Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Construction industry is the exact place where we apply the knowledge
acquired in academics of civil engineering. Through this we have chances to meet
some experienced engineers. So it is very much necessary for a student to take
industrial training in the chosen field to clearly understand the relation between theory
and its applications and to learn new things. The training program for 15 days is
conducted in Architectural Studio (associated firm of Rand Architectural &
Infrastructural Consultants Pvt.ltd) in Calicut. This is a well established team of
architects and consultants providing architectural, structural and project management
services. Under the guidance of Mr. Saikrishna M.S., Structural consultant, Rand
Architectural & Infrastructural Consultants Pvt.ltd, I got the opportunity to do my
industrial training, and hence learn new things from them.
The training was started on 05/08/2015 and ended on 20/08/2015. During the
training period, the structural design work of a proposed Hotel cum commercial office
building for Apollo builders at Swapnanagari Calicut, were closely studied. The
building consists of 5 stories including basement floor and ground floor plus terrace
floor and lift machine room. Parking facilities are arranged on basement floor. The
Calicut City is in need of enhanced world class accommodation facilities as well as
commercial space to capitalize on the business potential of the city and also
considering the commercial growth of the City.
The mix used for all RCC work is M20 and Fe 415 for beams, columns, slabs,
stair, pile and pile cap. The beam and column layouts were first fixed and the
modelling was done using ETABS software. During analysis, the dead loads and live
loads were calculated from IS: 875 (Part 3)-1987 and seismic load calculated by
referring IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 and their combinations were applied on the 3D frame.
From the analysis various load combinations were taken to obtain the maximum
design loads, moments and shear on each member. The design is carried as per IS
456:2000 for the above load combinations.
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CHAPTER 2
TRAINING INFORMATION
2.1 ABOUT COMPANY
The training was under the guidance of Mr. Saikrishna M.S., Structural
consultant, Rand Architectural & Infrastructural Consultants Pvt.ltd. They have their
office at Thamz tower, Arangil Damodaran Road, West Nadakkavu, Calicut
673004. Kerala, Phone: +91 495 4099993.
Architectural Studio is an associated firm of Rand Architectural &
Infrastructural Consultants Pvt.ltd. This organisation has a team of architects and
consultants providing architectural, structural and project management services. The
variety of experience each team member had, made them realize the lacunae of the
current practices in the Industry and this firm is a humble attempt to bridge them by
providing solutions with ingenuity and aesthetics. This venture was established in
2002. They have proved their ability in meeting their client requirements in the prefixed time frame and well within their financial capacity.
Their service include Architectural planning, Architectural Design, Structural
Design, Interior Design, Building Technology and Project Management, Supervision
and Administration of building contract, Urban and Regional Planning, Civil and
structural engineering, Mechanical and Electrical service, Construction management
services and Financial and feasibility studies and coordination through each phase of
the project and thus providing a total involvement from the start till the
commissioning of the project. They use the latest methodology in planning and
designing and thus they are able to deliver services matching international standards.
They mainly use AUTOCAD for 2D and 3D drafting, REVIT, 3DS MAX, STAAD
for structural analysis and design.
At Architectural Studio the team players are equipped with necessary skills
sets to achieve
a) Design perfection within the frame of Client-Architect satisfaction,
b) Diligent usage of all resources
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c) Economy and time while balancing the triad of function, comfort and aesthetics.
d) An environment for continuing learning
The organisation is dedicated to provide an Integrated Engineered design solution
to individuals and groups by providing:
Detailed analysis of the needs and requirements of our clients before proposing a
solution and getting consent from them.
Deputing a multi- diverse team with a single point contact to deliver value-added
design services and solutions to our clients
Initial Master Planning of UL Cyber Park Pvt. Ltd, Calicut for SEZ Submission.
MIMS Ltd.
Master Planning and Complete Architectural design for Nilagiri Arts and Science
Residential College jointly promoted by Career Development Foundation trust.
Projects for ULCCS Ltd, Aditya Birla Retail Ltd, Vodafone, Calicut Co-operative
Urban Bank, KSCARD Bank, Sahyadhri Resort Pvt. Ltd etc.
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continuous research and development, the latest ETABS offers unmatched 3D object
based modelling and visualization tools, blazingly fast linear and nonlinear analytical
power, sophisticated and comprehensive design capabilities for a wide-range of
materials, and insightful graphic displays, reports, and schematic drawings that allow
users to quickly and easily decipher and understand analysis and design results.
