Quantum Physics Standard

1.

This question is about the photoelectric effect.

Light is incident on a clean metal surface in a vacuum. The maximum kinetic energy KEmax of the electrons
ejected from the surface is measured for different values of the frequency f of the incident light.
The measurements are shown plotted below.
2 .0
1 .5
K E

m ax

/ 10

19

J 1 .0
0 .5
0 .0

4 .0

4 .5

5 .0

5 .5
f / 10

(a)

6 .0
14

6 .5

7 .0

7 .5

8 .0

H z

Draw a line of best fit for the plotted data points.

(1)

(b)

Use the graph to determine

(i)

the Planck constant;

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

(ii)

(2)

the minimum energy required to eject an electron from the surface of the metal (the work function).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

(c)

(3)

Explain briefly how Einsteins photoelectric theory accounts for the fact that no electrons are emitted
from the surface of this metal if the frequency of the incident light is less than a certain value.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

2.

This question is about the wave nature of electrons.

(a)

Describe the de Broglie hypothesis.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

An experiment is carried out in which a beam of electrons is scattered from a single nickel crystal. A schematic
diagram of the apparatus is shown below.
Vacuum
N ic k e l
c ry s ta l
In c id e n t
e le c tro n b e a m

E le c tro n g u n

S c a tte re d e le c tro n b e a m

The electrons are accelerated in the electron gun by a potential difference of 75 V.

(b)

Determine the wavelength associated with the electrons as predicted by the de Broglie hypothesis.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

The number n of electrons scattered per second through an angle is measured. The graph below shows the
variation with angle of n.
n

0
(c)

Suggest how the shape of this graph supports the de Broglie hypothesis.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

3.

This question is about atomic spectra and energy levels.

Diagram 1 below shows part of the emission line spectrum of atomic hydrogen. The wavelengths of the
principal lines in the visible region of the spectrum are shown.
Diagram 2 shows some of the principal energy levels of atomic hydrogen.

D ia g ra m 1
R e d (R )

656 nm

D ia g ra m 2

B lu e (B ) V io le t (V )

486 nm

434 nm

0
0 .5 4
0 .8 5
1 .5
3 .4

w a v e le n g th

E n e rg y / e V

1 3 .6
(a)

Show, by calculation, that the energy of a photon of red light of wavelength 656 nm is 1.9 eV.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(b)

(3)

On diagram 2, draw arrows to represent

(i)

the electron transition that gives rise to the red line (label this arrow R).
(1)

(ii)

a possible electron transition that gives rise to the blue line (label this arrow B).
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

4.

This question is about the photoelectric effect.

(a)

State one aspect of the photoelectric effect that cannot be explained by the wave model of light. Describe
how the photon model provides an explanation for this aspect.
Aspect:

...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................

Explanation: ...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)

Light is incident on a metal surface in a vacuum. The graph below shows the variation of the maximum kinetic

energy Emax of the electrons emitted from the surface with the frequency f of the incident light.
E

m ax

/ eV 4
3
2
1
0

10

12

14

f / x 10

H z

1
2
3
4
(b)

Use data from the graph to determine

(i)

the threshold frequency.

...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

a value of the Planck constant.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

the work function of the surface.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

The threshold frequency of a different surface is 8.0 10

(c)

14

Hz.

On the axes opposite, draw a line to show the variation with frequency f of the maximum kinetic energy
Emax of the electrons emitted.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

5.

This question is about the photoelectric effect.

In order to demonstrate the photoelectric effect, the apparatus shown below is used.

g la s s e n v e lo p e

m o n o c h ro m a tic lig h t
vacum

V
m e ta l p la te
Monochromatic light is incident on the metal plate. The potentiometer is adjusted to give the minimum voltage
at which there is zero reading on the microammeter.

