Title:

Challenges in Creating Sustainable Urban Polder in Developing

Countries, Case Study: Development of Pluit Polder, Jakarta.

Written by:
1
Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan
1
MSc. Environmental Management (NUS), S.T. (ITB)
Urban Planner & Researcher,
Green Impact Indonesia
Integrated Urban, Drainage and Environmental - Planning and Design
Email: gunteitb@yahoo.com
http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/about/

Would be presented in
“Cities. More or Less”
The 5th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU)
24th – 26th February 2011, National University of Singapore (NUS)
In Singapore, Session “H - Waterfronts and Coastal Developments.*

Abstract:
Jakarta as one Waterfront Cities faces less sustainable development due to unclear urban
development vision and less stringent planning and development control. And due to
combination of natural and human factors, Jakarta becomes vulnerable to flooding. This has
created great impact in her economy as recorded in 2002 and 2007. This is one example of the
“Less Sustainable Urban Development”

Integrated Water Resource Management and Sustainable Urban Polder need to be

implemented in Jakarta Metro Region, despite of all difficulties. This would eventually reduce
the flood occurrence and its impact if it follows Integrated Urban Polder Guideline thoroughly.

Study case of Pluit Polder Development will describe a successful story of “More Sustainable
Urban Polder Development” in the North of Jakarta. The key points of its success are the
community awareness; collaboration and support from government; and proper planning,
design, construction, operation and maintenance of Polder. Lastly but not least, close
coordination and collaborations are very urgent in implementing Sustainable Urban Polder.
Eventually, this would make the Waterfront Cities in Developing Countries more sustainable.
Keywords: Integrated Water Resource Management, Sustainable Urban Polder, Pluit Polder,
North Jakarta Urban Polder, Sustainable Waterfront City, Sustainable Waterfront Development,
Flood Defense, Coastal Development, Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit (FMPLP).

INTRODUCTION

Jakarta has developed from Trading-Port-City into “Glamour and Famous Metropolitan” due to
its roles as the Capitol City of Indonesian in Government Sector as well as Business sectors.
The extensive jobs creation and increasing land price in the area later attract the rural
population to go to the City. And these cause rapid urbanisation as well as urban sprawling
phenomenon. Further, the Metropolitan has expanded swiftly to adjacent suburban such as
Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok, Puncak and Cianjur; forming the Jakarta Metro Region or
named as ”Kawasan Jabodetabekpunjur” in Indonesian language.

Discussing “More or Less Sustainable” issue of Jakarta development, we find several

parameters that Jakarta from other Capitol City of Developing Countries. These parameters are
described in the following table.

Table 1. More and Less Sustainable Parameter of Jakarta Metro Region
More Sustainable Parameter
• Extensive Job Creation in Jakarta Metro
Region;
• The “Centralised Way” of The Central of
Government of Indonesia operation creating
more opportunities for the business and
communities living in Jakarta;
• Numbers of businessmen and investors
operating in Jakarta, generating regional
economy;
• Cheap land prices especially in low-lying
lands and suburban areas;
• Increasing land and property prices due to
limited land supply and speculation;
• Great number of populations creating great
volume of consumptions;
• Great numbers of skilled workers.
1
Less Sustainable Parameter
• Unclear urban planning and development
vision
• Difficult coordination among Governments
due to numbers of sectors and municipalities;
• Less stringent planning and development
control;
• Rapid urbanisation;
• Inundation because the area is of low-lying
lands or flood-prone zones;
• Uncontrolled conversion of water bodies
(rivers, lakes, and ponds);
• Extreme groundwater extractions;
• Extreme land subsidence in Northern Jakarta
Metro Region;
• Increasing height of tidal wave because of
climate change;
• Urban sprawling;
• Limited reliable infrastructure provisions;
• Serious traffic jams;
• Uncontrolled conversion of open space;
• Limited clean water (tap water or
groundwater) supply during drought season;
• Serious poverty;
• Extensive slums area;
• Illegal street hawkers;
• Severe environmental pollutions.

Understanding these phenomena, we believe that a challenging task for making this “Metro
City” of “Mega City” sustainable could only be solved with cooperation between stakeholders,
led by the Coordination Board of Spatial Planning (BKPRN), involving 3 Governor; 13 Major
and Districts Heads as regulated by Government Regulation (PP) No.26 Year 2008. Further, the
less sustainable rapid urbanisation and urban sprawling need to be taken care in the long term.
Otherwise, Jakarta Metro will still face the unbalanced population density, extensive traffic jams,
major floods, etc.2
 Figure 1. Jakarta Metro Region Map3
Source: Directorate of Spatial Planning, Public Works Department (2009), Sustainable Urban Improvement Program (SUSIP) -
Executive Presentation
 Figure 2. Jakarta Metro Region Rapid Expansion from 1972 to 2005 4
It is clearly seen that less stringent urban planning and development control implementation create urban
sprawling which are less sustainable.
Source: Dardak, H. and Poerwo, I.F. Directorate of Spatial Planning, Public Works Department (2007), Dissemination of Act no 26
Year 2007 on Spatial Planning (Undang-Undang No. 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Tata Ruang)
 Table 2. Jakarta Metro's Region Administrations and Demography 5
Source: Indonesian Statistics Board (Badan Pusat Statistik) (2007)

Population Average Average

Number Year Area Popula-tion Popula-tion
Municipality or Regency Province 2007 Density Density
No
(Kota atau Kabupaten) (Provinsi)
(persons/ sq
(persons) (sq km) (persons/ ha)
km)

East Jakarta Municipality

1 2.168.601 201,69 10.752 108
(Kota Jakarta Timur)
West Jakarta Municipality
2 1.635.485 129,19 12.660 127
(Kota Jakarta Barat)
Jakarta
North Jakarta Municipality Province
3 1.197.970 139,56 8.584 86
(Kota Jakarta Utara) (Provinsi DKI
Jakarta)
Central Jakarta Municipality
4 814.166 48,13 16.916 169
(Kota Jakarta Pusat)
South Jakarta Municipality
5 1.742.177 145,73 11.955 120
(Kota Jakarta Selatan)
Tangerang Municipality
6 Banten 1.628.753 164,54 9.899 99
(Kota Tangerang) Province
Tangerang Regency (Provinsi
7 Banten) 3.550.662 1.110,38 3.198 32
(Kabupaten Tangerang)

Bekasi Municipality (Kota

8 2.143.804 210,4 10.189 102
Bekasi)

Bekasi Regency
9 2.125.960 1.263,88 1.682 17
(Kabupaten Bekasi)

Depok Municipality (Kota

10 West Java 1.470.002 200,29 7.339 73
Depok)
Province
Bogor Municipality (Kota (Provinsi Jawa
11 905.132 116,85 7.746 77
Bogor) Barat)
Bogor Regency
12 4.251.838 2.388,93 1.780 18
(Kabupaten Bogor)
A part of Cianjur Regency
13 (Sebagian Kabupaten 370.651 290,82 1.275 13
Cianjur )