Modelling tools and templates, code-based load prescriptions, analysis
methods and solution techniques, all coordinate with the grid-like geometry unique to
this class of structure. Basic or advanced systems under static or dynamic conditions
may be evaluated using ETABS. Interoperability with a series of design and
documentation platforms makes ETABS a coordinated and productive tool for designs
which range from simple 2D frames to elaborate modern high-rises.
From the start of design conception through the production of schematic
drawings, ETABS integrates every aspect of the engineering design process. Creation
of models has never been easier intuitive drawing commands allow for the rapid
generation of floor and elevation framing. CAD drawings can be converted directly
into ETABS models or used as templates onto which ETABS objects may be overlaid.
Design of steel and concrete frames (with automated optimization), composite
beams, composite columns, steel joists, and concrete and masonry shear walls is
included, as is the capacity check for steel connections and base plates. Models may
be realistically rendered, and all results can be shown directly on the structure.
Comprehensive and customizable reports are available for all analysis and design
output, and schematic construction drawings of framing plans, schedules, details, and
cross-sections may be generated for concrete and steel structures.
2.3.2 AUTOCAD
AutoCAD is a commercial software application for 2D and 3D computer aided
design (CAD) and drafting available since 1982 as a desktop application and since
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CHAPTER 3
INTERIOR LAYOUTS OF THE BUILDING
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Fig.3.8 Elevation
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CHAPTER 4
LOADS ON THE BUILDING
4.1 TYPES OF LOADS
For analyzing the structure, it is necessary to compute the loads acting on it. The loads
include dead load from slab, imposed loads and wind loads. IS 875 gives detailed
information about these loads and their calculation.
The various loads considered for analysis were:
4.1.1 Dead Load (IS 875-1987 PART1)
Dead load is the self-weight of the structure. In the estimation of dead load of a
building, the weight of walls, partitions, floors, roofs, grid slabs and also weights of
permanent construction are considered.
The unit weight of R.C.C is 25 kN/m3 (IS 456-2000) and unit weight of laterite masonry
(including plastering) is 20 kN/m3 (IS 875-1987).
4.1.2 Live Load (IS 875-1987 PART2)
It is the load assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of the
building, including the weight of movable partitions, concentrated loads, loads due to impact
and vibrations and dust loads, excluding wind, seismic, snow and other loads. The live load
at inaccessible roof is 0.75kN/m2 and that for accessible roof is 1.5kN/m2. Imposed load on
slabs are shown in Fig.4.1.
Imposed loads for different occupancies in a educational building
Restaurant
4kN/m2
Class room
3 kN/m2
2.5 kN/m2
Passage
4kN/m2
Toilets
2 kN/m2
Lobby
3 kN/m2
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CHAPTER 5
MODELLING AND ANALYSIS
Structural analysis, which is an integral part of any engineering project, is the
process of predicting the performance of a given structure under a prescribed loading
condition. The performance characteristics usually of interest in structural design are:
1. Stress or stress resultant (axial forces, shears and bending moments)
2. Deflections
3. Support reactions
Thus the analysis of a structure typically involves the determination of these
quantities caused by the given loads and / or the external effects. Since the building
frame is three dimensional frames i.e. a space frame, manual analysis is tedious and
time consuming. Hence the structure is analysed with ETABS. In order to analyse in
ETABS, we have to first generate the model geometry, specify member properties,
specify geometric constants and specify supports and loads.
5.1. GENERATING MODEL GEOMETRY
At first we have to fix the position of beams and columns by sing grid lines.
Then the members were then connected along the grid lines. Then we have to define
the material properties.
5.2. SPECIFYING MEMBER PROPERTY
The next task is to assign cross section properties for the beams, columns and
slabs, the member properties were given as Indian. The support conditions were given
to the structure. Then different loading cases were applied.
5.2.1 Beam
The beam dimensions are as follows:
B1 = 250 mm 600 mm
B2 = 250 mm 300 mm
B3 = 250 mm 500 mm
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5.2.2 Column
The column dimensions are as follows:
C1 = 300 mm 600 mm
C2 = 450 mm
C3= 250 mm 600 mm
C4= 250 mm 400 mm
C5= 250 mm 1000 mm
C6= 250 mm 1500 mm
5.2.3 Staircase
The staircase is provided as an equivalent slab. The thickness of the slab used for
staircase is 150mm.