(a)

State and explain what change, if any, will occur in the reading of the microammeter when
(i)

the intensity of the incident light is increased but the frequency remains unchanged.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

the frequency of the light is increased at constant intensity.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

For light of wavelength 540 nm, the minimum reading on the voltmeter for zero current is 1.9 V.
(i)

State the connection between photon energy and the energy of the emitted electron.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Hence calculate the work function of the surface of the metal plate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

6.

This question is about a model of the atom.

The Schrdinger model of the atom pictures electrons as clouds of negative charge surrounding the nucleus. The
distribution of charge and mass can be represented by a three-dimensional standing wave.

(a)

Identify the feature of the standing wave that gives the probability of finding the electron at a particular
position.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

An electron of mass m in an atom has total energy E, potential energy EP and kinetic energy EK.
(b)

Write down expressions for

(i)

the relation between E, EP and EK.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

the momentum p of the electron in terms of EK.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

the associated wavelength of the electron in terms of its total energy E.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

7.

Photoelectric emission takes place when ultraviolet light is incident on zinc but it does not take place when
visible light is incident on zinc. However, photoelectric emission does take place when visible light is incident
on potassium.
(a)

Explain what is meant by photoelectric emission.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

The work function of zinc is 4.2 eV.

(b)

(i)

Explain whether the work function for potassium is greater or less than 4.2 eV.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

(ii)

(1)

Ultraviolet light of wavelength 210 nm is incident on a zinc surface. Calculate the maximum
kinetic energy, in eV, of a moving electron emitted from the surface.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

(3)

(c)

The photoelectric effect provides evidence for the particle nature of light. Outline an experiment that
provides evidence for the wave nature of particles.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

8.

This question is about the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom.

(a)

The diagram below shows the three lowest energy levels of a hydrogen atom as predicted by the Bohr
model.
E n e rg y

n = 3

1 .5 1 e V

n = 2

3 .4 0 e V

n = 1

1 3 .6 e V

State two physical processes by which an electron in the ground state energy level can move to a higher
energy level state.
1.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................

2.

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

A parallel beam of white light is directed through monatomic hydrogen gas as shown in the diagram
below. The transmitted light is analysed.

w h ite lig h t
beam

h y d ro g e n
gas

tra n s m itte d lig h t

beam

White light consists of photons that range in wavelength from approximately 400 nm for violet to 700 nm
for red light.
(i)

Determine that the energy of photons of light of wavelength 658 nm is about 1.89 eV.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)

(2)

The intensity of light of wavelength 658 nm in the direction of the transmitted beam is greatly
reduced. Using the energy level diagram in (a) explain this observation.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

State two ways in which the Schrdinger model of the hydrogen atom differs from that of the Bohr
model.
1.

.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................

2.

.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

9.

This question is about the photoelectric effect.

In an experiment to investigate the photoelectric effect, light of frequency f is incident on the metal surface A
shown in the diagram below. A potential difference is applied between A and electrode B. The photoelectric
current is measured by the microammeter. (Note: the complete electrical circuit is not shown.)
lig h t
e v a c u a te d tu b e
A
A

B
e le c tro d e

(a)

Indicate on the diagram the polarity of A and of B.

(1)

(b)

The frequency f of the light is reduced and it is found that there is a frequency f0, the threshold frequency,
below which the microammeter does not indicate a current. Explain how Einsteins photoelectric theory
accounts for this observation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

The potential difference between A and B is now reversed. For a particular frequency of the light, the potential
difference is changed until there is zero current in the circuit. The graph below shows the variation of frequency
f of the light with the potential difference Vs for zero current.
2 .0
1 .5
1 .0
0 .5
V s /V

0 .0

1 .0

2 .0

3 .0

4 .0

5 .0

6 .0

f / 1 0 14 H z
7 .0
8 .0
9 .0

0 .5
1 .0
1 .5
2 .0
2 .5
(c)

Explaining your working, use the graph to determine

(i)

the threshold frequency;

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

the work function, in eV, of the metal.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

10.

This question is about wave-particle duality.

(a)

Describe the de Broglie hypothesis.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

(b)

(2)

An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 1250 V. Determine the associated de
Broglie wavelength of the accelerated electron.
...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

11.

