STUCTURE II

Marine Life Passage

K3-2012

Group member:
1. Desy Jumiarti (1201033)
2. Fitrona Hadrianti (1201035)
3. Dewi Patmawati (1202803)

The Difference between the Army and the Marine Corps: To Huey,
or Not to Huey
Oct. 2, 2009: The Army and Army National Guard announce the retirement of the UH1 Iroquois, known to one and all as the Huey and for the distinctive whoop-whoop-whoop of
its two-bladed rotor. It was our lives. It was our friend, Army Guard Brigadier General Alberto
Jimenez, the Army Guards senior aviator, said that day. It was the aircraft that took us in and
out of Vietnam, and it was also the aircraft that saved many countless lives as we rushed the
wounded and the sick out of the battlefield.
Apr. 27, 2011: Well, maybe there were still a few left flying. Four UH-1 Hueys left their
U.S. Army post in Germany for the last time. It would take a hell of a beating and keep flying,
retired Army colonel, Vietnam veteran and Medal of Honor recipient Bruce Crandall said that
day. All you needed was enough duct tape to cover the holes.
Aug. 4, 2011: Not quite finished. Aviators at Fort Polk, La., announced their final Huey
flight. This was a good way to see the Huey in action one more time, said Army Brigadier
General Clarence Chinn. While the Joint Readiness Training Center and Fort Polk is moving
ahead in upgrading our aviation fleet, we still want to respectfully recognize the end of
the Huey era.
May 28, 2013: The Pentagon announces the Marines are buying 15 new UH-1Y Hueys.
Source:

http://nation.time.com/2013/05/30/the-difference-between-the-army-and-

the-marine-corps/

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Poses New Threat to Marine Life
A landfill twice the size of Texas is floating in the middle of the Pacific and scientists are
starting to get worried.
Imagine a landfill twice the size of Texas, filled with junk, castoffs and other trash. Now
imagine its floating in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a swirling vortex of plastic and flotsam, stretches
across a vast swath of the Ocean and has long been a concern of scientists worried about its
effects on marine life. Now, researchers from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography have found
that a sharp increase in debris floating in a region between Hawaii and California dubbed the
Eastern Garbage Patch is significantly affecting the environment of one of the oceans
smallest residents.
The finding, published Wednesday in Biology Letters, reports that a marine insect that
skims the oceans surface is laying eggs on top of plastic bits rather than natural flotsam, which
scientists are concerned could be replaced by debris in its habitat.
This is something that shouldnt be in the ocean and its changing this small aspect of
the ocean ecology, said Scripps graduate student Miriam Goldstein to the Associated Press.
Previous research has similarly looked into not only the endangered wildlife that suffers
from this floating trash, but how this mass collection of debris got here in the first place.
In 2006, the Los Angeles Times detailed the decline of the Albatross in the Midway Atoll,
a collection of islands about half way between North America and Japan. The birds commonly
fly over the Eastern Garbage Patch, mistaking trash for food. As a result, about 200,000 of the
500,000 chicks born there each year died from dehydration and starvation. An Environmental
Protection Agency study showed that the chicks that died of those causes had twice as much
plastic in their stomachs. Bottle caps, combs, golf tees, toothbrushes and even toy soldiers were
found inside the birds.

These items come from all over the world, swept along by the system of currents called
the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. The garbage patch is in an area of slow-moving winds and
currents, where garbage from all over the Pacific comes to collect, which the
L.A. Times compared to foam piling up in the calm center of a hot tub.
The article additionally pointed out those four-fifths of the marine trash comes from land,
blown into the ocean by wind or rain; the remainder is refuse from ships. Once caught in the
ocean, debris can spin for decades. The U.N. Environment Program estimates that each square
mile of ocean carries 46,000 pieces of plastic litter bobbing on its surface. The Associated Press
reports that most of those plastic pieces are confetti-sized flecks a fact that might explain why
10 percent of the fish previously studied by the Scripps research team had ingested plastic.
Source:

http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/05/11/the-great-pacific-garbage-patch-

poses-new-threat-to-marine-life/

Ocean History Lessons: How Corals Can Protect Themselves from

Warming
History is a valuable teacherto natural systems as well as humans, apparently. In a
study that could critically shape marine conservation efforts for years to come, scientists have
found that sea life can learn from the past just as human beings do. Researchers discovered that
corals with heat stress on their health recordsmeaning periods of dangerously high ocean
temperaturesare more likely to survive similar stress in the future.
As ocean temperatures escalate in tandem with the behemoth that is climate change, we
often hear about coral bleaching: a phenomenon where heat causes coral to essentially kick out
the pigmented algae living inside of and feeding them. But a team led by Jessica Carilli of
the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO) observed that corals
from an atoll in the central Pacific island nation of Kiribati with negligible exposure to El Nio
events actually experienced worse bleaching than what their neighbors that had previously
weathered thermal storms went through. Meanwhile, those corals that suffered substantial
thermal ups and downs in their earlier days showed a higher tolerance to bleaching later on, as
measured by the accumulation of temperature stress in excess of bleaching thresholds. The study
is published in the scientific journal PLoS ONE.
The big question was to what extent can corals learn from their past experiences?
says University of British Columbia assistant professor and study coauthorSimon Donner.
Whats very clear from past research is that coral reefs are about as vulnerable to change as any
ecosystem in the ocean.
This demonstrated vulnerability led the team to pursue an experiment on the natural
laboratory of Kiribatis Gilbert Islands, in a part of the ocean that warms up during El Nio
events because of the islands location in the middle of the Pacific. This means the regions reefs
regularly endure El Nio heat waves, which makes them ideal for investigating how increased
temperature affects coral health.

The scientists examined coral skeletal growth rates and fat tissue stores to understand the
impacts of bleaching events in 2004 and 2009. Attempting to isolate past heat stress as the
primary contributor to the corals future susceptibility to such stress, they restricted comparisons
to reefs equivalent to one other in terms of external disturbances such as nutrient runoff,
sedimentation, overfishing, and ocean acidification.
What they found backed up in a natural system what others had seen in test tubes. It was
a nice confirmation that what people had seen in the lab was applicable to real life; a bit of a ray
of hope, says Carilli.
The jurys still out on the specific mechanisms that bring about this acclimatization by
thermal stress history in corals, though other work offers some explanations. Corals may
be picking up more thermally-resistant algae, for example; they might also be working solo with
their own physiological defenses to reduce bleaching susceptibility. Or it could be that those
reefs that were more resistant in the first place simply extend their dominance after bleaching
events.
But whatever the reason, these findings deliver some precious good news for corals and
the millions who rely on them. Its comforting to know that even as we continue to relentlessly
warm our earth, some yet-unknown apparatus is helping to keep some of our corals well and
happy. Donner also noted that while the teams results should not be taken to work for every
coral on the planet, a deeper understanding of those factors that affect bleaching thresholds
could have important implications for conservation.
We can figure out what characteristics can make one reef tougher than another, he
explains. If we want to figure out which reefs we want to target for protection, maybe this is the
sort of logic we should be using: target the ones that are naturally subject to frequent heat stress.
Hopefully Donner is right its sort of ironic that fluctuating temperatures could help us insulate
our natural world against the effects of global warming, but its nice to have the promise of
pleasant news for a change.
sourcehttp://science.time.com/2012/04/03/ocean-history-lessons-how-corals-canprotect-themselves-from-warming/