Total 24.005.201 5.919,28 4.055 41

Further, we would like to discuss further Jakarta Flooding issue, related to major climate change
impact to waterfront cities. Floods regularly happen in Jakarta City. Jakarta Old Town or Batavia
was developed by Jan Pieters Z. Coen in 1619 with waterfront city or urban polder concept. It
was planned following the Cities in the Netherlands. This strategy was taken because it was
naturally low-lying and flood-prone area. In the following years, the flood became worse due to
uncontrolled development in the riverbanks, heavy sedimentations and unmanaged drainage
system (canals). And according to the documentation, Jakarta was hit by major floods in 1621,
1654, 1918, 1976, 1997, 2002, and 2007.6
 Figure 3. Flood in Pintu Besar Area (1872) Figure 4. Flood in Jakarta (1915)
Source: KITLV/ OVERSTROMING OP PINTOE BESAR TE Source: OVERSTROMING OP DE KERKLAAN TE
BATAVIA/1872 BATAVIA/1915

Figure 5. Flood in Jakarta (2002) Figure 6. Flood in Jakarta (2007)

Source: ARIF ARIADI/ KORAN TEMPO/ PLANET BANJIR Source: Public Works Department DKI Jakarta Presentation

Figure 7. Flood in Jakarta (2007) Figure 8. Flood in Jakarta (2007)

Source: Public Works Department DKI Jakarta Presentation Source: Public Works Department DKI Jakarta Presentation

Figure 9. Flood in Pluit Area (North of Jakarta, Figure 10. Tidal Flood in Pluit Area (North of
2008) Jakarta, 2008)
Source: Forum Pluit Documentation Source: Forum Pluit Documentation

The 1997’s Jakarta flood occurred extensively causing the national tragedy. The flood was
reported covering 4 sub-districts (Kelurahan), submerging 745 houses, and displacing 2640
persons with average of 80 cm of flood. 7 Jakarta flood got worse in 2002 affecting 60% of
Jakarta, Tangerang and Bekasi. Further, it was reported killing 142 persons and displacing
114,441 persons. Even, Four Trillion Rupiah economic loss was reported caused by the flood. 8

Lastly, the 2007’s Jakarta flood affected more than 60% of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang
and Bekasi. 80 persons were reported killed because of flooding while 340,000 persons had
been displaced. Furthermore, 74,000 houses were submerged and 670,000 people were left
without electricity. 82.150 sq km of roads were reported damaged because of the floods. Eight
Trillion Rupiah economic loss was estimated by National Planning Agency (BAPPENAS). This
data actually illustrates the worsening floods in Jakarta, and increasing economic losses due to
the flooding. And we can see that, actually the sustainability of Jakarta Metro Region has been
lessened because of floods impact in the area. 9

10
Figure 11. The Flood Pattern of Jakarta in 2007.
Source: Ministry of Public Works (2008), Jakarta Flood Hazards Mapping 2007
Even, in newspaper articles, it is predicted that the Jakarta would be submerged partially in
2015 due to land subsidence as well as climate change.

Current Sea Level

Increasing Sea Level

Figure 12. The “Submerging” Jakarta in 2050. 11

It is clearly that due to the current extreme land subsidence as well as climate change, North Jakarta
Metro Region will submerge in 2050.
Source: http://www.suarapembaruan.com/News/2008/03/01/Utama/ut01.htm

In general, Jakarta floods are actually caused by the interwoven of natural factors and human
factors of Jakarta. For easier description, we would like to describe the natural factors first,
which are:
• Approximately, 40% of Jakarta areas are low-lying land below the highest astronomical tide;
• Flat topography of Jakarta (even concave in some area sop potential for flooding);
• 40% of Jakarta is located within the flood prone areas of the main rivers;
• High rain intensity in the upstream of Jakarta Metro Region;
• Extensive upstream catchment affecting Jakarta (850 sq km);
• Limited water bodies capacity (drains, rivers, retention ponds and lakes);
• Geological and soil types of the Jakarta Metro Region are susceptible to land subsidence
and erosion;

Secondly, the human factors affecting the flooding are:

• Disintegration of Spatial Plan and Drainage Master Plan (macro and micro level) of Jakarta
Metro Region;
• Limited financial capacity for infrastructure provision;
• Overpopulation in several areas (strategic areas and slums);
• Extreme groundwater extraction;
• Conversion of forests, wet agricultural lands;
• Conversion of water bodies (wetlands, agricultural lands, drains, rivers, retention ponds,
lakes);
• Unsustainable land development practice causing increasing soil sedimentation;
• Solid waste and waste-water pollution in the water bodies;
• The unclear system role-sharing among in environmental management especially in the
drainage management. 12

Combination of the natural factors and human factors has increased the intensity as well as the
magnitude of the flooding. And Jakarta become lesser sustainable due to increasing threats of
the floods.

The Central Government and Provincial Government of Jakarta had prepared several studies
and master plan related to Jakarta Flood Control as followed: 13
• Master Plan NEDECO (1973)
• Study Of East Jakarta Flood Control Project (1989)
• The Study on Urban Drainage and Waste Water Project in The City of Jakarta (1991)
• The Study on Comprehensive River Water Management Plan in JABODETABEK (1997)

All these documents prescribed Flood Control Strategies which need to be implemented: 14
• Retaining water in upstream area with retention ponds and land and forest conservation;
• Applying rain-water infiltration as much as possible with infiltration well and open spaces;
• Building retention ponds in the middle areas;
• Flowing the water as fast as possible to the estuaries or the seas, with the capacity of rivers
and drainages;
• Building urban polder systems in the Northern part of Jakarta;
• Securing lives, vital infrastructures as well as real estates.

Figure 13. Concepts of Flood Control of Jakarta Government

Source: Jakarta Province’s Public Works Department(2008), Flood Mitigation Handbook
 Figure 14. Polder’s Master Plan in Jakarta.
The Master Plan shows disintegration of polder system, because of different land ownerships and difficult
land acquisition.
Source: Jakarta Province’s Public Works Department (2008), Flood Mitigation Handbook
Legend : Polder in Jakarta Region
Finished Polder
Unfinished Polder
 Table 3. Polders Planned by Public Works Department of Jakarta Province in Jakarta Region
Source: Jakarta Province’s Public Works Department (2008), Flood Mitigation Handbook
No. Name of Polder Area (Ha) No. Name of Polder Area (Ha)
01 Rawa Buaya 50.00 21 Pademangan 635.00
02 Cengkareng 450.00 22 Kemayoran 850.00
03 Kapuk Poglar 550.00 23 Sumur Batu 278.00
04 Pantai Indah Kapuk Utara 250.00 24 Sunter Selatan 346.00
05 Pantai Indah Kapuk Selatan 150.00 25 Sunter Barat 1250.00
06 Muara Angke 50.00 26 Sunter Timur I Kodamar 200.00
07 Muara Karang 75.00 27 Sunter Timur I Utara 600.00
08 Pluit Industri 50.00 28 Sunter Timur III Rawa Badak 570.00
09 Teluk Gong 90.00 29 Sunter Timur II 1750.00
10 Jelambar Wijaya Kusumah 100.00 30 Kelapa Gading (Walikota)* 90.00
11 Jelambar Baru 100.00 31 Marunda 2240.00
12 Tomang Barat 170.00 32 Penggilingan 103.00
13 Grogol 80.00 33 Istana Merdeka 15.00
14 Rawa Kepah 229.00 34 Hankam Slipi 4.00
15 Pondok Bandung 90.00 35 Komplek TVRI Cengkareng 7.00
16 Pluit 2083.00 36 Pulomas 460.00
17 Siantar Melati 860.00 37 Tanjungan / Tegal Alur* 390.00
18 Setiabudi Barat 216.00
19 Setiabudi Timur 132.00
20 Mangga Dua 160.00