This question is about line spectra.

(a)

Light is emitted from a gas discharge tube. Outline briefly how the visible line spectrum of this light may
be obtained.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

The table below gives information relating to three of the wavelengths in the line spectrum of atomic hydrogen.
9

19

Wavelength / 10 m

(b)

Photon energy / 10

1880

1.06

656

3.03

486

4.09
9

Deduce that the photon energy for the wavelength of 486 10 m is 4.09 10

19

J.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

The diagram below shows two of the energy levels of the hydrogen atom, using data from the table above. An
electron transition between these levels is also shown.

2 .4 1

10

19

5 .4 4

10

19

p h o to n e m itte d , w a v e le n g th = 6 5 6 n m

(c)

(i)

On the diagram above, construct the other energy level needed to produce the energy changes
shown in the table above.
(1)

(ii)

Draw arrows to represent the energy changes for the two other wavelengths shown in the table
above.
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

12.

This question is about the photoelectric effect.

A student uses the apparatus shown below to investigate the photoelectric effect.

in c id e n t lig h t

m e ta l s u rfa c e

vacuum
The minimum potential VS (the stopping potential) necessary to give zero reading on the microammeter is
measured for different values of the wavelength of the light incident on the metal surface.
(a)

Explain why the intensity of the incident radiation does not affect the value of VS.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

1
The graph below shows the variation with of the stopping potential VS.
1 .5 0

1 .0 0
VS/V
0 .5 0

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0
1
6
/ 10 m

2 .5

3 .0

Use the graph to calculate a value for the Plank constant h. Explain your working.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 8 marks)

13.

This question is about the photoelectric effect.

(a)

Outline two observations associated with the photoelectric effect that cannot be accounted for by the
wave model of light.
1.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................

2.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

In 1916, Millikan carried out an experiment to verify Einsteins photoelectric theory. In the experiment,
Millikan arranged for light of different frequencies f to be incident on the surface of a sodium cathode. By
appropriate measurements, he determined the maximum kinetic energy EK of electrons emitted from the
surface for the different values of f. The results of his experiment are shown in the graph below.
6
5
4

E K/

10

19

3
2
1
0

6
f /

10

7
14

10

11

12

H z

Use the above graph to determine, explaining your working,

(i)

the threshold frequency of sodium.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

the Planck constant.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

14.

(a)

Describe the de Broglie hypothesis.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The de Broglie wavelength of the electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom is 3.3 10
Calculate the kinetic energy of the electron.

10

m.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

15.

This question is about wave-particle duality.

(a)

Describe the de Broglie hypothesis.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 1250 V. Determine the associated de
Broglie wavelength of the accelerated electron.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

16.

This question is about line spectra.

(a)

Light is emitted from a gas discharge tube. Outline briefly how the visible line spectrum of this light may
be obtained.
...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The table below gives information relating to three of the wavelengths in the line spectrum of atomic
hydrogen.
9

Wavelength / 10 m

Photon energy / 10

1880

1.06

656

3.03

486

4.09

Deduce that the photon energy for the wavelength of 486 10

m is 4.09 10

19

19

J.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The diagram below shows two of the energy levels of the hydrogen atom, using data from the table
above. An electron transition between these levels is also shown.

(i)

On the diagram above, construct the other energy level needed to produce the energy changes
shown in the table above.
(1)

(ii)

Draw labelled arrows to represent the energy changes for the two other wavelengths shown in the
table above.
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

17.

This question is about the photoelectric effect.

In an experiment to investigate the photoelectric effect, light of frequency f is incident on the metal surface A
shown in the diagram below. A potential difference is applied between A and electrode B. The photoelectric
current is measured by the microammeter. (Note: the complete electrical circuit is not shown.)

(a)

Indicate on the diagram the polarity of A and of B.

