperature.
r 2
q
q =
0
EI
(1)
DH
Value
Unit
7.3106 kg/mm3
2.47105
J/kg
Tsol
1673
Tliq
1723
see Fig. 3
Cp
T0
see Fig. 4
293
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WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 7 Profile of the three-dimensional part. A Along the weld path; B perpendicular to the weld path. All dimensions in mm.
for this high value might be the short electrode distance used. Both q and were
kept constant through all simulations.
This assumption was considered justifiable because the electrode distance and
current were kept constant. Convection
boundary conditions were applied to the
free surface dissipating energy as well as at
Parameter
Location
(see Fig. 17)
Value
Current
100 A
Voltage
10 V
Weld velocity
Optimized mm/s
Root gas flow rate (argon)
20 L/min
Shielding gas (argon)
17 L/min
Arc length
1.5 mm
Filler metal
none
A
B
C
D
E
Welding Speed
(mm/s)
(see Fig. 16)
Measured Wt
(mm)
13.8
4.5
2.1
4.7
14.0
3.29
4.79
6.15
5.16
4.09
Measured Wr
(mm)
0.76
1.47
1.0
1.12
3.25
Predicted Wt
(mm)
3.71
5.24
7.1
5.24
3.11
Predicted Wr
(mm)
1.67
2.44
2.24
1.26
0.51
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WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 12 Predicted temperatures at the root side in the center of the weld.
The target temperature is 1700 K.
certain factor when the temperature exceeds the liquidus temperature. This
method has been commonly used (Refs.
2224). An intensive circulation was noted
and a factor of 10 was selected. The same
factor has also been used in earlier work
(Refs. 1214) Fig. 3.
The computational domain was discretized by a nonuniform mesh with
higher densities in regions close to the
weld path as well as where steep thickness
variations were present. Eight-node brick
elements were used Figs. 5, 6.
To verify the proposed optimization
method, two different geometries were
defined: a) a two dimensional plate (referred to as part A) with continuously
varying thickness according to Fig. 5, and
b) a three-dimensional plate (referred to
7/6/07
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WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 14 Calculated weld velocities for the first 11 iterations. The velocity
was set to 3 mm/s in the first iteration.
T
T
max
melt
i
s = s 1+
i +1
i
T
melt
(2)
Experiments
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was
performed on plane plates in order to validate the temperature predictions and to
be able to determine the concentration
242 -s AUGUST 2007, VOL. 86
Fig. 15 Predicted temperatures at the root side in the center of the weld.
The target temperature is 1700K.
factor (q in Equation
1) using an in-house
robotized welding
cell. The torch used
was from Binzel AB
and was mounted
onto
a
six-axis
IRB1400 robot from
ABB. The power
source was a TIG
Commander
400
AC/DC from Migatronic AB. Throughout all experiments,
thoriated tungsten
electrodes were used.
The process parameters are shown in
Table 2.
Both thermocou- Fig. 16 Calculated weld velocities for the first ten iterations. The velocity
ples and high-resolu- was set to 3 mm/s in the first iteration.
tion infrared (IR)
emission measurements were used for
comparison between the IR results with
the temperature measurements. Six therthe thermocouple was made. The plates
mocouples were positioned perpendicuwere sooted before welding in order to
larly to the welding direction. The first
reduce the emissivity dependency in the
gauge was positioned as close as possible
IR measurements. A more detailed deto the melted zone at a distance of 4 mm
scription of the sooting technique and the
from the center of the weld. The rest of
IR measurement principle can be found
the thermocouples were positioned 0.5
in Ref. 25.
mm radially from the first gauge along
the radial direction. The sampling frequency was 270 Hz for each thermocouResults and Discussion
ple. The IR camera was a VARIOSCAN
high resolution, from JENOPTIK, Laser,
The thermocouple- and IR-measured
Optik, Systeme GmbH, that works in the
temperature histories in a point located
IR radiation spectrum of 812 m. The
7mm from the center of the weld are given
camera was used both in a line scan mode
in Fig. 9.
with a scanning frequency of 270 Hz, as
There is good agreement between the
well as in a full-frame mode with a fretwo techniques. The predicted and correquency of 1 Hz. The analysis of the IR
sponding IR- measured temperatures at
measurements was made using the IRBIS
location B, see Fig. 17, are given in Figs.
Plus software provided by JENOPTIK. A
10 and 11, respectively. Due to soot evap-
7/11/07
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Page 243
WELDING RESEARCH
Conclusions
7/9/07
9:51 AM
Page 244
WELDING RESEARCH
systems a case study. Int. J. for the Joining of
Materials 9(3): 8693.
2. Buchal, R. O., Cheras, D. B., Sassani, F.,
and Duncan, J. P. 1989. Simulated off-line programming of welding robots. Int. J. of Robotics
Research 8(3): 3143.