Unfortunately, due to several factors, the master plans failed to be implemented. The reasons of
are limited financial capacity of the Government in infrastructure provision, disintegration of
Urban Drainage Master Plan of the Jakarta Metro Region, not updated Drainage Master Plan of
Jakarta Province; less stringent development control; and Increasing run-off 850 km2
catchments of Jakarta Metro region.

Other factors also prohibit these plans to be implemented such as: difficult process of land
acquisition for floods infrastructure; extreme land subsidence; increasing tidal wave height;
severe sedimentation; limited funding for drainages maintenance; and last but not least the
disintegrated polder system.

It can be concluded that in managing approximately 1450 sq km of complicated catchment and

drainage of Jakarta Metro Region, we need the implementation of IWRM (Integrated Water
Resources Management). This also must be supported by implementation of integrated urban
polder in the Northern area of Jakarta. Hopefully with these strategies, Jakarta Metro Region
could reduce the floods and achieving more sustainable city.
SUSTAINABLE URBAN POLDER PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Answering the sustainable solution for Jakarta Flooding in Jakarta, we believe that Integrated
Water Resource Management (IWRM) is compulsory to be implemented. Global Water
Partnership defined IWRM as, “A process which promotes the coordinated development and
management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic
and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital
ecosystems.”15

In the implementation of The IWRM, the stakeholders should consider sustainability issues,
comprising technical, social, economic and environmental aspect. IWRM is conducted with
holistic approach and dealing with overall hydrological cycle, and the management actually
covers:16
• Social Facilitation, Legal and Institutional Setup;
• Water Allocation (quantity & quality);
• Catchment/ River Basin Planning and Management (development control of land use and
the urban surface run-off, or known as Low Impact Development);
• Landscape Design;
• Drainage Planning & Management;
• Floods Control and Mitigation;
• Drought Management;
• Financial Management;
• Information Management;
• Stakeholder participation;
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA);
• Drinking Water Supply;
• Pollution Control and Wastewater Management;
• Water Monitoring (quantity & quality);
• Solid Waste Management;
• Wastewater Reclamation, Desalination, etc.

Realising the extensive river basin areas that are used as the boundary or IWRM scope and
sector approach in Indonesia Government structure, we believe that IWRM implementation
would not be an easy task. On the other hand, leaning from our neighbouring countries
Singapore and Malaysia, we believe that IWRM still could be implemented gradually, with
coordination and collaboration of many stakeholders.

Further, we also note that The IWRM framework above could be adapted to the current
condition of Jakarta. From 16 aspects of IWRM, some important ones could be prioritised
following the urgency of the issue. But we would like to state that with absence of some aspects,
the City would be less sustainable.
 Figure 15. River Basin Division in West Java Province and Jakarta.17
The Plan shows extensive River Basin Division causing difficulties to implement IWRM in Indonesia in
general.
Source: USAID, ESP Atlas, November 2006
Legend:
Catchments
1. Cisadane River
Catchments (R.C.)
2. Angke R.C.
3. Pesanggrahan R.C.
4. Krukut- Grogol R.C.
5. Ciliwung R.C.
6. Sunter R.C.
7. Cakung R.C.
8. Bekasi R.C.

Figure 16. Catchments of Jakarta Metro Region 18

The Catchments of Jakarta Metro Region was found to be too extensive area, causing implementation
difficulties.
Source: Ministry of Forestry, Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, Office of Catchments Management of
Citarum -Ciliwung Rivers (2008), Final Report of Detail Flood Mitigation Plan for Jakarta Metro Region
On the Northern Jakarta, we find that the integrated sustainable urban polder is very urgent to
implement. The Polder could be defined as “An integrated man-made drainage system
consisting dikes, drains, retention ponds, outfall structures or pumping stations. Designed
landscape in the Polder is required to ensure its effectiveness. Polder Dikes also must be
planned and designed considering potential of soil strength, land subsidence, social conflict as
well as accessibility issue. The maintenance of infrastructures becomes a critical point for
successful polder operation. Lastly, the Polder system must be planned in integration from
macro spatial plan, urban design and water management of the macro (river basin) system.” 19

Canals and Drains

Figure 17. Simplified Illustration of Polder System 20

Sources: Ministry of Public Works et.all. Urban Polder Guideline

Discussing the possible urban polder implementation, we would like to review some of the more
and less sustainable aspects of Urban Polder System in Northern Jakarta as followed:

Table 4. More and Less - Sustainable Parameters and Strategies of Urban Polder in Northern Jakarta. 21

More Sustainable Parameter Less Sustainable Parameter

• Reduction of floods occurrences and impacts • Expensive infrastructure investment for
in North Jakarta Urban Polder;
• Increasing land and property prices due to • Extreme land subsidence in Northern Jakarta
sustainable Northern Jakarta area; Metro Region;
• Increasing height of tidal wave because of
climate change;
• Serious poverty;
• Extensive slums area.
More Sustainable Strategy Less Sustainable Strategy
• Sustainable populations creating sustainable • Redevelopment of urban polder dikes due to
volume of consumptions; land subsidence;
• Sustainable numbers of skilled workers.
• Stopping groundwater extractions;
• More stringent planning and development
control;
• Reducing building and infrastructure loads;
• Reversing conversion of water bodies (rivers,
lakes, and ponds);
 • Reversing conversion of open space;
• Reducing environmental pollutions.

We would like to explain these parameters further. First, the reduction of floods would happen
with implementation of polder and increasing land and property would eventually be achieved
because of this. Ideally, other sustainable development strategy should be implemented in
reducing the negative impacts of Urban Polder Development such as:
• Limiting the sustainable populations and professionals in the area because of limited
environmental capacity;
• Stopping groundwater extractions to reduce the impact of land subsidence;
• More stringent planning and development to reduce the surface run-off;
• Reducing building and infrastructure loads to reduce the impact of land subsidence;
• Reversing conversion of water bodies to increase the effective capacity of the retention
pond of the polder;
• Reversing conversion of open space to increase the retention capacity;
• Reducing environmental pollutions (especially wastewater and sewage), to increase the
environmental quality of the urban polders.