Rise = 150mm
Tread = 300mm
5.2.4. Specifying Supports
The base nodes of all columns are provided as hinged supports.
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CHAPTER 6
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The aim structural design is to design a structure so that it fulfils its intended life
time with adequate safety, adequate serviceability and economy. Safety implies that
the likelihood of the collapse of the structure is acceptably not only under the normal
expected load but also under abnormal but probable over loads. Collapse may occur
due to various possibilities such as exceeding the load bearing capacity, overturning,
sliding, buckling, fatigue, fracture, etc.
The design methods used for the design of reinforced concrete structures are
working stress method, ultimate load method and limit state method. Here we have
adopted the limit state method of design for slabs, beams, columns and foundations.
In the limit state method, the structure is designed to withstand safely all loads liable
to act on it through its life and also to satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as
limitation to deflection and cracking.
Serviceability implies satisfactory performance of the structure under service
loads, without discomfort to the user due to excessive deflection, cracking, vibration,
etc. other considerations that come under the purview of the serviceability are
durability, impermeability, acoustic and thermal insulation, etc. a design that
adequately satisfies the safety requirement need not necessarily satisfies the
serviceability requirement.
The acceptable limit of safety and serviceability requirements before failure
is called limit state. All the relevant limit states should be considered in the design to
ensure adequate degrees of safety and serviceability. The structure should be
designed on the basis of most critical state and then checked for other limit states. As
per IS 456 : 2000 the value of partial safety factor for dead and live load combination
is 1.5 and that of live load and EQ force combination is 1.2.
The load combination which is the maximum is adopted for design of beams
and columns.
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1. Given data
Size of beam
250 mm x 600 mm
250mm
600mm
20MPa
Grade of Steel, Fy
415MPa
2. Section type
Assume 16mm diameter main bars to be provided and 25mm nominal clear
cover.
Therefore, effective depth of beam, d
567mm
123.68kNm.
103.59kN
56.54kNm.
2.7kN
103.71kNm.
95.35kN
At left span,
At mid span,
At right span,
0.138 fckbd2
0.138x20x250x5672
221.83kNm
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LEFT SPAN
MID SPAN
RIGHT SPAN
Moment (kNm)
123.68
56.54
103.71
Shear (kN)
103.59
3.8
95.35
/D2
1.54
0.703
1.29
Pt(from SP 16:1980,
table 2 page: 48)
0.473
0.204
0.389
670.77
289.23
551.29
Steel provided
4-16 dia
2-16 dia
3-16 dia
803.84
401.92
602.88
0.85/
Ast (min)
289.31mm2
0.04bD
6000 mm2
Pt
= 0.731N/mm2
100Ast (provide)
= 0.567
0.501N/mm2
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32.57kN
=
=
=
0.87FyAsvd
Vus
0.87x567x415xx82
4x32.51x103
315.9mm 300mm
3) /4 =141.75
4) 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
= 816 = 128mm
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5.86 m
Effective depth, d
565 mm
As per clause 23.2.1 of IS 456:2000 a), for continuous beams, effective span
to effective depth ratio should not exceed 26.
Here,
l
d
5.86
0.567
10.33 < 26
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and
column.M30 concrete and Fe 500 steel are adopted for design. The bending moments
and axial forces from analysis results are used for the design.
1. Dimensions
Size of column
300X600mm
Breadth of column, b
300mm
Depth of column, D
600mm
Concrete mix
M20
415N/mm2
Unsupported length, lo
3.15m
300x600
120000mm2
Since the ends of compression members are effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation in both ends.
From IS: 456 Table 28
Effective length of column,
leff
0.65l = 2.0475m
1648.401kN
18.33kNm
15.23kNm
3.4125 <12
6.825 12
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emin
ey min =
Le
500
Ley D
or 20mm
500 30
24.095 mm >20 mm
20 mm.
ez min =
Lez b
500 30
14.095 < 20
14.095 mm.
eymin permitted
ezminpermitted
0.05b
= 15 > ezmin
=
=
52.5
600
1648.401x103
20x300x600
0.0875 mm.