3. Bolmsj, G. 1999. Programming robot
welding system using advanced simulation
tools. Proc. of the International Conf. on the Joining of Materials JOM-9, 284291.
4. Walter, S. 1994. Simulation and calibration for off-line programming of industrial robots. Proc. of Computer Technology in Welding,
Paper 54.
5. Eagar, T. W., and Tsai, N. S. 1983. Temperature fields produced by traveling distributed heat sources. Welding Journal 62(12): 346s to 355-s.
6. Gu, M., Goldak, J., and Hughes, E. 1993.
Steady state thermal analysis of welds with filler
metal addition. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterlv 32(1): 49-s to 55-s.
7. Kou, S., and Le, Y. 1983. Three-dimensional heat flow and solidification during autogenous GTA welding of aluminum plates. Metallurgical Transactions A 14A: 2245-s to 2253-s.
8. Goldak, J., McDill, M., Oddy, A., House,
R., Chi, M., and Bibby, M. 1987. Computational
heat transfer for weld mechanics. Proc. of Int.
Conf. on Trends in Welding Research, Advances
in Welding Science and Technology. Eds. S. A.
David: 1520. Metals Park ASM Int.
9. Jonsson, M., Karlsson, L., and Lindgren,
L. E. 1985. Deformation and stresses in butt
welding of large plates with special references
to the material properties. J. of Eng. Mat. and
A technical abstract in a format that is compatible with MS Word, along with a completed Author Application Form
must be submitted to the Technical Committee Chairman by September 21, 2007. Abstracts to be considered must be of
sufficient detail for a fair evaluation of the work to be presented. The paper must be related to sheet metal alloys and/or
joining processes used in manufacturing of commercial products. It is not a requirement that your presentation be an
original effort. Case histories, reviews, and papers that have been previously published or presented will be considered as
long as they are pertinent to the general interests of the conference attendees.
All abstracts will be considered by the Technical Committee. It is expected that the Committee's selections will be
announced by November 14, 2007. Authors must submit a manuscript to the Committee by March 19, 2008. The
Proceedings will be available to all attendees at the beginning of the Conference.
You may also download additional information and the Author Application Form at www.awsdetroit.org or www.ewi.org.
The completed Author Application Form and abstract should be sent to Menachem Kimchi, SMWC Technical Chairman,
EWI, 1250 Arthur E. Adams Dr., Columbus, OH 43221, (614) 688-5153, FAX: (614) 688-5001, menachem_kimchi@ewi.org.
244 -s AUGUST 2007, VOL. 86
7/9/07
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WELDING RESEARCH
Introduction
Work at the Savannah River Site (SRS)
has shown that the weldability of stainless
steel using conventional welding
processes is strongly affected by the presM. H. TOSTEN (michael.tosten@srnl.doe.gov)
is principal scientist, S. L. WEST is senior fellow
engineer, and B. J. CROSS is manager, Nuclear
Energy Programs, Savannah River National Laboratory, Washington Savannah River Co., Aiken,
S.C. W. R. KANNE JR. recently retired from Savannah River National Laboratory.
ence of helium. This was evidenced initially in attempts to repair an irradiated reactor tank wall constructed of Type 304
stainless steel (Refs. 1, 2) Fig. 1. Helium
embrittlement cracking was observed in
the weld heat-affected zones (HAZs) in
the repaired areas. Subsequent research
led to the development of a low-heatinput gas metal arc welding (GMAW)
overlay technique suitable for welding on
stainless steels, both irradiated and tritium charged and aged, with a minimum of
underbead and toe cracking up to helium
levels of 220 appm (Ref. 3). This technique employed an oscillating torch to
produce a cladding of filler metal approximately 0.035 in. (0.9 mm) thick with a
depth of penetration into the base metal
of only 0.003 in. (0.08 mm).
Weldability with the overlay technique
was compared at SRS with conventional
gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and
GMAW techniques. The welding methods
were also compared for irradiated vs. tritium-charged-and-aged 304 stainless steel
(Ref. 4). Results showed the overlay technique to be a significant improvement
over conventional welding methods. Surface toe cracking was eliminated with the
overlay technique. Furthermore, cracking,
both toe and underbead, was much less in
the tritium-charged-and-aged stainless
steel than in the irradiated 304 stainless
steel for a given helium concentration.
One material of choice for a next step
fusion device is Type 316LN stainless steel.
Limited data are available on the weldability of thick sections of this material in
the presence of entrapped helium from eiKEYWORDS
Stainless Steel
GMAW
GTAW
Overlay Welds
Helium Embrittlement
Porosity
7/9/07
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WELDING RESEARCH
Fig.1 Sample removed from a reactor tank wall at the SRS showing toe
cracks and stress corrosion cracks near a gas tungsten arc weld.