On the other hand, Urban Polder would need great investment for its infrastructure construction,
operation and management. But, understanding the positive impact of the polder, we believe
that it is still feasible. And it need to be highlighted that due to extreme land subsidence and
increasing height of tidal wave, redevelopment of urban polder dikes needs to be conducted in
the periodic time. This is needed to be implemented because of the environmental degradation.

Beside that the current social problem in the area need to be highlighted such as serious
poverty and extensive slums area. And it would need to be solved with other solution which is
community development.

Further discussing the implementation the Sustainable Urban Polder, we need to state that
integrated approach need to be implemented following the research collaboration of The
Netherlands Government, UNESCO IHE, Government of Republic Indonesia, as follow: 22
• Institutional Aspect,
• Planning Aspect,
• Design Aspect,
• Land Acquisition Aspect,
• Development Control Aspect,
• Construction Aspect,
• Operation, Maintenance and Management Aspects,
• Monitoring and Evaluation Aspects.
This could be explained in the following figures:

Figure 18. General Process of Creating Sustainable Polder. 23

Sources: Ministry of Public Works et.all. Urban Polder Guideline

24
Figure 19. Sustainable Polder’s Planning Framework (Macro Scale in National and Province Level).
Sources: Ministry of Public Works et.all. Urban Polder Guideline
Figure 20. Sustainable Polder’s Planning Framework (Mezzo and Micro Scale in Municipal and Regency
Level).25
Sources: Ministry of Public Works et.all. Urban Polder Guideline

Figure 21. Sustainable Polder’s Implementation Framework (Design, Land Acquisition and Construction).
26

Sources: Ministry of Public Works et.all. Urban Polder Guideline

 Figure 22. Sustainable Polder’s Development Control and Evaluation Framework. 27
Sources: Ministry of Public Works et.all. Urban Polder Guideline

Figure 23. Sustainable Polder’s Operation, Management and Evaluation Framework.28

Sources: Ministry of Public Works et.all. Urban Polder Guideline
And to create successful Urban Polder in Jakarta Province, we need these steps:
• Setting Polder Organisation and the Vision of Urban Polder;
• Data Collection (Politic, Social, Economical and Technical Data);
• Topographical and Infrastructure Survey;
• Data Analysis (Integrated Approach – Policy, Socio and Economic Analysis);
• Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA);
• Regular Public Consultations;
• Preparation of Integrated Spatial Plan & Detail Master Plan (Spatial Use and Infrastructure),
which include:
o Drainage and flood control plan
o Clean water treatment and distribution plan
o Pollution control, waste-water (sewage) collection and treatment plan
o Solid waste management plan
o Wastewater treatment and collection plan
o Landscape plan;
• Preparation of Zoning Direction (including Polder Direction);
• Preparation of Urban Design Plan;
• Preparation of Feasibility Study of Polder;
• Land Acquisition
• Preparation of Detail Engineering Design (DED) for Polder System (dikes, drainage,
retention ponds, outfall structures, pumping stations, wastewater treatment and pipelines);
• Controlling the urban surface run-off with Low Impact Development (LID) method;
• Landscape Design;
• Development Control (Permit Application and Issuing Process);
• Development Facilitation (Dissemination, Training, R&D etc);
• Law Enforcement (Incentives, Disincentives & Sanction);
• Other Aspects Monitoring (Building Design, EIA & Infrastructure Construction);
• Preparation of Standard Operation Procedures (SOP) of Polder;
• Infrastructure Construction;
• Infrastructure Operation and Management;
• Legal Management;
• Financial Management;
• Other Aspects Management (Solid Waste and Wastewater);
• Monitoring (Flood System, Water Pollution, Water Quality);
• Evaluation (Organisation, SOP, Infrastructure, etc);
• Infrastructure Improvement.

It could be concluded that integrated approach as well as close coordination need to be adopted
in every implementation steps of urban polder. On the other hand, increasing social and
environmental factors need to be paid attention in developing the urban polders.

And to successfully implement the Sustainable Urban Polder, we would need the polder
management institution to ensure its sustainability. The Polder Board function is to manage the
polder systems especially in water management and flood protection measures. Ideally, the
Polder Institution that will be formed from Government agencies, Private sector and
Communities that related to the Polder. The legal basis for supporting the existence of the
Polder Board is urgently needed. 29
On the other hand, in the reality, polder institution may be formed by one or two stakeholders. In
Jakarta, we find that some urban polders were implemented by Provincial Government of
Jakarta, while others were prepared by private sectors and others were prepared by the Local
Community with assistance of Jakarta Public Works Agency. For better understanding of
sustainable urban polder implementation with stakeholders’ cooperation, we are going to
describe on the Pluit Polder Development as illustration of “More or Less Sustainable Urban
Polder Development”.

DEVELOPMENT OF PLUIT POLDER IN NORTH JAKARTA

Pluit is located in Penjaringan Sub-District (Kecamatan) and Pluit. Administration (Kelurahan) in

North of Jakarta. This area was named Fluit Muarabaru, because in 1660 a fluitschip or slim
sea-carrier (named Het Witte) was located there to help the Vijhoek Fort in Grogol River
Estuaries in protecting Batavia from Banten’s attack at that time.30 Further, the Pluit location is
described in this figure.

The Pluit Polder Location in North Jakarta

Figure 24. The Pluit Polder Location in North Jakarta. 31

Sources: Ministry of Public Works et.all. Urban Polder Guideline

The Pluit Polder was bounded by Jakarta Bay (Teluk Jakarta) in the North; Pluit Reservoirs
(Waduk Pluit) in the East; Karang Canal (Kali Karang) in the West and Toll Road in the South
as described in the previous figure. And in brief, we could describe several the More and Less
Sustainable aspects of Pluit Polder Development as followed:

Table 5. More and Less Sustainable Pluit Polder Development
.
More Sustainable Aspect in Pluit Polder
Development
• Community awareness in environmental
protection especially related with flood
protection;
• Pluit Polder Forum was formed with active
participation of the people;
• Clear Vision of Pluit Polder Organisation;
• Adequate technical knowledge of Pluit Forum
member (urban planner, civil engineer,
geotechnical engineer and contractors);
• Collaboration with Academic Experts in
several planning and design process;
• Integrated Strategy (short and long term
strategy) formulated by Professionals and
Community;
• Collaboration of Communities, Private Sector
(Pluit Power Plant) and Public Works Agency
in mitigating flood (especially in 2007).;
• Willingness to Pay in the Community;
More Sustainable Result
• Reduction of floods occurrences and impacts
in North Jakarta
• Increasing land and property prices due to
sustainable Northern Jakarta area;
32
Less Sustainable Aspect in Pluit Polder
Development
• Extreme land subsidence in Northern Jakarta
Metro Region;
• Increasing height of tidal wave because of
climate change;
• Pluit was originally not planned as integrated
polder;
• Conversion of green and blue spaces for
commercial uses by The Developer;
• Limited cooperation from the Current
Developer of Mega Mall Pluit or Pluit Village;
• Improper design proposed by the Developer
• Extensive slums area in the side of Pluit
Reservoir;
Less Sustainable Result
• Drainage system failures due to Pluit Village
construction and expansion;
• Expensive infrastructure investment for
Urban Polder;