0.457
Mux1
fckbD2
Mux1
=
=
3%
3
20
0.15
0.1645x20x300x6002 = 355.32kNm
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Pu
fckbD
P
fck
Muy1
fckbD2
Muy1
52.5
300
0.175
0.457
0.15
0.1315
6. Calculation of Puz
Refer chart 63 of SP 16:1980,
Area of steel, As
3% Ag =
Area of concrete,Ac =
97%Ag =
Puz
Puz
Pu
Puz
Mux
Mux1
Muy
Muy1
3
100
97
100
0.45fck Ac + 0.75fy As
0.45x20x174600+0.75x415x5400
3252.15kN
0.043
0.064
By method of interpolation =1
Muy
Muy1
)+ (
Mux
Mux1
)=
0.106 <
Asc
(/4 x 25^2)
11.0007 12 bars.
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Actual As
12x x 252
5890.49 mm2
8. Transverse reinforcement
According to IS 456: 2000, clause 26.5.3.2(c), Diameter should not be less
25
than of longitudinal diameter ( 4 = 6.25mm) and 6mm and not greater than 16mm.
Hence adopt diameter of lateral ties as 8mm.
9. Pitch of lateral ties
According to IS 456: 2000, clause 26.5.3.2(c), The pitch of transverse
reinforcement shall not be more than the least of the following distances:
i) The least lateral dimension of the compression members = 300 mm
ii) 16 times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied
= 1625 = 400mm
iii) 300 mm
So provide 8 mm diameter lateral ties at a spacing of 300 mm
10. Special Confining Reinforcement
According to IS 13920: 1993, clause 7.4, Special confining reinforcement
shall be provided over a length lo from each joint face, towards mid span, and on
either side of any section, where flexural yielding may occur under the effect of
earthquake forces. The length lo shall not be less than
1) Larger lateral dimension at section where yielding occurs = 500 mm
2) 1/6 of clear span of the member
3150
6
= 525 mm
3) 450 mm
Hence adopt lo as 450mm
According to IS 13920: 1993, clause 7.4.6 the spacing of hoops used as special
confining reinforcement shall not exceed 1/4 of minimum member dimension
(1/4 x 250 = 62.5 mm) but need not be less than 75 mm nor more than 100 mm.
So provide special confining reinforcement using 8 mm diameter bars at a
spacing of 75mm c/c up to a length of 450mm from face of joint towards
midspan and 8mm diameter bars at 200mmc/c at all other places.
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When the slabs are supported in two way direction it acts as two way
supported slab.
0.15m
4.56 m
5.86m
1.29
Effective span:
Lx
Ly
Ly
Lx
dx
150-20-10 - 2 =
dy
115 -
Self-weight of slab
25 x 0.15
Finishes
1kN/m2
Live load
4kN/m2
Total load
8.75kN/m2
Factored load Wu
13.125kN/m2
10
2
10
2
115 mm
105 mm
3.75kN/m2
2. Loading on slab
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3. Effective Span
As per IS 456:2000, clause 22(a)
Effective span along short span, Lex =
=
Effective span along long span, Ley =
=
= 5.965 m
yc
0.025 and
0.024
The coefficient for negative moment in the various continuous edge strip
xe
0.033
ye
and
0.032
wulex2
9.47kNm
Muxc
7.17kNm
Muye
9.18kNm
Muyc
6.88kNm
<
Assumed d
dmin
Mumax
0.133xfck xb
9.47x106
0.133x20x1000
59.67mm
Hence safe.
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6. Design of Reinforcement
(a) Main reinforcement in short span
fy Ast
Mux
0.87fy Ast d [1
9.47x106
0.87x415xAstx115[1
Ast
238.3 mm2
Min Ast
0.0012xbxD
fck bd
]
415 Ast
20x1000x115
x102 x1000
4
238.3
= 329.58 320mm
3d or 300 mm
3x115 or 300mm
Ast provided =
x102 x1000
4
300
Ast provided =
261.8mm2
Ast required
238.3 mm2
261.8mm2
Spacing
fy Ast
0.87fy Ast d [1
178.43 mm2
x102 x1000
4
178.43
fck bd
440.17 440 mm
261.8 mm2
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fy Ast
0.87fy Ast d [1
254.99mm2
0.0012xbxD
fck bd
180 mm2
308.01 300mm
x102 x1000
4
254.99
Ast provided =
261.8 mm2
Ast required
254.99 mm2
0.87fy Ast d [1
6.88 X106
Ast
189mm2
Muy
Spacing
x102 x1000
4
189
fck bd
415.55 415mm
261.8mm2
(d)Torsion reinforcement
As per IS code 75% of area of reinforcement on short span @ a
distance Lx/5 from the face of wall support
Assuming 8mm dia u-bars
Lx
5
Spacing
=
=
1.15
x102 x1000
4
0.75x261.8
399.99 mm 300 mm
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vx
Wu Lx
=
=
Pt
=
=
2+1.64
1.29
23.47kN
Vux
bd
23.47x103
= 0.204 N/mm2
1000x115
100 Ast
bd
100x261.8
= 0.228 N/mm2
1000x115
0.3424N/mm2
1.3
1.3x0.3424
From cluase.40.2.1.1,
Kc
0.445
vx < Kc
Hence safe.