(1)

(b)

The frequency f of the light is reduced and it is found that there is a frequency f0, the threshold frequency,
below which the microammeter does not indicate a current. Explain how Einsteins photoelectric theory
accounts for this observation.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)

(c)

The potential difference between A and B is now reversed. For a particular frequency of the light, the
potential difference is changed until there is zero current in the circuit. The graph below shows the
variation of frequency f of the light with the potential difference, Vs, for zero current.

Explaining your working, use the graph to determine the

(i)

threshold frequency.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

work function, in eV, of the metal.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

MARKSCHEME

1.

(a)

2 .0
1 .5
K E

m ax

/ 10

19

J 1 .0
0 .5
0 .0

4 .0

4 .5

5 .0

5 .5
f / 10

6 .0
14

6 .5

7 .0

7 .5

H z

sensible trend line

(b)

(ii)

(i)

8 .0
1 max

recognize that h = slope of the graph;

1.8 10 19
14
34
= 2.6 10 = 6.9 (0.3) 10 J s;

2 max

14

frequency intercept = 4.8 10 Hz;

therefore minimum energy = hf;
14
34
19
= 4.8 (0.2) 10 6.9 (0.3) 10 = 3.3 (0.5) 10 J;

3 max

If the candidate uses a data booklet value (6.6) and not their graph value, then
award [2 max].
(c)

A good answer should mention the following main points.

light consists of photons;
if the photon energy is less than the work function an electron will not be ejected;
work function
h
since each photon has energy hf if f is less than
then an
electron will not be ejected;
3 max
The candidate might use numerical values for work function and frequency
which of course is consistent with the question and therefore acceptable.
[9]

2.

(a)

that all particles can behave as waves / OWTTE;

h
their wavelength given by = p
where h Plancks constant and p is the momentum of the particle;

2 max

ie [1] for the idea of matter waves, [1] mark for the mathematical statement and
the definition of the terms.

(b)

h
p2
combine = p and Ek = 2m ;
h2
2
to get = 2mE k ;
19
Ek = 75.0 1.6 10 J;

correct substitution to get = 1.4 10

10

m;

4 max

Allow [3] for calculating the velocity and then the momentum and [1] for final
correct value.
(c)

the wavelength of the electrons can be determined from the positions of

max and min;
the wavelength can be calculated from de Broglie;
this value of this wavelength is in agreement with the value determined
from the experiment / OWTTE;

3 max

Alternatively:
The max and min suggest interference between wave [1]. The interference is

consistent with the wavelength determined by the de Broglie hypothesis [2]. ie

Look for the tie-up between theory and experiment.
[9]

3.

(a)

hc
E= ;
19
to give E = 3.0 10 J;
(3.0 10 19 )
19
= (1.6 10 ) eV = 1.9 eV;

3 max

The answer must show how the value in eV is calculated in order to receive [3].
(b)
0
0 .5 4
0 .8 5
1 .5

3 .4

E n e rg y / e V

1 3 .6
(i)

correct placement of R as shown;

1 max

(ii)

any one of the Bs shown;

1 max
[5]

4.

(a)

(b)

aspect:
electrons will not be emitted unless the frequency of light exceeds a
certain minimum value / electrons are emitted almost instantaneously
with the light falling on the surface even if light is of very low intensity /
the energy of the electrons emitted is not affected by the intensity of light
falling on the surface;

corresponding explanation:
light consists of photons whose energy is hf hence no electrons are emitted
unless hf is larger than the energy needed to escape the metal / an electron is
emitted as soon as it absorbs a photon. If the photon has sufficient energy
no delay is required / the intensity of light plays no role in the energy of the
electron only the frequency of light does;

(i)
(ii)

the threshold frequency is found from the frequency axis intercept;

14
to be 3.8(0.2) 10 Hz;

a value of the Planck constant is obtained from the slope;

34
to be 6.5(0.2) 10 J s;

Award [0] for bald answer of 6.63 10

(iii)
(c)

34

J s.

the work function of the surface is found from the intercept with the
vertical axis; to be 1.5(0.1) eV;

straight-line parallel to the first;

14
intersecting the frequency axis at 8.0 10 Hz;

2
2
[10]

5.