The Pluit Residential area was developed in 1970 by Regional Government Company named
Management Board of Pluit Area (Badan Pengelola Lingkungan Pluit). The company was later
restructured and renamed as PT. Pembangunan Pluit Jaya, In 1995, PT. Pembangunan Pluit
Jaya, cooperating with private entities, PT. Duta Wisata Loka (DWL) (1995) converted green
and blue open spaces within the area to commercial space, such as Megamall Pluit. Later on
other spaces were converted to commercial like: Pluit Junction and Greenbay Pluit Apartment. 33

Jakarta Province Government allowed this and later the changes became legal. Later on PT
Pembangunan Pluit Jaya was renamed again as PT. Jakarta Propertindo. While PT. Duta
Wisata Loka was later restructured and bought by a renowned “Green Developer” in South-East
Asia. And the Mega Mall was renovated expanding into the Pluit Lake. The project was
renamed as Pluit Village. And we will use Pluit Village name onward, for easier reference. 34
 Jakarta Bay

North
Compartment

MegaMall Pluit The Pluit

or Pluit Village Reservoir
Pluit Lake/
Central
Compartment

Kali Karang South

Compartment

Toll Road The Pluit Polder Boundary

Figure 25. The Pluit Polder. 35

Sources: Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP)

In the mean time, the Pluit Polder was not fully developed as integrated polder system by the
developer. And due to that, the area was inundated heavily for 3 weeks in 2002. This disaster
brought awareness of the communities on the importance of integrated flood protection system.
And The Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (or named as Forum Masyarakat Peduli
Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP in Indonesian language) was formed later on. For easier description,
we mentioned it as Pluit Forum.

The Pluit Forum was formed by the Residents of Pluit area which represented by Homeowner
Group (Rukun Tetangga/ RT), Homeowner Association (Rukun Warga/ RW) and Pluit
Administration Head (Lurah Kelurahan Pluit). The purpose of this organisation was to coordinate
the simultaneous effort to protect the Pluit area with holistic approach. This is the clear
statement of the Vision of Polder
And the structure of Pluit Polder Organisation could be described as followed:

Table 6. Organisation of Pluit Forum (Pluit Polder Board)36

Position Stakeholders Function

Patron Head of Subdistrict Penjaringan Protect the Organisation and Coordinate
Head of Pluit Administration Section with Related Government Agencies
Advisory Board Head or Homeowner Association (Ketua Give advises and community aspiration
Rukun Warga/ RW) which affected in
2002’s flood
Chairman Elected from Communities Coordinate overall implementation of the
Polder
Vice Chairman Selected by Chairman or Elected from Assist the Chairman in coordinating
Communities overall implementation of the Polder
Secretary Selected by Chairman or Elected from Prepare paper works and letters for
Communities internal and external organisation
Treasurer Selected by Chairman or Elected from Allocate funding as well as prepare
Communities accounting
Fundraiser Team Selected by Chairman or Elected from Collect funding from communities,
Communities donors, private sectors.
Technical Team Selected by Chairman or Elected from Execute the technical works of the
Communities Polder

The functions of the Pluit Forum’s team are as followed:

• To coordinate the mitigation effort between Homeowner Association (RW),
• To empower the all community members in protecting, operation, maintenance of polder
elements
• To represent the communities facing external stakeholder such as Developers and
Government Agencies
• To monitor the environmental condition of Pluit Polder.

We also identified that the Forum member possessed good technical knowledge (as urban
planner, civil engineer, geotechnical engineer and contractors), this actually lowered the
planning, design as well as contracting costs of the Polder.

We also found that the involvement of professional expert such as DR. Agung Ibrahim
Bagiawan from Research and Development Institute of Water Resources (PUSAIR) was very
positive. DR. Agung had helped the Forum in prescribing temporary and long term polder
development strategies.

In the strategy, 250 Ha of Pluit Polder was divided into 3 compartments, such as: North
compartment, South compartment and Central Compartment. The Central compartment was
originally a Pluit Lake (Danau Pluit) that previously utilised for retention ponds and water
recreation. The original system of Pluit Polder could be described as follow:
 Jakarta Bay

North
Compartment

The Pluit
Pluit Lake
Reservoir

Kali Karang South

Compartment

Toll Road The Pluit Polder Dike

Figure 26. The Original Pluit Polder Drainage System. 37

Sources: Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP)

The short term strategies prescribed were:

• Adding pumps in several points in the western part of Pluit Polder
• Improving sluices gate connecting to Pluit Reservoir
• Evaluating overall drainage system of Pluit Polder
• Coordinating with Pluit Reservoir and Pumps Station Operator

While the long-term strategies were:

• Redesigning sluices gate connecting to Pluit Reservoir
• Revitalisation of Pluit Village into semi-retention area
• Greening the Polder system
• Tide level monitoring
• Coordinating with Pantai Mutiara and Pluit Power Plant to construct integrated dikes

Action conducted related to these strategies were and are:

• Dike construction with 600 m in length in Kali Karang side (West-side Pluit) in 2003;
• Dike improvement with 800 m in length in Kali Karang South side (South-side Pluit) in 2006;
• Dike improvement in Pantai Mutiara in 2008;
• Sluice gate redesign and improvement;
• Dike improvement in Kali Karang again in 2010 because of land subsidence.
Consultation and refining of Pluit Polder Strategy also were conducted with Prof. Bart Schultz,
PhD, MSc, and Mr. Martijn Elzinga, expert from The Netherlands Ministries of Transport, Public
Works and Water Management, and of Spatial Planning, Housing and Environment; and Dr.
F.X. Suryadi, MSc from UNESCO-IHE during Polder Guideline Seminar in Pluit 2009. This
consultation emphasised the revitalisation of the Polder especially the Pluit Lake and Pluit
Reservoir.

This actually showed the proper general planning, construction, operation and maintenance of
Pluit Polder. The polder detail planning and design was not conducted at that moment because
of limited funding. And this was proven in 2007. When other areas in Jakarta Metro flooded in
that year, the Pluit was safe due to successful urban polder performance comprising:
• Good coordination and performance of Pluit Forum
• Good coordination with The Public Works Agency
• Good Pluit Polder and Pluit Reservoir infrastructures.
• Better pumping capacity of Pluit Polder reaching 47.3 cu m/s. The Public Works Agency
added the new pumps with capacity of 3 x 6 cubic meter/ seconds in Pluit Reservoir.
• Stringent control of water debit in the Pluit Reservoir and Pluit Polder
• Excellent operation of Public Works Agents in operation of Pluit Reservoir and pumping
stations
• Backup of power station supporting the pumping stations
And this also emphasised the importance of collaboration between Government Agencies,
Private sectors and Communities in developing Polder. .