9. Check for development length
Shear force,
1.3
23.47kN
Ld
1.3 x V + Lo
Ld
+ Lo
0.87fy
4bd
0.87x415x10
4x1.2x1.6
0.87fy Ast d [1
1.3x5.307x103
23.47
= 470.117mm
= 5.307kNM
+120 = 481.3 mm Ld
Hence safe.
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fs =
=
0.58fyAst (required
Ast (provided)
219.09N/mm2
1.8
46.8
39.65
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2.
Self-weight of steps
3.
4. 1. Load calculation
15cm
Tread
30cm
Width
1.25m
11
Slant height
= 3.35 m
3.35x1x0.15x25
Self-weight of step
11x0.5x0.15x0.3x25 =
6.1875kN
Load of finish
1x3.35
3.35kN
Live load
4x3.35
13.4kN
Total load
35.5 KN
5.5/3.35
10.6kN/m
12.5625kN
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1x1x0.15x25
3.75kN/m
Load of finish
1x1
1kN/m
Live load
1x4
4 kN/m
8.75 KN/m
Self-weight of slab
1x1x0.15x25
3.75kN
Load of finish
1x1
1kN
Live load
1x4
4kN
8.75kN/m
=
3.02 m
c. Loads on landing
Slant height
d. Load on going
3.02x1x0.15x25
11.325kN
Self-weight of step
11x0.5x0.15x0.3x25 =
6.1875kN
Load of finish
1x3.02
3.02kN
Live load
4x3.02
12.08kN
Total load
32.6125 KN
10.79kN/m
32.6125
3.02
Taking moment at A
MA =
8.75x0.52
2
RB x 5.35
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RB
25.93 kN
RA + R B
RA =
27.08 kN
2. Shear force
Section AC:
Shear force = 27.08 8X
At X
0,
SF
27.08kN
At X
0.5,
SF
23.08kN
Section CD:
Shear force = 27.08 (8.75 x0.5) - (10.6x (X - 0.5)
At X
0.5,
SF
22.705kN
At X
4.19,
SF
-12.805kN
Section DB:
Shear force = 27.08 (8.75x0.5) - (10.6x 3.35) 8.75(X-3.85)
At X
3.85,
SF
-12.805kN
At X
5.35,
SF
-25.93 1kN
SF
0 at section BC
2.64 m
SF
at 2.64 from A
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Mu
0.5
36.76kN/m
36.76x1.5
55.14kN m
12.9cm
10.6x2.142
2
4. Effective depth
d
Mu
ub
55.14x106
3.3x1000
14.4cm 15cm
5. Main reinforcement
Ast fy
Mu
0.87x415xAst d[1
55.14 x106
Ast 415
0.87x415xAst x129[1 1000x129x20
]
Ast
1590.81mm2
Maximum Ast =
0.04 bD
Minimum Ast =
0.12% Bd
x122
0.04x1000x150 =
0.12
100
x1000x150 =
6000mm2
180mm2
1590.81mm2
Spacing
bdfck
1600
22
113.09mm2
=
=
1.5x1590.81
113.09
= 21.1 22 bars
72.72mm
73mm
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6. Distribution reinforcement
Distribution reinforcement at 0.12% of bD
=
=
8mm bars, A
=
Spacing
0.12
100
x 1000x150
180mm2
x 82
50.265 mm2
100050.265
180
279.25mm 280mm
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20 N/mm2
415 N/mm2
b) Pile Capacities
Depending upon the load coming on the column, single or group piles were
provided. From the soil report the load carrying capacity of piles are as follows.