(a)

(i)

no change in photon energy; no change in microammeter reading;

Allow bald answer but award [0] if reasoning is fallacious.

(ii)

photons / photo-electrons have more energy; so reading of

microammeter increases;

Allow bald answer but award [0] if reasoning is fallacious.

(b)

(i)

photon energy = work function + maximum kinetic energy of electron;

(ii)

(6.63 10 34 3.0 10 8 )
(540 10 9 )
photon energy =
;
19
electron kinetic energy = 1.6 10 1.9;
19
19
3.68 10 = + 3.04 10

= 6.4 10

20

J;
[8]

6.

(a)

amplitude;
(amplitude) squared;

Award [1 max] for displacement squared.

(b)

(i)

E = Ep + Ek;

(ii)

p = 2mEk;

(iii)

( 2mE k )

( 2m{E E p })

Allow any subject for each expression. Award [2] in (b) (iii) for correct
expression in terms of E.
[6]

7.

(a)
(b)

the emission of an electron from the surface of a substance;

as a result of the absorption of EM (accept UV) energy / OWTTE;
(i)

work function of K is smaller than 4.2 eV and any reasonable justification; 1

eg energy of UV photon is greater than energy of visible photon
Do not award mark for smaller without appropriate justification.

(ii)

appropriate substitution into correct formula;

6.63 10 34 3.0 10 8
hc
19
2.1 10 7
eg energy = =
= 9.47 10 J
19

appropriate division by 1.6 10 to convert joules into eV;

19
eg 9.47 10 J = 5.92 eV
KE of electron = 5.92 4.2 eV = 1.72 eV 1.7 eV;
(c)

3 max

Award [1] for any relevant piece of information up to [3 max]. eg

electron diffraction beam of accelerated electrons fired onto a graphite target;
many electrons detected in some directions, few in others;
pattern equivalent to diffraction pattern;
3 max
[9]

8.

(a)

Mark the both processes, 1 and 2, together.

Award [1] any two of the following.
collisions with (external) particles;
heating the gas to a high temperature;
absorption of photons;

(b)

(i)

hc
E=
6.63 10 34 3 10 8
658 10 9
E=
;

2 max

(ii)

(iii)

3.02 10 19
19
E = 1.6 10
eV;
= 1.89eV

electrons absorb photons (of energy 1.89eV) to make a transition

from n = 2 to n = 3;
on de-excitation, photons of energy 1.89eV, ie wavelength 658 nm
are emitted;
in all directions, however, and not just along the initial direction,
hence intensity is reduced;

(the Schrdinger model unlike Bohrs)

does not have well defined orbits for the electrons / does not treat
the electron as a localized particle / assigns to an electron a
probability wave;
predicts the relative intensities of various spectral lines;

2
[9]

9.

(a)

A negative () B positive (+);

(b)

Answers will be open ended but look for these main points.
light consists of photons;
each photon has energy hf;
a certain amount of energy is required to eject an electron from a metal;
if hf is less than this energy, then no electrons will be emitted;
and so no current will be registered by the microammeter;

(c)

14

(i)

intercept of f axis = 4.6 10 Hz;

(ii)

intercept on V axis;
= 2.0(0.2) eV;
or

4 max
1

h
15
slope of graph = 4.2 10 = e to give h = 4.2 10 eV s;
14
15
W = hf0 = 4.6 10 4.2 10 = 1.9(0.2) eV;
15

2
[8]

10.

(a)

all particles have a wavelength associated with them;

given by
(b)

h
p , with h and p explained;

kinetic energy of electron = qV;

= 2.00 10

16

J;

P2
2E
EK
or v 2
2m
m and p = mv (v = 2.1 107 ms1)
p = 1.91 10

23

Ns;

h
p

= 3.47 10

11

m; (allow 2 significant digits)

4
[6]

11.

