Problems for Homework

1. An S.I. Engine has a fuel-air ratio of 0.07:1. How many kilograms of air per hour are
required for an output of 75 kW at an overall efficiency of 20%? How many m3of air are
required per hour if the density of air is 1.2 ~ g / m ~If ?the fuel vapor has density four
times that of the air, how many m3 per hour of the mixture is required. The calorific
value of the fuel is 43700 kJ/Kg.
2. An engine develops 50 kW at full load. If its mechanical efficiency is 80%, what is the
friction power? What will be the mechanical efficiency if the load is halved, if the
mechanical efficiency and friction power remains constant?
3. A two-stroke C.I. engine delivers 5000 kW while using 1000 kW to overcome frictional
losses. It consumes 2300 Kg of fuel per hour at an air-fuel ratio of 20:l. The heating
value of the fuel is 42000 kJIKg. Find the following: indicated power, mechanical
efficiency, air consumption per hour, indicated thermal efficiency, and, brake thermal
efficiency.

.,---- --- ---@):-.----.-.------.--Chaster

Air-Standard ~ycledj
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1. In an ideal Otto cycle the compression ratio is 8. The initial pressure and temperature of
the air are 1 bar and 100 oC. The maximum pressure in the cycle is 50 bar. For 1 kg of
airflow, calculate the values of the pressure, volume, and temperature at the all points of
the cycle. What is the ratio of heat supplied to the heat rejected, mep, work done, and
ratio of compression to expansion work?
2. A diesel engine has a cylinder of 25 cm diameter and 40 cm stroke. Cut-off takes place
at 5% of the stroke. Estimate the air standard efficiency & mep. Assume clearance
volume and pressure at the end of suction stroke are 1.2 liters and 1 bar respectively.
3. A compression-ignition engine working on diesel cycle operates at a compression ratio
of 15 using diesel fuel of calorific value 42000 kJ1kg. The inlet air pressure and
( temperature are 1 bar and 300 K. The air-fuel ratio is 21. Calculate the temperature and
pressure at salient points, air standard efficiency, and mep.

1. Petrol engine of compression ratio 6 uses fuel with calorific value 44000 kJ1kg. The airfuel ratio is 15:1. The temperature and pressure of the charge at the end of the suction
stroke are 60 C and 100 kPa respectively. Determine the maximum pressure in the
cylinder if the index of compression is 1.32 and the specific heat at constant volume is
expressed as Cv = 0.71 + 20*10-~T kJ/kg.K, where T is in K. R = 0.287 kJ1kg.K.
Compare this value with that for Cv = 0.718 kJ1kg.K.
2. In an oil (Diesel) engine working on dual combustion cycle. The temperature and
pressure at the beginning of compression are 90 C and 1 bar respectively. The
compression ratio is 13:1. The heat supplied per kg of air is 1675 kJ, half of which is
supplied at constant volume and half is supplied at constant pressure. Calculate the
maximum pressure of the cycle and the percentage of the stroke at which cut-off takes
place. Take Cv = 0.71 + 20'10" T kJ/kg.K, where T is in K. Compare your results with
the ideal cycle.
volume = 15% of
3. An engine operating on the air-standard Otto
displacement volume, a total displacement volu
and operates at 2500 rpm.
1
,

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The heat added is 1400 kJIkg. Using the air tables, determine the maximum cycle
temperature and pressure, thermal efficiency, power and the available portion of heat
rejected. The inlet conditions are 100 kPa and 300 K. Compare your results with those
at ideal conditions.

1. A test was carried out on single cylinder, two-cylinder diesel engine, gave the following
) data: cylinder diameter = 200mm, stroke = 250mm, engine speed = 300rpm, net brake
N-m, indicated mean effective pressure 4.9*105 ~ / m ', fuel consumption =
rise of cooling water = 55K specific heat capacity of water =
mechanical efficiency, specific fuel consumption and draw up
an energy balance.
2. During the trial on a four-cylinder petrol engine running at 3000 rpm, the brake load was
267 N when all cylinders were working. When each cylinder was cut off in turn and the
Y
speed returned to 3000 rpm the break readings were 178 N, 187 N, 182 N, and 182 N.
0 The engine brake power follows the following law :
BP = (W * RPM) 1 27300 kW, where W is the brake load in Newton. Determine the
brake power of the engine and estimate the indicated power and mechanical efficiency.
3. The following readings were obtained from a test on a single cylinder oil engine working
on the four stroke cycle: Area of the indicator diagram = 4.1 cm2, length of the indicator
diagram = 6.25 crn, indicator spring rating = 0.9mm, cylinder bore = 105mm, engine
) = 0.6m, brake load
stroke length = 150mm, mean diameter of brake whee
= 18kg, spring balance reading = 3kg, engine speed =
culate: brake power,
indicated power and mechanical efficiency.
4. The air flow to a four-cylnder four-stroke il eryine is measured by means o f 5cm
diameter orifice, having coefficient o f discharye of 0.6. During the test on this
engine, the following data were recorded: 0ore = 1@5cm,sfroke = 1Z5cm, engine
speed = 1200rpm, brake torque = 147N-m, fuel consumption = 55kg/hr, calorific
value = 431m k m g , head across orifice = 57cm o f water, ambient conditions are
1.013 bar and 20 L: Calculate: brake thermal efficiency, BMEP and volumetric
efficiency.
5. A four stroke cycle petrol engine has six single-acting cylinders of Z5 cm bore
and 9 cm stroke. 73e eqine is coupled to a brake having a torque arm radius of 38
cm. A t 3300 rev/min, with all cylinders operating the net brake load is 324 N
When each cylinder in turn is rendered inoperative, the average net brake load
produced at the same speed by the remainiry five cylinders is 245 N Estimate the
indicated mean effective pressure of engine. With all cylinders operatiry the fuel
consumption is 0.3 @/mini fuel calorific value 42000 kJ/kg; the jacket water flow
rate and temperature rise are 65 kg/min and 12 "L: On test the eryine is enclosed
in a thermally and acoustically insulated box, throqh which the output drive,
water, fue[ air and exhaust connections pass. Ventilatiry air blown up throwh fhe
box at the rate of 14 kg/min enters at 10 C and leaves at 55 O L : Draw up a heat
balance of the egine, stating the items as percentage o f total eneryy in.