0.073
1.390
0.023
0.016
0.520
8.280
18.22
0.026
Bal.
Type 316LN-IG
C
Mn
P
S
Si
Ni
Cr
Mo
N
Ta
Cu
Co
B
Fe
Fig. 2 GMAW gun with oscillator. The test plate is located between the
run-on and run-off tabs.
0.024
1.82
0.027
0.001
0.46
12.33
17.44
2.30
0.06
0.01
0.20
0.17
0.0008
Bal.
Experimental Procedure
The welding substrate materials for
this study were obtained from a special,
high-carbon lot of Type 304 stainless steel
used in a previous welding study (Ref. 3)
and a special grade of 316LN (316LN-IG)
proposed for use in the fabrication of
ITER fusion reactor components. The
starting materials were received as large
plates in the solution annealed and
quenched condition. The alloy chemistries
are shown in Table 1. Pairs of identically
sized plates of each alloy were electrical
discharge machined from the as-received
materials to serve as the helium-bearing
substrate test matrix. These plates varied
in thickness from 0.030 in. (0.8 mm) to 0.5
in. (12.7 mm) and measured 4.04 in. (103.4
mm) in length by 1.25 in. (31.8 mm) in
width. The results presented in this paper
are restricted to a pair of 0.5-in. (12.7-mm)
plates. Run-on and run-off tabs to match
each test plate were also machined from
the as-received materials.
The two 0.5-in. (12.7-mm) plates analyzed in the current study were tritium
246 -s AUGUST 2007, VOL. 86
Alloy
Weld
Type
O/S*
Welding
Wire
Oscillation
Speed, S0
(in./min)
Travel
Speed, ST
(in./min)
I
(amps)
E
(volts)
304
O
S
S
S
S
S
308L
None
None
None
None
None
80
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3.25
25
18
6
3.25
18
75
100
100
101
100
31
19
18.3
18.6
18.4
18.5
20
316LN-A+
316LN-B
O
O
S
S
S
S
S
316L
316L
None
None
None
None
None
80
80
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3.25
3.25
25
18
6
3.25
18
69
72
100
100
100
100
32
19
19
19.4
18
17.8
18.2
21
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WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram illustrating the parameters used for heat input
calculations for both GTA stringer beads and GMA overlays.
Fig. 5 TEM image from a grain interior of the 304 material. The black
dots are dislocation loops punched out by the formation of helium bubbles.
Dislocation loops (or bubbles) were not observed in the 316LN.
Fig. 7 Toe cracking in the HAZ of the highest heat input stringer bead
on the 304 base plate (Heat input: 136.6 kJ/in.2).
7/9/07
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WELDING RESEARCH
neath the GMAW overlays on both plates.
Thin slices were cut from the weld HAZs
in an orientation parallel to the weld interface. Slices were centered at approximately 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) and 0.050 in.
(1.27 mm) from the interface. Control
samples were sectioned in a similar manner, but from a region of each plate far removed from any welds. Disc specimens,
measuring 3 mm in diameter, were
punched from the slices and ground to a
thickness of about 0.004 in. (0.1 mm).
Specimens were polished to perforation
with a twin jet electropolisher using a solution of 4 vol-% perchloric acid, 37 vol-%
butylcellosolve, and 59 vol-% methanol.
Polishing was accomplished using an applied potential of 35 V DC with the solution cooled to approximately 30C. All
specimens were examined in a JEOL 2010
operating at 200 kV.
Results
Helium and Tritium Analyses
Fig. 8 GMA overlay welds on helium-bearing plates: A 304; B 316LN. Much more cracking is
observed in the 304 base metal. Some cracking in the weld metal can be seen at the arrow in Fig. 8A
(Heat input: A 23.4 kJ/in.2, B 21.5 kJ/in.2).
Fig. 9 Cross sections of stringer beads: A 304; B 316LN. Note the differences in the number of
underbead cracks, amount (and location) of porosity, and weld pool shape between the two welds. (Heat
input: A 28.7 kJ/in.2, B 28.2 kJ/in.2).
tion loops were observed in the grain interiors. Contrast differences resembling bubbles were noted at some dislocations but
these were too indistinct to be identified as
bubbles. As in the 304 plate, bubbles were
not observed on the grai boundaries.
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WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 10 Cross-sections of stringer beads: A 304; B 316LN. These images further exemplify the differences in the GTA welds observed in the two steels.
(Heat input: A 84.5 kJ/in.2, B 91.3 kJ/in.2).
Metallographic Examination
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WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 12 Total number of cracks per unit length of weld interface vs. heat input
for the stringer beads on both plates.