(a)

(b)

use of diffraction grating / prism and screen / telescope;

observe diffracted / refracted light or first / second orders;

hc
or E hf and c = f ;

correct substitution into relevant formula clear;

19

to give energy = 4.09 10 J

Award [0] for answer alone.
(c)

(i)

______________________ 1.35 10

19

______________________ 2.41 10

19

______________________ 5.44 10

19

J
J

level shown in reasonable position (spacing of lines not important);

To receive the mark answers must quote 1.35 10
(ii)

transition 1.35 10

19

5.44 10

19

transition 1.35 10

19

2.41 10

19

19

J.

(and labelled 486 nm)

(and labelled 1880 nm);

1
[6]

12.

(a)
(b)

Vs gives a measure of (maximum) kinetic energy of electrons;

intensity determines rate of production / emission (not energy);

photon energy = work function + maximum kinetic energy of electron;

VS

hc
;
e e

hc
;
gradient is e
6

gradient is 1.24(0.02) 10 ;
h

1.24 10 1.6 10 ;
3 10

19

Award mark for final answer only

if this marking point is clear.

= 6.6(0.1) 10

34

J s;

6
[8]

13.

(a)

(b)

there exists a frequency of light (incident on a metal surface) below

which no electrons are emitted / ejected from the surface / OWTTE;
the emission / ejection of electrons from a metal surface (upon which light
is incident) is instantaneous / maximum KE of electrons is independent
of intensity;
(i)

(ii)

the threshold frequency is the frequency below which no electrons

are emitted / OWTTE;
14
(this corresponds to EK = 0) so f = 4.5 10 Hz;

from Einsteins (photoelectric) theory EK = hf hf0;

therefore, h = gradient / slope of graph;

4.8 10 19
14
= 11.8 4.5 10 or values consistent with at least half length
of line;
= 6.7 (0.2) 10

34

Js;

4
[8]

14.

(a)

all particles have an associated wavelength / OWTTE;

h
the wavelength is given by p where h is the Planck constant
and p is the momentum of the particle;

(b)

combine

p2
h
p ;
2m and

h2
E
;
2m 2
to get
substitute to get E = 2.2 10

18

J;

3
[5]

15.

(a)

all particles have a wavelength associated with them / OWTTE;

given by
(b)

h
,
p with h and p explained;

kinetic energy of electron = qV;

= 2.00 10

EK

J;

p2
2E
or v 2
2m
m and p = mv (v = 2.1 107 ms1)

p = 1.91 10

16

23

Ns;

h
p

= 3.47 10

11

m; (allow 2 or 4 significant digits)

4
[6]

16.

(a)

(b)

use of diffraction grating / prism and screen / telescope;

observe diffracted / refracted (as appropriate) light / first / second orders;

hc
or E hf and c f ;

correct substitution into relevant formula clear;

19

to give energy = 4.09 10 J

Award [0] for answer alone.
(c)

1.35 10

(i)

19

2.41 10

19

5.44 10

19

J
J

level shown in reasonable position (spacing of lines not important);

To receive the mark answers must quote 1.35 10
(ii)

transition 1.35 10
transition 1.35 10

19
19

5.44 10
2.41 10

19
19

19

J.

(and labelled 486 nm)

(and labelled 1880 nm);

1
[6]

17.

(a)

A negative () B positive (+);

(b)

Answers will be open ended but look for these main points.
light consists of photons;
each photon has energy hf;
a certain amount of energy is required to eject an electron from a metal;
if hf is less than this energy, then no electrons will be emitted;
and so no current will be registered by the microammeter;

(c)

14

(i)

intercept of f axis = 4.6 10 Hz;

(ii)

intercept on Vs axis;

= 1.9 (0.2) eV;

or

h
15
15
slope of graph = 4.2 10 = e to give h = 4.2 10 eVs;
14

W = hf0 = 4.6 10 4.2 10

15

= 1.9 (0.2) eV;

2
[8]