On the other hand, related to Pluit Village issue, the Polder Pluit operation currently faces crisis
because of reduction of Pluit Lake retention capacity, diversion inflow from North Compartment
to 3-m width long-storage, landscape or peil change in Pluit Village.

All these have caused the change of drainage pattern and local inundations in the residential
area of Pluit. The Pluit Forum has tried solving this with the current developer since 2008. But
the effort seems to be useless because the counterpart was reported buying and constructing
14 additional expensive pumps without proper drainage design. This actually shows that this
“the Pluit Village Developer” is not really green and sustainable. And this might be the less
sustainable aspect of Pluit Polder Development.
 Jakarta Bay

Local
inundation
North
Compartment Long Storage

Long Storage

Mega Mall Pluit The Pluit

Reservoir
Pluit Lake
Limited
Capacity of
Pluit Lake
and higher peil
causing
backwater South
Compartment

Local
inundation

Toll Road The Pluit Polder Dike

Figure 27. The Current Failing Pluit Polder Drainage System. 38

Sources: Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP)

The impact of climate change was also felt in Pluit, In 2008, 2009 and 2010, tidal wave caused
sea dikes failures and inundating the area in a short time. In 2008, the highest astronomical tide
actually surpassed the dike level of Pluit Reservoir. These phenomena actually show the impact
of climate change and land subsidence in the low-lying urban areas like Pluit. This might be the
less sustainable aspect of Pluit Polder Development.

Further, Willingness to Pay of the residents of Pluit Polder and other Donors were found
excellent. And it could be seen as “More Sustainable” aspect of the Pluit Polder. It also proved
that the Sustainable Urban Polder was feasible to be implemented in Jakarta.

It can be concluded that Pluit Polder Development was found as “More Sustainable”. The
important features of the development are as described below:
• The community awareness and participation;
• Clear vision and polder strategy;
• Adequate skill and proper implementation process;
• Stakeholder collaboration (Government, Private and Community);
• Proper planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of Polder.
• Willingness to Pay in the Community;
These factors eventually would guarantee the successful implementation of Sustainable Urban
Polder.
 Figure 28. Pluit Reservoir 39 40
Figure 29. Pluit Reservoir Pump Station .
Source: FMPLP Source: FMPLP

Figure 30. Kali Karang Dike (West of Pluit) 41 Figure 31. Sea Dike facing Jakarta Bay (North of
Source: FMPLP Pluit) 42.
Source: FMPLP

Figure 32. Conversion of Pluit Lake (Central of Figure 33. Conversion of Pluit Lake to Pluit Village
Pluit) 43 (Central of Pluit) 44.
Source: FMPLP Source: FMPLP
Figure 34. After Conversion, Developer built Long- Figure 35. After Conversion, Developer provide
Storage to compensate, It is found less pumps to compensate, But It is found less
sustainable. 45 sustainable. 46.
Source: FMPLP Source: FMPLP

Figure 36. The Less Sustainable Sluice, It is still in Figure 37. Drains within the Polder. 48.
the improvement process. 47 Source: FMPLP
Source: FMPLP

50
Figure 38. Coordination with Government Officials Figure 39. Contribution from Academic Expert .
49
Source: FMPLP
Source: FMPLP
 Figure 40. Fundraising for Infrastructure Figure 41. Topography Survey for Dike
51 52
Construction Construction .
Source: FMPLP Source: FMPLP

Figure 42. Construction of Kali Karang Dike 53 Figure 43. Operation of Sluice by the Communities
Source: FMPLP and Government Officials54.
Source: FMPLP

Figure 44. Drainage Maintenance 55. Figure 45. Prof. Bart Schultz, Mr. Martijn Elzinga.;
Source: FMPLP and Dr. F.X. Suryadi, and Mr. Agus Johan in Urban
Polder Guidelines Seminar in Pluit.
Source: FMPLP
CONCLUSION

Jakarta as one Waterfront Cities faces less sustainable development due to unclear urban
development vision and less stringent planning and development control. And due to
combination of natural and human factors, Jakarta becomes vulnerable to flooding. This has
created great impact in her economy as recorded in 2002 and 2007.

Despite of all difficulties, Integrated Water Resource Management and Sustainable Urban
Polder need to be implemented in Jakarta Metro Region, because these strategies could reduce
the flood occurrence and its impact.

Pluit Polder Development has described a successful story of “More Sustainable Urban Polder
Development” in the North of Jakarta. The key points of its success are:
• The community awareness and participation;
• Clear vision and polder strategy;
• Adequate skill and proper implementation process;
• Stakeholder collaboration (Government, Private and Community);
• Proper planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of Polder.
• Willingness to Pay in the Community;