Table 6.2 Pile Capacities
Diameter(cm)
Capacity(T)
P70
150
2250
P80
200
3000
P90
240
3600
2P70
300
4500
2P80
400
6000
2P90
480
7200
4.5 m
5000
7.5 1000
7500N/m3
4
64
22360N/mm2
0.01 m4
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7.85m
Lf
2.2
17.27m
Zf
Lf
18.27kN
157.76kNm
and
So, M =
0.86
135.67kNm
212.19 kNm
212.19 kNm
1648.401103
207002
212.19106
207003
= 0.168
= 0.03
50+
12
56
700
= 56 mm
= 0.08 0.1
0.01
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2
400
3079
162
4
0.87002
400
= 3078.76 mm2
= 15.31 16
Mu
pile pu(kN)
(kNm) 2 3
(mm)
700 1648.401 212.19 0.168
0.03
0.8
As Long.rft
(mm2)
Lateral rft
8 mm dia
3079 16#16 circular links
@180 mmc/c.
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20 N/mm2
415 N/mm2
b) Preliminary dimensioning
As per IS: 2911 (Part-1 / Section-2) 2010[clause 6.12.5]
Length of pile cap
As per IS: 2911 (Part-1 / Section-2) 2010[clause 6.12.6] the clear cover for
main reinforcement in the cap slab shall not be less than 60 mm.
Assume clear cover of 75 mm and 25 mm bars
As per IS:456-2000 clause 26.2.1,
Development length,
=
=
4
250.87415
41.2
1880.47 mm
1881 + 75
= 1956 mm
700 + (2 100)
900 mm
c) Main reinforcement
In single pile cap main reinforcements are provided in vertical direction. In
this case of axial load transfer from column to pile, only bursting force acts on pile.
So 0.10 percentage of side face area is provided as main reinforcement.
Area of main reinforcement =
0.19001956
100
1760.4 mm2
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0.1900900
100
8020
2
= 810 mm2
= 405m2
pile(cm)
70
Main reinforcement
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Industrial Training
CHAPTER 7
SITE VISITS
The sessions in office work should be always supported a site visit to provide
proper knowledge of practical field. As part of the industrial training, I had a visit to the
construction site of proposed Hotel cum commercial office building for Apollo builders at
Swapnanagari in Calicut. At the time of my visit, the construction of whole structure was
completed.
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Industrial Training
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSIONS
For the industrial training period, I had gain more of the knowledge which had
expected earlier. It helped me to gain ample exposure to various field practices in the
analysis and design of structures, and also in various construction techniques used in
the industry. All the things happened during this training can let me refreshing back
the entire things which I had learnt while in lecturing. Through this training I have
chances to meet some experienced engineers.
Here in my training, the analysis was done using ETABS 2015 and detailing
was done in AUTOCAD 2010. The structural components were designed manually.
Though the use of software offers saving in time, the calculations are not appropriate.
It takes value on the safer side than manual design. Hence manual design was
adopted. The designing and detailing was done according to standard specifications of
various codes to the possible extend. The various difficulties encountered in the
design process and the various constraints faced by the structural engineer in
designing up to the architectural drawing were also understood. The site visits gave
me knowledge regarding the execution of design into a structure. This training helped
to understand and analyze the structural problems faced by the construction industry.
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Industrial Training
REFERENCES
1. IS 456: 2000 Indian Standard- Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2007.
2. IS: 875(Part-I)-1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (other
than earthquake) for Building and Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi, 1997.
3. IS: 875(Part-II)-1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (other
than earthquake) for Building and Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi, 1997.
4. IS: 875(Part-III)-1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (other
than earthquake) for Building and Structures, Bureau of Indian Standard, New
Delhi, 1997.
4. IS: 1893 (Part-I)-2002- Indian Standard- Criteria of for Earthquake Resistant
Design of Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1997.
5. IS: 2911(Part1/Sec 2): 2010, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design and
Construction of Pile Foundations, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2010
6. Krishna Raju. N, Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design, First edition, C. B. S.
Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 2004.
7. SP16:1980, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456-1978, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1993.
8. Unnikrishna Pillai, S. &Devadas Menon, Reinforced Concrete Design, Ninth
reprint, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2012.
Department Of Civil Engineering
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