(1)

An S.I. Engine has a fuel-air ratio of 0.07: I . Mow many kilograms of alr per
hour are required for an output of 75 k W at an overall efficiency of 20':'0'! How
many m3 of air are required per hour if the density of air is 1.2 ~ g / n 1 If
~ ?the fuel
vapor has density four times that of the air, how many m3 per hour of the mixture
is required? The calorific value of the fuel is 43700 kJ/Kg.

(2)

A diesel engine develops 5 kW. Its indicated thermal efficiency is 30% and
mechanical efficiency is 57%. Estimate the fuel consumption of engine in (a)
K g h , (b) litershr, (C) indicated specific fuel consumption, and (d) BSFC. Take
the density of diesel oil as 0.87 kg/m3. Take fuel calorific value = 42000 kJ/kg,
fuel SG = 0.87.

(3)

An engine develops 50 kW at full load. If its mechanical efficiency is 80%,

what is the friction power? What will be the mechanical efficiency of the engine at
half load, if the mechanical losses (friction power) remains constant.

A two-stroke C.I. engine delivers 5000 kW while using 1000 kW to overcome

frictional losses. It consumes 2300 Kg of fuel per hour at an air-&el ratio of 20: 1.
The heating value of the fuel is 42000 kJIKg. Find the following :
(a)
The Indicated power
(b)
The mechanical efficiency
The air consumption per hour
(6)
The Indicated thermal efficiency, and,
(4
(el
The Brake thermal efficiency
(4)

(5)

A single cylinder, C.I. engine has thermal efficiency of 25% using fuel of
calorific value 39000 Wlkg. If the mechanical efficiency is 74%, calculate : ISFC,
BSFC, and, Indicated Thermal Efficiency.

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

.o

Basic Intend Combustion Engines.

1. A fwrr cylidx engine ojxxates on four stroke cycle ha*
stroke = 7cm and bore = 5cm. The
p d m bas a cavity- top of it@aEasphere) of-e
= lcm3. 'Ihevokrme above the pistan
l d ~ i t i s a t ~ ~ ~ i s ~8i cb cmd ~~ p. f c s s i o n d , e n g i n e ~ ~ a n d e a l g 2 n e ~ .
2.
with neat sketch the difikmce between the actual and theoretical valve timing 6 r 4Stroke S.L engine.
3. A diesel engine develops 5 kW. Its indicated thermal dciency is 30% and mechanical
efficiency is 5%. Calculate:ISFC, IP,BSFC, BP,mfand thermal efficiency.

~~

Air-Standard Cydes.
4. An engine working an the Otto cycle has a compression ratio = 8, total cylinder volume of 3.8
Liters, The idid cmdtbm are P 14.95 bar and TI= 17 OC at the begbmg of cmqmsbn
stroke. The amouut of heat added during the canstant volume combustion is 7.5. Calculate
pressure and kmpemtm at all pints, MEP and Thermal Hliciency. Take Cv 0.718W/Kg-K,y=
1.4fbrair.
ZC

5.

The initial u m d i h fbr an air standard d i d cycle apeding with campression ratio of 1 5 1
are 0.95 bar and 17 C. The heat added is 1800 M/kg. Calculate the pressure lnnd temperature at
the end of ewh process of the cycIe and determine the engine's & e n d Bciency and MEP.
Take Cp = 1.005 kJ/Kg-K, y = 1.4 fbr air.

6. Pnrvs thalf
kideal air standard diesel cycle f l l F 2 ) L ~ 4 m )

Engine Testing Technque.

A &Stroke, QCyliodns petrol engine having bore 86and stroke lOOnrm with compression
ratio = 6. A test was carried out an this engine and the foblaving dab was collected engine
speed = 2400 RPM,Brake Load = 20 Kg, Effective Brake Arm = 0.5 m, IMEP = 6 bar, Fuel
ammnption =10 Kg/hr. Fwl Calorific Value = 44000 kJ&.
Caiculate: BP, IP,FP, BMEP,
FMEP, Brake & Indicated ' I h e d EBciency, Brake d Indicated SFC, Mecholnical and
Redative l%icie.ucy. Take y 1.4 fix air.

~~~den,&~mdre~ol~h~bcre57nnnadsboke=90mm~r
is 2800 RPM and it is tested at this speed @t
a brake which has a torque arm of 0.356 m.
'ihe taet brake load is 155 N and the find amsumption is 6.74 Whr. The specific gravity of the
petrol used is 0.735 and has a lower calorific value of 44200 kJ/Kg. A Marse test is carried out
d the cylinders ate cut out in the order 1,2,3,4, with correqmdmg brake loads of 111, 106.5,
104.2 and 111 N reqxxtively. Calculate for this speed, the engine Torque, BMEP, BBSFC,
IMH,, Brake'llmml andMechmical mciency.