It can be concluded that close coordination and collaboration are very urgent in implementing
Sustainable Urban Polder. And this would make the Waterfront Cities in Developing Countries
more sustainable.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
• The Netherlands Ministries of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, and of
Spatial Planning, Housing and Environment: Prof. Bart Schultz, PhD, MSc, and Mr. Martijn
Elzinga.;
• UNESCO-IHE: F.X. Suryadi PhD, MSc ;
• Research and Development Institute of Water Resources (PUSAIR): Dr. Arie Setiadi
Moerwanto, MSc,, Dr. William Putuhena, MSc., Dr. Wanny Adidarma, MSc., Ir. Sri Hetty,
MSc.,Ir. Ratna Hidayat,, Rohani ST.;
• Dr. Ir. I.F. Poernomosidhi Poerwo, M.Sc, MCIT. MIHT., Scientific Officer and Ex-Director of
Spatial Planning Directorate II, Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia.
• Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP : Mr. Hardi Singgih, Mr. Laringan, Mr.
Agus Johan, Mr.Agus Maju,etc.
• Pluit Community
• Polder Task Team assisting PUSAIR: Denny ST., Karmelia Oktaviani SE. Petty ST., Roy
Sihombing ST.,
• Green Impact Indonesia Team: Dr. (Cand) Robby Yussac Tallar, MT. Dipl-IWRM.,Mustakim
ST., Maman Hidayat BE., Dwi Sugiarto ST., Septian Lumeno ST., Yansen ST., Yulius.,
Roni Kurniawan, Agus Sudarman, Cepy, Surya, Adi Afriana;
THE WRITER’S CV
I. Personal Information
Full name : Gunawan Tanuwidjaja
e-mail : gunteitb@yahoo.com
website : http://greenimpactindo.wordpress.com/
Mobile Phone : +62 812 212 208 42 (Indonesia)
Place of Birth : Bandung
Date of Birth : 08 of August 1978
Sex : Male
Nationality : Indonesian
Mother Language : Indonesian
Language Skill : Indonesian, English
II. Education Backgrounds
Formal Education
Name of City/ Study Time Graduated from
Specialization GPA
Institution Country (Months/ Years) (Month and Year)
National MSc 3.86
University of Singapore 1 year October 2006 Environment from
Singapore Management scale of 5
Bandung
Institute of 2.73
Technology Bandung / Bachelor of
5 years July of 2001 from
(Institut Indonesia Architecture
Teknologi scale of 4
Bandung)
III. Informal Education
Study Time (Years) Name of Institution Course Name & Specialization
2008 Singapore Institute of Planner Spatial Planning for a Sustainable
Singapore (1-day seminar)
2008 Lee Kuan Yew School Of Public Policy "Lessons Not to Learn from
American Cities" by Prof Alan
Altshuler (Half-day seminar)
2007 National University of Singapore, Short Course On "A – Z Of Oil &
Faculty of Engineering, PAC Gas To Petrochemicals (3-days
(Professional Activities Centre) seminar)
2007 Singapore Institute of Planner Destination Resorts, The Next Wave
(1-day seminar)
2007 Singapore Institute of Planner, Malaysia Seminar of Planning of Iskandar
Institute of Planner and Universiti Development Region (1-day
Kebangsaan Malaysia seminar)
2001 The British Institute IELTS Preparation Course
2000 Language Center ITB English Writing Course
1999 Gradasi Bulletin Student Union of Journalistic Training
Architecture Gunadharma ( IMA-
Gunadharma)
 Study Time (Years) Name of Institution Course Name & Specialization
1997 Architecture Department ITB AutoCad R14 Training
1993-1995 Saint Angela’s English Course English Course level C6 to C11
1990-1992 Saint Angela’s English Course English Course level J2 to J5
IV. Working Experience
Name of Contract
City/ Countries Position Job Description
Institute/Companies Periods
Green Impact Bandung Manager Team Leader and March 2003 to
Indonesia Integrated Urban Planner now
Urban, Drainage and
Environmental
Planning Consultant
Agency for Research Bandung Urban Planning Assistant October 2008
and Development, and to now
Institute of Water Management
Resources, Ministry of Expert
Public Works, Republic
of Indonesia,
Jurong Consultants Pte Singapore Planner Physical Planner November
Ltd., Planning Division 2006 to
October 2008
National Parks Board, Singapore Intern Researcher July 2006 to
Republic of Singapore Aug 2006
Agency for Research Bandung/ Indonesia Junior GIS Expert Jan 2005 -
and Development, Researcher Assistant (Arc Aug 2005
Institute of Water View 3.2), in
Resources, Ministry of Polder Team
Public Works, Republic
of Indonesia,
Satyamitra Jasapuri Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect, House, Factory Aug 2003 -
Engineering Estimator and Café Design Dec 2004
PT. Trinitas Buana Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Architect Apartment Design Aug 2002 -
Utama Aug 2003
PT. Imesco Dito Jakarta/ Indonesia Junior Architect Junior Architect Jan 2002 –
Aug 2002
COMBINE Bandung/ Indonesia Junior Urban Aug 2001 -
Researcher Development Jan 2002
Research,
especially on
Urban Garbage
Management
CV. Cipta Bina Sarana Bandung/ Indonesia Work Trainee Junior Architect May - July
2001
ASPEK Bandung/ Indonesia Program Garbage Jan 2000 -
Facilitator Management , Aug 2001
Community Mechanism
Recovery Making and
Program (CRP- Controlling of
HUI) in RW 11, Cooperative Credit
 Name of Contract
City/ Countries Position Job Description
Institute/Companies Periods
Cibangkong Unit
District
V. Planning, Design and Research Works
Name of Project Position Year
Under Green Impact
Indonesia
Assistance for Directorate of Team Leader and Urban Planner Dec 2009
Spatial Planning, Public Works
Department (2009), Sustainable
Urban Improvement Program
(SUSIP) - Executive
Presentation
Drainage Master Plan Team Leader and Urban Planner Apr – Dec 2009
Revitalisation in Summarecon,
Kelapa Gading, Jakarta,
Indonesia
Hospital Preliminary Design Team Leader and Senior Apr – Aug 2009
and Study in Pangalengan, Architect
West Java, Indonesia (Proposal
to KPBS, Milk Producer
Cooperative in Pangalengan)
Community Based Team Leader and Aug 2009
Development Revitalisation in Environmentalist
PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara,
Sumba, Nusa Tenggara Barat,
Indonesia (Proposal)
Traditional Market Mapping, Team Leader and Urban Planner Aug 2009
GIS Database and Analysis in
the framework of Implementing
Presidential Decree No
112/2007 on Development of
Traditional Market and
Relocation of Modern Market in
Indonesia (Proposal to Ministry
of Trade of Republic of
Indonesia)
Integrated Water Resources Team Leader and Aug 2009
Management Plan for Environmentalist
Barangkal River, sub catchment
of Brantas River Basin, in
relation with Social Aspect and
Institution Capacity Building
(Proposal to JICA)
“9 Pearl” Elementary School in Team Leader and Architect 2003
Bandung
Proposal 99’ers Radio School Team Leader and Architect 2003
(Proposal)
Under Jurong Consultants
Pte Ltd.
 Name of Project Position Year
Preliminary Study and Brief Planner 2007 to 2008
Development Concept of QEZ3,
Petrochemical Complex, Qatar
Dera Bassi Detailed Master Planner 2007 to 2008
Plan, Greater Mohali Area,
Punjab, India
Libya Africa Economic City Planner 2007 to 2008
Wonogiri Industrial Park, Planner 2007 to 2008
Indonesia (Guanxi State Farm -
Biofuel Plant)
Master Plan An Tay Industrial Planner 2007
Service Centre
Master Plan Zhangzhou Assistant Planner 2006-2007
Waterfront City, China
Master Plan AMRL International Assistant Planner 2007
Tech City, Tamil Nadu, India

