LITERATURE REVIEW

Steam boiler has been developed for investigating the relationship between the
pressure and temperature of saturated steam, in equilibrium with water, at all pressures
between atmospheric and 10 bar.
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics, which deals with the energy, and work of a
system. Thermodynamics deals only with the large-scale response of a system that we
can observe and measure in experiments. Small-scale gas interactions are described by
the kinetic theory of gasses which is compliment to thermodynamics.
An ideal gas can be characterized by three state variables :1)Absolute Pressure (P)
2)Volume (V)
3)Absolute Temperature (T)

The relationship between them may be deduced from kinetic theory and is called the
Ideal Gas law. The ideal gas law was originally determined empirically and is
simply :PV = nRT
When the energy increases within water, the increasing of activities among the
molecules enables the increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface
until the equilibrium state is reached. The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure
between the water surface and steam. At lower pressure, the molecules become easier
leaving the water surface while less energy required in achieving the state of
equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where the equilibrium occurs at a given
pressure level is called saturated temperature

The measured value of the slope of the graph ( ) obtained from the practical results
can be compared with corresponding values calculated from the data in steam tables.

Clausius-Clapeyron states:-

When the phase transition of a substance is between a gas phase and a condensed phase (liquid
or solid), and occurs at temperature much lower than the critical temperature of that substance,
the specific volume of the gas phase Vg , greatly exceeds that of the condensed phase Vc.

Therefore, one may approximate the equation to be:

REFERENCES
Marcet Boiler. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 12 Feb 2016 from
http://www.slideshare.net/ShwanSarwan/marcet-boiler .
Why there should not be air in the boiler. Answer.yahoo.com. Retrieved 7 Jan 2016 from
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111012064442AAfAPTF .
Marcet Boiler Lab Report. Scribd.com. Retrieved 17 Feb 2016 from
http://www.scribd.com/doc/51634867/Marcet-Boiler-Lab-Report#scribd .
Yunus A. Cengal & Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach,
3rd Edition, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2002.
Lab2E5 Marcet Boiler. Academia.edu. Retrieved 14 Feb 2016 from
https://www.academia.edu/9474636/Lab2E5_Marcet_Boiler .

CONCLUSION
Marcet boiler is the device which we use to study the relation in between pressure and
temperature for a water at saturated liquid phase. As we did in the laboratory, we started heating
water with constant pressure until it reached boiling point. Then, closing the valve which created
a constant volume system. Forcing the pressure to increase as the temperature rises. And thus
studying the direct relation between pressure and temperature for water at that point.

We notice that it is essential to close the valve as we reach boiling point to make sure we are now
in a constant volume process, otherwise pressure would have never increased. Causing the
experiment to be useless. We also notice that we closed the valve exactly when we reached
boiling temperature (95 c at 0.9 bar pressure) and thus keeping water at saturated liquid phase.
After studying the results and plotting the diagram we find that the relation in between pressure
and temperature is directly proportional. The difference between the theoretical values and the
actual values is caused by errors with certain calculated acceptable percentages. In this
experiment, the relationship between pressure and temperature is found to be directly
proportional. When compared to the theoretical slope, the experimental slope shows a small
deviation between them because of certain errors.