I
E
(amps) (volts)
304
316LN-A(b)
316LN-B(b)
72
69
72
19
19
19
Travel
Speed
(in./min)
Heat
Input(c)
(kJ/in.2)
3.25
3.25
3.25
23.4
21.5
22.4
He
Number Cracks/
Total Crack
Conc. Weld Interface
Length/
(appm)
Length
Weld Interface
(#/in.)
Length(in./in.)
89.1
87.6
87.6
23.8
1.9
0.0
0.33
0.01
0.0
in diameter, since smaller pores were difficult to discriminate from other microstructural features in the images. Limited porosity was observed in the overlay
welds. In general, the overlay on the 304
plate contained slightly more pores (or inclusions) than the weld on the 316LN
plate; however, the distribution of pores in
both welds varied according to location in
the weld weave. Porosity was more prevalent in the weld toes (where the torch
changed direction) than at the center of
the welds. Figure 14 is a plot of weld
porosity vs. weld heat input for the stringer
beads. It is evident from this figure that
the amount of visible porosity, at any
given heat input, was greater in the welds
on the 304 plate than in the welds on the
316LN plate.
Discussion
The results of this study as illustrated in
Figs. 1113 indicate that Type 316LN is
less susceptible to helium embrittlement
cracking than Type 304 at comparable helium levels. The reasons for this behavior
are not completely understood but may be
related to differences in 1) the high-
7/9/07
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WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 13 Normalized crack length vs. weld heat input for the stringer beads on
both steels.
Fig. 14 Porosity in stringer beads vs. weld heat input. More porosity in the
304 welds may indicate a higher helium content than in the 316LN plate.
I
(amps)
E
(volts)
Travel
Heat
Speed
Input(a)
(in./min) (kJ/in.2)
He
Conc.
(appm)
304
31
100
100
101
100
20
18.3
18.6
18.4
18.5
18
25
18
6
3.25
26.5
28.7
38.8
84.5
136.6
89.7
89.7
89.7
89.7
89.7
83.7
70.9
31.8
46.2
26.7
0.57
0.77
0.46
0.60
0.70
316LN
32
100
100
100
100
21
19.4
18
17.8
18.2
18
25
18
6
3.25
28.8
28.2
35.3
91.3
137.1
94.1
94.1
94.1
94.1
94.1
20.5
19.0
34.0
16.7
10.8
0.11
0.12
0.27
0.18
0.14
7/9/07
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Page 252
WELDING RESEARCH
listed in Table 1, this explanation is counterintuitive since the higher S level in the
304 might be expected to produce deeper
penetration welds (radially inward flow)
and, hence, less bubble trapping when compared to the 316LN welds.
Porosity levels in the weld pools could
also be related to the availability of helium to reach the weld pool. If more helium was present on the grain boundaries
in the 304 stainless steel than in the 316LN
as a result of, e.g., an increased number of
carbides, then during the high-temperature excursion during the welding process
more helium would be expected to move
to the weld pool and eventually end up as
additional porosity after solidification. Of
course, if this were the case, then the number of nucleation sites for microvoids
would decrease thus, inhibiting the embrittlement process to some degree.
Conclusions
A weldability comparison study of tritium-charged-and-aged Types 304 and
316LN stainless steels was conducted. The
results of this research indicate that
316LN is less susceptible to heliumembrittlement cracking than the 304. This
conclusion is supported by the following
observations:
1. Extensive toe cracking was associated with the GTA welds with cracking
more pronounced on the 304 plate. Toe
cracking was not observed in the HAZs of
the GMAW overlays on either the 304 or
316LN plate.
2. There were about 10 times more underbead cracks/in. in the HAZs of the
overlay weld on the 304 plate compared to
the 316LN plate with cracks generally limited to a few grains in length.
3. Underbead cracking was significantly greater in the HAZs of the GTAW
stringer beads than the GMAW overlays
on both plates. The total number of cracks
was typically two to four times greater on
the 304 plate when compared to the
316LN over the range of welding conditions. Similarly, normalized crack lengths
were two to six times greater in the HAZs
of 304 GTA welds.
The increased resistance to cracking of
the 316LN can be rationalized in terms of
its better resistance to high-temperature
creep when compared to the 304. Differences in weld porosity and depth of penetration may be related to weld pool convection effects.
Recommendations
Further study is required to fully understand the fundamental reason(s) for
increased porosity in the 304 GTAW
stringer beads when compared to the
316LN welds at nearly the same helium
252 -s AUGUST 2007, VOL. 86
levels. Additionally, the apparent differences in weldability of tritium-chargedand-aged 304 and 316LN stainless steel vs.
irradiated 304 and 316LN (Ref. 9) needs
to be investigated.
Acknowledgements
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