With MSc Environmental

Management Program
“Neotiewpia” Eco Village Planner & Environmentalist 2006
Master Plan in Kranji Singapore
Under SJP Engineering
BTC Café Junior Architect 2004
Kopomas Factory Junior Architect 2004
Private Houses Bandung Junior Architect, Design 2003 – 2004
Development
Under PT. Trinitas Buana
Utama
Rental Houses in Bandung Studio Coordinator 2002 – 2003
Bukit Resik Exclusive Aparment Studio Coordinator 2002 – 2003
Site Plan “S. Parman” Elite Studio Coordinator 2002
Housing
Under PT. Imesco Dito
Private Houses in Jakarta Junior Architect 2002
Freelance Project
Cibangkong Low Cost Housing, Final Year Student 2001
Bandung Indonesia
Design Development of Junior Architect, Design 2001
KARANG SETRA Hotel, Spa Development
and Cottages, Bandung
Indonesia under Cipta Bina
Sarana
Master Plan of Cipulir Housing Junior Architect 2001
Site Plan, Jakarta under Prof Ir.
Danisworo
VI. Awards, Prestige, Activities, and Publication
Awards/ Best Dissertation Prizes from Shell, MEM National University of Singapore, 2006-2007
Prestige Shell Grant Bursary Holder in MEM National University of Singapore, 2005-2006
Second Champion of Design Competition of Informal Traders Stand held by The
Municipal\ Government of Kota Bandung, Praksis dan IMA-Gunadharma ITB Year 2001
Activities Bandung Independent Living Center (BILIC)
2003 - 2004 : Voluntary Attendant for Difable (Disable) Person
2003 : Coordinator Research Team in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disable) Person
in Several Location in Bandung
Forum Gelar Kota Bandung (City Development Discussion Forum)
2002 : Forum Gelar Kota Secretariat
2001 : Junior Researcher
Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur Gunadharma ITB (Gunadharma Student Union of
Architecture Department of ITB)
2001 Member of Legislative Bodies of IMA - Gunadharma
Member of Sustainable Human Settlement Discussion Group
Coordinator of TOR Team of Sustainable Human Settlement Seminar
1999 – 2000 Coordinator of Gradasi (Architecture Bulletin of IMA-G)
OSIS SMAK I BPK Penabur (Student Union of BPK Penabur Senior High School)
OSIS SMP St Aloysius (Student Union of St Aloysius Junior High School)
Publications Integration of Sustainable Planning Policy and Design of Low-Cost Apartment, in the
Context of Sustainable Urban Development, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment,
Maranatha University, Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.
Bamboos as Sustainable and Affordable Material for Housing as one of alternatife
material of Low-Cost Apartment, National Seminar of Low-Cost Apartment, Maranatha
University, Bandung, Indonesia, 2009.
Guidelines for Developing Polder System in Indonesia, Agency for Research and
Development, Institute of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works, Republic of
Indonesia, 2008-2009.
Developing a Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries, Case Studies Bintan
Island, Indonesia, MSc Environment Management Program, National University of
Singapore (Best Dissertation Award)
Report of Research in Accessibility Issue for Difable (Disable) Person in Several
Location in Bandung
Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum on Urban Solid Waste Management,
January 2002.
Reports of Bandung Urban Discussion Forum in Housing Needs, August 2001.
Thesis of Design Studio, Case of Low Economy Flat for Cibangkong Village, Bandung,
Indonesia (Kelurahan Cibangkong), Theme Pattern Language Architecture
Seminar Report of Housing Development Based on Low Economy People.

1
Directorate of Spatial Planning, Public Works Department (2009), Sustainable Urban Improvement
Program (SUSIP) - Executive Presentation, assisted by Green Impact Indonesia
2
Ibid.
3
Ibid.
4
Dardak, H. and Poerwo, I.F. Directorate of Spatial Planning, Public Works Department (2007),
Dissemination of Act no 26 Year 2007 on Spatial Planning (Undang-Undang No. 26 Tahun 2007
tentang Tata Ruang)
5
Indonesian Statistics Board (Badan Pusat Statistik) (2007), http://www.bps.go.id/index.php
6
Jakarta Province’s Public Works Department(2008), Flood Mitigation Handbook
7
Ibid.
8
Ibid.
http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc100?OpenForm
www.bbc.co.uk
9
Jakarta Province’s Public Works Department(2008), Flood Mitigation Handbook
http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc100?OpenForm
http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/ekbis/2007/02/12/brk,20070212-93047,id.html
http://www.hkv.nl/default.asp?LanguageID=2
10
Ministry of Public Works, Directorate General of Water Resources Management (2008), Jakarta Floods
Project, Flood Hazards Mapping
http://www.hkv.nl/documenten/Jakarta_Flood_Hazard_Mapping_Framework_MH.pdf
11
http://www.suarapembaruan.com/News/2008/03/01/Utama/ut01.htm
12
Op.Cit.6
13
Op.Cit.6
14
Op.Cit.6
15
http://www.gwptoolbox.org
16
CK-Net Indonesia (2007), Work Program of ToT IWRM & Climate Change
http://www.gwptoolbox.org
Tanuwidjaja, Gunawan and Malone-Lee, Lai Choo (2009), Applying Integrated Ecological Planning and
Adaptive Landscape Evaluation Tool for Developing Countries in the Framework of Sustainable
Spatial Planning and Development, Study Case Bintan Island, Indonesia, In International Seminar
Positioning Planning in Global Crises, Bandung November 2009, Department of Regional and City
Planning, School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung
17
USAID, ESP Atlas, November 2006
18
Ministry of Forestry, Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry, Office of
Catchments Management of Citarum -Ciliwung Rivers (2008), Final Report of Detail Flood Mitigation
Plan for Jakarta Metro Region
19
Ministry of Public Works, Agency for Research and Development, Institute of Water Resources,
Republic of Indonesia (2009) Draft Guidelines for Developing Polder System in Indonesia,
20
Ibid.
21
Ibid.
22
Research and Development Institute of Water Resources (PUSAIR), Ministry of Public Works, Republic
of Indonesia (2007), Final Report of Research on Development of Flood Control Technology for
Sustainable Waterfront City
Indonesian Ministries of Public Works and the Netherlands Ministries of Transport, Public Works and
Water Management, and of Spatial Planning, Housing and Environment, Partners for Water,
Rijkswaterstaat, and UNESCO-IHE (2009), Guidelines on Urban Polder Development,
http://www.pusair-pu.go.id/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=41
23
Research and Development Institute of Water Resources (PUSAIR), Ministry of Public Works, Republic
of Indonesia (2007), Final Report of Research on Development of Flood Control Technology for
Sustainable Waterfront City
Indonesian Ministries of Public Works and the Netherlands Ministries of Transport, Public Works and
Water Management, and of Spatial Planning, Housing and Environment, Partners for Water,
Rijkswaterstaat, and UNESCO-IHE (2009), Guidelines on Urban Polder Development,
http://www.pusair-pu.go.id/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=41
24
Ibid.
25
Ibid.
26
Ibid.
27
Ibid.
28
Ibid.
29
Ibid.
30
http://supermilan.wordpress.com/2007/05/11/asal-usul-nama-tempat-di-jakarta/
31
Indonesian Ministries of Public Works and the Netherlands Ministries of Transport, Public Works and
Water Management, and of Spatial Planning, Housing and Environment, Partners for Water,
Rijkswaterstaat, and UNESCO-IHE (2009), Guidelines on Urban Polder Development,
http://www.pusair-pu.go.id/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=41
Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP)
Presentation and Documentation.
32
Ibid.
33
Ibid.
34
Ibid.
35
Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP)
Presentation and Documentation.
36
Ibid.
37
Ibid.
38
Ibid.
39
Ibid.
40
Ibid.
41
Ibid.
42
Ibid.
43
Ibid.
44
Ibid.
45
Ibid.
46
Ibid.
47
Ibid.
48
Community Forum of Pluit Environment Care (Forum Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan Pluit/ FMPLP)
Presentation and Documentation, Courtesy of Mr. Agus Johan and Mr. Laringan
49
Ibid.
50
Ibid.
51
Ibid.
52
Ibid.
53
Ibid.
54
Ibid.
55
Ibid.